UNASE: Unidad Anti-Secuestro y Extorsion (Anti-Kidnapping and Extortion Unit), an elite anti-kidnapping unit that was a joint squad of the military and police. It was established in 1990 in response to the rising number of abductions in the country.
UP: Union Patriótica (Patriotic Union), a left-wing political party formed in 1985 to be a civilian arm of the FARC. Many of its members were murdered soon after.
Index
Abad, Héctor, 17–18, 46
ACCU (Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá; Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá), 22–23, 69–70
El Aro massacre and, 61
discovery of records of, 80–83
expansion of, 70, 109–110
threat against Oviedo, 76–77
Accusations Committee of the Colombian Congress, 188, 272, 273, 275
Acevedo, Fabio, 208
AFL-CIO, 152
The Agreement of Santa Fe de Ralito (Ralito Pact), 120, 150, 171, 217
Aguilar, Carlos Mario, 74
La Alpujarra, 67
Alvarado, Elsa, 261–262
Álvarez, Diego, 211, 212–213, 214, 216, 253–254
Amaya, Arnulfo, 111–112
Amnesty International, 102
Anaya, Henry, 211–212, 213, 215, 254
Angulo, Francisco Antonio, 98, 264
Angulo, Jaime Alberto, 98, 264
Angulo brothers, 63, 104
Antioquia
Convivirs in, 44–45
exporting paramilitarism, 69
paramilitaries in, 22–23, 36
parapolitics investigation in, 171–172
hearing on paramilitarism in, 152–155
La Violencia in, 13
Antioquia Bar Association, Velásquez and, 38–39
Arana, Salvador, 134, 135, 138
Araújo, Álvaro, 141, 145–146, 151, 229
Araújo, Álvaro, Sr., 145
Araújo, Consuelo (“La Cacica”), 1 45
Araújo, Jaime, 145
Araújo, María Consuelo, 141, 142, 145, 163
Arcila, Diego (“Dieguito”), 71–72, 73, 74, 75–76, 80, 90, 96, 98
murder of, 99–101
Areiza, Amparo, 55–57, 63, 84, 86
Areiza, Elvia Rosa, 53, 84
Areiza, Marco Aurelio, 49–50, 53, 55
Arias, Andrés Felipe, 272
Arias, Jorge, 146
Arias, Rocío, 137
Ariza, Enrique, 142
El Aro massacre
displaced persons following, 56, 57–58
Don Berna and, 260–261, 265
eyewitness account, 49–55
investigation of, 83, 84–86, 102–103, 274
Mancuso and, 114, 149
military and, 54, 55, 57, 258–259
photo taken a few days after, 54
Valle and, 55–57, 61, 62–63
Villalba testimony about, 186–187
Arrieta, Carlos Gustavo, 32
Ashcroft, John, 119, 120
Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers (Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio, ACDEGAM), 44, 197
Atlántico, 247
attorney general’s office, 9, 37, 71, 132, 138, 150, 189, 201, 226, 244, 272, 277
Human Rights Unit, 72, 83
National Directorate of Prosecutors’ Offices, 96
views about office and González, 98–99
AUC (Autodefense Unidas de Colombia; United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia), 109, 110, 115
cease-fire, 120
cited by United States as terrorist organization, 119
Don Berna and, 183
electoral fraud and, 143–146
Envigado Office, 73, 97, 115, 164, 179, 183, 258
See also individual blocks
Avendaño, Teodolindo, 188
Báez, Ernesto, 255
Ballesteros, Ramón, 251
Ban Ki-moon, 268
“Barbarism” (Calderón), 114
Barco, Carolina, 186, 255
Barrancabermeja, paramilitary in, 109–110
Barranquilla, 147
Barreto, Betty, 203–204
attempting to avoid extradition, 213, 214, 216–217
attempt to discredit Supreme Court, 213–215
Democracy Corporation and, 207, 208
extradition of, 179–180, 215
government treatment of, 182–185, 257
on links between government and paramilitaries, 260–265
on Moreno’s death, 273
paramilitary demobilization and, 147, 184
Ralito Pact and, 150
sector war and, 115
Valle murder and, 90, 98, 264–265
Bejarano, Ramiro, 186, 201–202, 222, 232, 254, 255
Bellavista massacre, 116
Bellavista prison, 96
Benítez, Orlando, 183
Benito, Muriel, 133
Betancourt, Ingrid, 116, 240, 241, 242
Betancur, Belisario, 29, 154
Betancur, Leonardo, 18
Biden, Joe, 127
Blair, Tony, 239
Blanquizal, 20–21
Bloque de Búsqueda (Search Bloc), 35–36
Blum, Claudia, 186, 255
Bogotá, description of, 125–126
El Bogotazo, 12–13
Bolívar, Simón, 41, 49
Bonilla, Carlos, 71, 90, 91
Boston Globe (newspaper), 121
Botero, Augusto, 87–88
Brownfield, William R. (Bill), 231, 246
Buitrago, Héctor Germán (“Martín Llanos”), 203, 204
Bush, George W., 119, 121, 152, 193, 239
Bustos, Leonidas, 248
Caballero, Hernando, 233–234
Cacique Nutibara Block of the AUC, 147, 179, 183
El Caguán, 111, 112
Calderón, Mario, 261–262
Calderón, “Mónica” (pseudonym), 108, 112, 220–221, 236
Calderón, Ricardo
article on DAS spying on Supreme Court, 244–246
article on meeting by “Job” and Diego Álvarez with presidential advisers, 212–217
article on Suaza allegations, 250–251
articles on paramilitary leaders’ criminal activities in prison, 160–162, 163
attacks on, 110–111, 219–221, 278
background, 107–108
coverage of massacres, 112–114
coverage of peace negotiations with FARC, 111–112
DAS sources, 219, 221, 223, 230, 234–235
on Democracy Corporation, 207, 208–209
extraditions, 179, 182, 192
investigation and reporting on DAS, 221–229, 230–233
investigation of attempts to discredit Velásquez and Supreme Court, 201
“Job” and, 164–165, 208–209, 211–212
on link between Uribe and Mancuso, 260
on Macayepo massacre, 133–134
Mancuso and, 114–115
meeting source on paramilitary leaders, 157
meetings with paramilitaries, 122–124
meeting with US embassy staff, 231
paramilitary demobilization process, 146
parapolitics scandal articles, 142–144
on peace agreement with FARC, 270–271, 275–276
poster belonging to, 210
Simón Bolívar Award for Lifetime Achievement, 279
threats against, 112, 162–163, 225, 235–236
Tolemaida prison investigation, 278
on Uribe’s popularity, 243, 244
Velásquez and, 165, 229
Cali cartel, 4, 31, 109, 182
Camargo, Luz Adriana, 169, 175
Cambio Radical (Radical Change) party, 137
Canada, as destination for Colombian refugees, 131–132
Cano Correa, Fidel, 274
Capital Block of AUC, 247
La Carolina ranch, 154, 272
Casa de Nariño, 141, 212–213, 215, 216, 243, 250, 253
> Castaño, Carlos, 54, 61, 126, 159
Castaño, Fidel, 70, 85
Castaño, Vicente, 70, 126, 130,159
ACCU and, 70, 109
claim that paramilitaries control part of Congress, 126, 127, 128, 131
El Aro massacre and, 54–55, 102, 187, 258
disappearance of, 130
drug trade and, 115, 119–120
Duque and, 197
interview with Pérez, 130–131
lack of arrest for, 119
Lucas and, 97
paramilitary entry into Ituango and, 258
peace talks with government and, 120, 123
Santos and, 149
Soto and, 86, 97
threat to Oviedo, 103
US indictment of, 119
Valle murder and, 98, 104, 264, 265
Zapata and, 2
Castaño brothers/family
Don Berna and, 182–183
Foundation for the Peace of Córdoba and, 103–104
“Castillo” (witness), 134–136
Castillo, Edmundo del, 212, 214
Castillo Peralta, Jairo (“Pitirri”), 132, 192
Castro, Jorge Daniel, 162
La Catedral prison, 30–33, 35, 161
Catholic Church, Conservatives and, 13
La Ceja, paramilitary leaders relocated to, 158–160
Center for Historical Memory, 269
Center for Research and Popular Education (Centro de Investigación y Educación Popular, CINEP), 261–262
Central Bolívar Block of the AUC, 180, 197
Centra Spike, 35–36
Cesar, electoral fraud in, 145–146
Chávez, Hugo, 232, 240
Chengue massacre, 132
Chivolo Pact, 151
Chocó, paramilitaries in, 116
Clinton, Bill, 121, 193
Clinton, Hillary, 193
“Cobra,” 85
cocaine trafficking, 28–29
paramilitaries and, 180, 182
See also drug trafficking
Colmenares, Laureano, 71
Colombia
civil wars, 11
extradition treaty with United States, 29
1991 constitution, 22
overview, 11–12
political violence in, 12–13
El Colombiano (newspaper), 60, 102, 293
Cómbita prison, 184
Communist Party, FARC and, 16
“The Condor” Convivir, 154
Cóndor subgroup, of GONI, 227
Congress
investigation into members’ ties with paramilitaries, 131–139
paramilitary claims of control of portions of, 126–127, 128, 131
See also Parapolitics investigations
Conservative Party, La Violencia and, 13
Constitutional Court
DAS surveillance of members of, 228, 244
ruling on Peace and Justice Law, 148–150
ruling on second peace agreement, 275
ruling on Uribe running for third term, 244
Convivirs (Cooperatives de Vigilancia y Securidad Privada; Private Cooperatives for Vigilance and Security), 43–45, 258, 263
Córdoba, Jaime, 36
Córdoba, paramilitaries in, 36, 69–70
Córdoba, Piedad, 241, 254
Coronell, Daniel, 187, 188, 222, 226, 243–244, 254, 255
Corporación Democracia (Democracy Corporation), 164, 184
Correa, Rafael, 241
Correa de Andreis, Alfredo, 143, 226
Criminal Investigations Directorate, 161
CTI (Cuerpo Técnico de Investigación; Technical Investigation Team), 37
corruption in, 71–75
murder of agents, 87–89, 99–101, 135
Cuéllar, Alfonso, 161
Cundinamarca, 247
“The DAS and the Paras” (Calderón), 142–144
DAS (Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad; Administrative Department of Security), 244
attack on Calderón, 219–221
attempt to discredit Supreme Court and, 214, 215–216
Calderón’s investigation and reporting on abuses at DAS, 221–229, 230–233
convictions in scandal, 272
DAS officials testifying about surveillance activities, 251–252
illegal wiretapping, 222–224, 230
murders of agents, 233–235
paramilitaries and, 123–124, 142–144, 224, 253–254
role in Tasmania plot, 202–203
surveillance of members of Congress, 230
surveillance of Supreme Court members, 244–246, 254
surveillance of Velásquez, 156, 173, 174, 230–231, 232–233
Dávila, Vicky, 199
Death to Kidnappers (Muerte a Secuestradores, MAS), 69
de Bedout, Félix, 217, 223
de la Espriella, Miguel, 150, 217, 259
Del Río, Rito Alejo, 118, 226, 273
demobilization of paramilitaries, 105, 146–149, 183–184
Democracy Corporation, 164, 184, 207–209
Democratic Colombia Party (Partido Colombia Democrática), 172
Democratic Sector (Sector Democrático), 171–172
Díaz, Eudaldo, 138
Díaz, Juan David, 195
Díaz Rayo, Juan Carlos, 204
El Difícil, 144
Directorate of Intelligence of the National Police (DIPOL; Dirección de Inteligencia de la Policía), 162
displacement of Colombians due to violence, 4, 14, 56, 57–58, 269
Dodd, Christopher, 127
“Don Antonio,” 147, 160
“Don Berna.” See Murillo Bejarano, Diego Fernando (“El Ñato,” “Don Berna”)
“Don Mario,” 273, 274
“Double Zero,” 115, 130
Drucker, Milton, 184
drug traffickers, negotiating at paramilitary peace talks, 146
drug trafficking
ACDEGAM and, 44
division within paramilitaries over involvement in, 119–120
Duque and, 197
Escobar and, 4
Los Pepes and, 70
paramilitaries and, 4, 69, 115, 119–120
violence of, 29, 30
See also Cali cartel; cocaine trafficking; Medellín cartel
Duque, Claudia Julieta, 227
Duque, Iván Roberto (“Ernesto Báez”), 159, 197–198, 200
Duque, Uber, 74, 262
“The Eagle,” 107, 123–124, 142
Echeverri, Fabio, 273
election fixing, paramilitaries and, 134–135
electoral fraud, Northern Block of AUC and, 143–146
“Elkin,” 264–265
ELN (National Liberation Army; Ejército de Liberación Nacional), 16
allegations about Medina and, 257
in Barrancabermeja, 109–110
Empresas Públicas de Medellín (Medellín Public Enterprises), 41
Envigado Office, 73, 98, 115, 164, 179, 183, 258
Escalona, Rafael, 145
Escobar, J. Guillermo, 22
Arcila and, 73, 101
constituent assembly and, 39
discovery of ACCU records and, 82
as prosecutor for paramilitary cases, 67–68, 71
threats against, 89–91
Valle and, 60, 98
Velásquez and, 37, 100
Escobar, Manuela, 32
Escobar, Pablo, 2, 118
Don Berna and, 182, 183
killing of, 4, 35–36
Medellín cartel and, 4, 22, 28, 29, 30
political assassinations and, 30
in prison, 30–33, 161
prison escape, 33, 35
Uribe and Villegas and, 42–43
Velásquez and, 31–33, 34–35, 42–43
Escobar, Roberto (“El Osito”), 34
El Espectador (newspaper), 185, 201, 202, 203, 256, 261, 274
Espinosa, Sigifredo, 175
extraditions of paramilitary leaders, 179�
�182, 185, 192–193, 214, 216
Falcón subgroup, of GONI, 227
Fallon, María Victoria, 18, 25
false-positive scandal, 243
false witnesses, allegations of, in Colombia’s criminal justice system, 249–250
El falso testimonio (False Testimony) (Moreno), 249–250
FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), 2, 232
attack in Ituango, 24
Calderón and, 109, 110–111
Castaño and, 70
dissident members after peace agreement, 276
escalation of violence, 110
First Front, 242
hostages, 240, 242
kidnappings by, 4, 113, 116, 145, 240–241
killing of Alberto Uribe and, 41–42
peace agreements, 268–269, 275, 276
peace negotiations with, 16–17, 111–112, 116
roots of, 15–16
strength of, 120
Thirteenth Front of, 111
Uribe and, 117–118, 240–242
Faulkner, Jim, 231
Feingold, Russell, 127
Fénix subgroup, of GONI, 227
Feris, Salomón, 85
Fernández, Jorge, 95–96, 101, 102
Flórez, Alba Luz, 245–246, 252
La FM radio, 167–169, 175, 177, 199, 230
Forbes (magazine), 29
Foundation for the Peace of Córdoba, 103–104
Fourth Brigade of the Army
ACCU and, 81
El Aro massacre and, 55
collusion with paramilitaries, 24–25
Convivirs and, 44
Fratini, Walter, 114
free trade agreement between Colombia and United States. See United States–Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement
Fuenmayor, Patricia, 18–19, 20, 21
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. See FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia)
Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer, 12–13, 41
Galán, Luis Carlos, 30
Galeano, Fernando, 32
Galeano brothers, 182
García, Álvaro, 133–134, 135, 137–138, 151
García, David, 245
García, Joaquín, 133–135
García, Rafael, 143–145, 151, 212, 214, 222, 226, 254
García Márquez, Gabriel, 265
Gardel, Carlos, 22
Garzón, Jaime, 227, 261
Gaviria, Carlos, 18, 163
Gaviria, César, 30, 32, 43, 161
Gaviria, Jorge, 207
Gaviria, José Obdulio, 25, 117, 154, 181, 202, 207, 230, 232
Géchem Turbay, Jorge, 116
Gil, Luis Alberto, 251
Giraldo, Yirman, 85
Girardot Battalion, 10, 85
Gómez, Alfredo, 171
Gómez, Laureano, 13, 46
Gómez Martínez, Juan Pablo, 34
Gómez Méndez, Alfonso, 36, 67, 97, 99, 101, 102
GONI (Group of National and International Observation of the DAS; Grupo de Observación Nacional e Internacional del DAS), 227–228, 234
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