Gónima, Carlos, 18
Gonsalves, Marc, 242
Gonzáles, Consuelo, 240
González, Fernando, 73–74, 75, 77
González, Julio César, 88
González, María del Rosario, 229, 248–249, 256
González, Pablo Elías, 95, 96, 98–100, 101
González, Sergio
collaboration with DAS, 252, 253–254
Tasmania plot and, 169, 170, 177, 199–200, 201, 202, 203, 255–256, 257
Villalba and, 260–261
Gore, Al, 154–155
government
attempts to defuse DAS scandal, 232–233
drug trade and, 29
peace agreements with FARC, 268–269, 275, 276
peace negotiations with FARC, 16–17, 111–112, 116
treatment of Don Berna, 182–185
See also parapolitics investigations
Granados, Jaime, 260
La Granja, paramilitaries continued presence in, 280
La Granja massacre, 10, 23, 62
Group for Prisoners’ Human Rights, 37–38
G-3 group, 226, 227, 229
Guacharacas, 154
Gutiérrez, Nancy Patricia, 204–205
Gutiérrez, Omar, 56
Gutiérrez, Soraya, 227
Guzmán, Edwin, 176, 201
Hasbún, Raúl, 97, 262–264
“head-splitters,” 70
Hernández, David (“Diego Rivera”), 251
Holguín, Carlos, 148, 179
“Homage to a Brave and Decent Judge” (Orozco), 256
Howard, John, 239
Howes, Tom, 242
El Hueco (The Hole), 79
Human Rights Award, for Velásquez, 247, 248, 265
human rights community in Antioquia, 17–21
Human Rights Watch, 3
Hurtado, María del Pilar, 202, 224, 252–253, 254, 255, 272
Iguarán, Mario, 133, 155, 173, 174, 189, 190, 201, 229–230
Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, 249
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 264
International Bar Association, 247, 248, 265
International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala, Comisión Internacional Contra la Impunidad en Guatemala, 276–277
International Criminal Court, 119
International Women’s Day, 20
investigative commission, 138–139
Iranian investment, Calderón and, 112
Itagüí prison, 2, 160–162, 198
Ituango
FARC attack in, 24
overview, 11
paramilitaries in, 9–11, 258
reports of violence in, 22 (see also El Aro massacre)
“Iván Ríos,” 242
Jaramillo, Beatriz, 18, 20
Jaramillo, Carlos, 63
Jiménez, Carlos Mario (“Macaco”), 142, 159, 180–181, 184, 197, 214, 257
“Job” (Antonio López), 164–165, 179
allegations against Velásquez and, 208–209
Democracy Corporation and, 207, 208, 209
meetings with Calderón, 208–209, 211–212
murder of, 215
plan to discredit Supreme Court and meeting with presidential advisors, 212–213, 214, 216
Suaza and, 250–251
Jorge 40. See Pupo, Rodrigo Tovar (“Jorge 40”)
José Alvear Restrepo Lawyers’ Collective, 226, 227
“Junior,” 85
Justice and Peace Law, 127–128, 131, 147, 160, 162, 181
changes in process, 148–150
Justice and Peace Tribunal of Medellín, 274
Kelly, Ian, 232
Kennedy, Edward, 127
Kerry, John, 268
kidnappings
FARC, 116, 145, 240–241
by guerrillas, 110, 113
King Juan Carlos III of Spain, 268
labor union members, violence against, 17, 143, 152
Lagos, Jorge, 220, 223, 228, 230
Lalinde, Luis Fernando, 19
Lance, Paula, 7
Lara, Rodrigo, 29, 30, 154
Leahy, Patrick, 127
Leal, Martha, 252–254
left-wing guerrillas
child soldiers and land mines, 4–5
Patriotic Union and, 16–17
rise of, 15–16
See also ELN (National Liberation Army; Ejército de Liberación Nacional); FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia)
Liberal Party, 12, 13, 39
Live Colombia, Travel Through It (Vive Colombia, Viaja Por Ella) campaign, 121
Londoño, Alexander (“El Zarco”), 91
Londoño Echeverri, Rodrigo (“Timochenko”), 268–269, 275
López, Antonio. See “Job”
López, Clara, 126
López, Claudia, 136–137, 143, 145
López, Manuel, 73, 74
López, William (“Memín”), 208
López Michelsen, Alfonso, 145
“Lucas.” See Soto, Jacinto Alberto (“Lucas”)
Lugar, Richard, 127–128
Macayepo massacre, 133–134, 138
Magdalena
ACDEGAM, 44, 197
electoral fraud in, 143–145
paramilitary links to politicians in, 150–151
Majagual, 135
Maldonado, Janeth, 246
Manco, Gloria, 61–63
Mancuso, Salvatore, 102, 153
El Aro massacre and, 55, 85, 86, 187
Calderón and, 114–115
in detention, 158–159
extradition of, 179
interview with Supreme Court, 131
on links between government and paramilitaries, 258–260
Mario Uribe and, 171, 189
meeting with Pineda and de la Espriella, 217
Ralito Pact and, 150
speaking about crimes, 149–150
ties to politicians, 126, 128, 131, 134, 135, 137
US indictment of, 119
Velásquez’s request to interview in United States, 247
Manosalva, Alfonso, 23, 149, 187, 258, 261
Mapiripán massacre, 273
Marín, Giovanni, 208
Marín, Pedro Antonio (“Manuel Marulanda”; “Tirofijo”), 16, 111, 242
Marín, Ramiro, 189
Marquetalia, 16
Márquez, Fernando, 95, 100
Marulanda, Manuel. See Pedro Antonio Marin
massacres, 4–5
Barrancabermeja, 110
Bellavista, 116
Calderón covering, 109, 110
Chengue, 132
La Granja, 10, 23, 62
Macayepo, 133–134, 138
Mapiripán, 273
Nueva Venecia, 112–114
Pichilín, 84, 85, 86
El Salado, 122
See also El Aro massacre
Maya, Edgardo, 145, 173
Medellín
characterized as “murder capital,” 2
description of, 27
drop in violence in, 208
Medellín cartel, 28–29
ACCU and, 70
ADCEGAM and, 44
Escobar and, 4, 22, 28, 29, 30
Santiago Uribe and, 154
violence of, 29, 30–31
war on drugs and, 22
Medina, Santiago, 109
Medina, Yidis, 187–189, 209, 213, 257
Mejía Múnera twins, 146
Mendoza, Eduardo, 32–33
Meneses, Juan Carlos, 272
Menjura, Alexander, 234–235
Mercado Peluffo, Rodrigo (“Cadena”), 132–133, 136, 153
Merlano, Jairo, 133, 137, 151
Mesa, Jorge, 33
Middle Magdalena Valley, paramilitary in, 109–110
Miladis (Miladis Restrepo Torres; eyewitness to El Aro massacre), 49–55, 57–58
military
El Aro massacre and, 54, 55, 57, 62, 258–259
false-positive scandal, 243
relationship with paramilitaries, 2, 3, 10, 23, 24–25, 62, 115, 123
M-19 guerrillas, 16, 22, 69, 152
Modesto, Luis, 51
Molina, Hernando, 146
Moncada, José Orlando (“Tasmania”). See “Tasmania” (José Orlando Moncada)
Moncada, Kiko, 32
Montoya, Diego, 142, 184
Morales, Jimmy, 276
Moreno, Bernardo, 202, 230, 254, 255, 272
Moreno, Cristian, 146
Moreno, Luis Alberto, 121
Moreno, Luis Gustavo, 249–250
Moreno, Pedro Juan
El Aro massacre and, 61, 62
death of, 272–274
links to paramilitaries, 44, 226, 258–259, 263–264
Valle and, 60, 265
Morris, Eric, 134–135, 137, 151
motorcycles, use by assassins, 87–88
Muñoz, Felipe, 224, 229, 232, 255
Murillo Bejarano, Diego Fernando (“El Ñato,” “Don Berna”), 164
Murillo Bejarano, Rodolfo, 183
My Confession (Castaño), 70
Naranjo, Óscar, 161, 162, 179, 181, 191, 225, 261
Narváez, Georgina, 134, 135, 138
Narváez, José Miguel, 142, 226, 227, 244, 272
National Front government, 15
National Learning Service (Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, SENA), 209–210
National Liberation Army. See ELN (National Liberation Army; Ejército de Liberación Nacional)
National Prisons Institute, 32, 184
national referendum on peace agreement with FARC, 269
Navas, Hernando, 32–33
Neiva, justices’ trip to, 229, 244–245
Nieves Ochoa, Martha, 69
Neruda, Pablo, 41
Newsweek (magazine), 112
New York Times (newspaper), 193, 232
Nobel Peace Prize, for Santos, 275
El Nogal bombing, 102
Noguera, Jorge, 142, 143, 144, 214, 221, 226, 227, 236, 272
Norte del Valle cocaine cartel, 142
Northern Block of the AUC, 143–145, 147, 226
Noticias Uno (television program), 187–188, 189, 209, 213
Nueva Venecia massacre, 112–114
Nuevo Horizonte (New Horizon) Convivir, 86
“Ñato.” See Bejarano, Diego Fernando Murillo
Obama, Barack, 193, 231, 243
Ochoa, Fabio, 118
One Hundred Years of Solitude (García Márquez), 265
Operation Checkmate (Operación Jaque), 242, 243
Ordóñez, Alejandro, 248
Organization of American States, 12, 56
Orozco, Cecilia, 185, 256
Osorio, Luis Camilo, 102, 136, 153
Ospina, Carlos Alberto, 24, 57, 84, 187
Ospina Pérez, Mariano, 13
La Otra Verdad (The Other Truth) (magazine), 273
Ovalle, Fernando, 227
Oviedo, Gregorio, 72, 74–75, 102
exile in Canada, 103, 132
paramilitary investigations and, 80–83, 85, 104
threats against, 76–77, 89
Valle murder investigation and, 88
Padilla parking lot, ACCU shack at, 79–81, 86
Padilla parking lot investigation, 103–104, 153–154
Don Berna on, 262–263
transfer to Bogotá, 96–97
“El Pájaro” (The Bird), 142
Palacio, Alfonso, 146
Pallomari, Guillermo, 109
“El Palmar” mass graves, 132–133
Palmera, Ricardo (“Simón Trinidad”), 122, 240–241
Pan-American Conference (1948), 12
paramilitaries
in Antioquia, 22–23, 36
El Aro massacre and, 49–57
campaign to control key areas of Colombia, 109–110
claims of control of Congress, 126–127, 128, 131
Convivirs, 43–44, 258, 263
DAS and, 123–124, 142–144, 224, 253–254
demobilization of, 105, 120, 146–149, 183–184
drug trade and, 4, 69, 115, 119–120
formation of, 16
government protection from prosecution, 120–121
Justice and Peace Law and, 127–128
murder of Patriotic Union politicians, 17
pacts between politicians and, 150–151
peace talks, 123, 146–147
peak of power, 118–119
ties to military, 2, 3, 10, 23, 24–25, 62, 115, 123
ties to police, 115
training, 85
Uribe and, 118
Velásquez’s investigation of, 36–37, 67–68, 71–72, 75–77
violence of, 7, 9–11, 22–23, 70
war between sectors, 115
See also parapolitics investigations; individual groups
paramilitary leaders
extradition to United States, 158, 179–182, 257
in Itagüí prison, 160–162
on links between government and paramilitaries, 257–265
relocation to detention center, 158–160
parapolitics investigations, 132–139, 141–142
in Antioquia, 171–172
Calderón articles, 142–144, 201, 212–217, 244–246
claim of false witnesses in, 249–250
convictions in, 247, 248, 272
effect on Colombia’s international standing, 151–152, 155
paramilitaries helping government discredit, 209–212
statements from paramilitary leaders, 257–265
Velásquez on, 279
See also Tasmania letter
Pardo, Rafael, 127
Pardo Ariza, Gustavo, 32, 33
Parody, Gina, 127
Parque de la 93, 225
Parra, Sergio Humberto, 75–76, 80, 81, 88–89
Pastrana, Andrés, 111, 116, 118, 145, 226
Paternina, Yolanda, 135–136
Patriotic Union (Unión Patriótica; UP), 16–17
peace agreement with FARC, 268–269
Calderón on, 270–271
failure of national referendum on, 269
second, 275–276
Uribe’s campaign against, 269
Velásquez and, 269–270
peace negotiations
with FARC, 16–17, 111–112, 116
paramilitary, 123, 146–147
Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá. See ACCU (Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá; Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Urabá)
Los Pepes (Persecuted by Pablo Escobar; Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar), 35, 43, 70, 74, 98, 115, 182–183
Pérez, Álvaro Orlando, 126, 130–131, 133, 138, 155, 247
Pérez, Amelia, 72–74, 77
exile in Canada, 132
hindrances to investigations, 102–103
investigation of paramilitary massacres and, 83–86
Piedrahita murder investigation and, 88
Rodríguez Pérez and, 99
threats to, 103
Villalba and, 186, 187
Pérez Molina, Otto, 276
Perino, Dana, 193
Permanent Human Rights Committee of Antioquia, 17, 18–21, 38, 69
Peru, guerrilla war in, 4
pescas milagrosas (miraculous fishing), 110
Petro, Gustavo, 127, 152–155, 222, 226, 228, 254
Pichilín massacre, 84, 85, 86
La Picota prison, 184–185, 214
Piedrahita, Jaime, 73–74, 88
“Pilatos,” 85, 261
Pimiento, Mauricio, 145–146
Pinchao, Jhon Frank, 240
Pineda, Eleonora, 137, 150, 171, 189, 217, 259
Pinzón, Manuel, 245, 246
Pivijay Pact, 150–151
Plan Colombia, 121, 240
Plan Parejo, 133
La Playita, 21
police, ties with paramilitaries, 115
politicians, pacts between paramilitaries and. See parapolitics investigations<
br />
Polo Democrático Alternativo (Alternative Democratic Pole), 126–127
Popular Liberation Army (Ejército Popular de Liberación, EPL), 22, 182
El Pozo, 144
Pretelt, Sabas, 158, 188
Proceso 8,000, 109
Puerto Berrío, 13–14, 68
Puerto Valdivia, 52, 57, 258
Correa de Andreis assassination and, 226
DAS and, 143
demobilization and, 147–148, 159
in detention, 160
extradition of, 179
parapolitics investigation and, 146
Pivijay Pact and, 151
Ralito Pact and, 150
Velásquez’s request to interview in United States, 247
Ralito Pact, 120, 150, 171, 217
Ramírez, Jaime, 108
Ramírez, Yesid, 155, 228–229
Ramírez Gómez, Jaime, 30
Reagan, Ronald, 29
red zones, 109
regional prosecutors, 27–28
“René,” 167, 170
Restrepo, Luis Carlos, 120, 159, 179
Reyes, Ascencio, 190, 229, 245
Reyes, Raúl, 241
Rodríguez, Gilberto, 100
Rodríguez, Yolanda, 160
Rodríguez Gacha, Gonzalo (“The Mexican”), 28, 44, 123, 197
Rodríguez Orejuela, Gilberto, 31
Rodríguez Orejuela, Miguel, 31
Rodríguez Pérez, Luis, 99
Rojas, Clara, 116, 240
Romero, William, 245–246, 252
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 119
El Salado massacre, 122
Samper, Ernesto, 29, 44–45, 109, 149, 150
San Onofre, 132
Santacruz, Tomás, 89
Santos, Alejandro, 222
Santos, Francisco, 149, 231
Santos, Juan Manuel
Calderón and, 161–162
extraditions of paramilitary leaders and, 179, 181
operation Checkmate and, 241–243
parapolitics scandal and, 137, 141–142, 149–150
peace agreements with FARC, 268–269, 275, 276
Uribe and, 271
Santoyo, Mauricio, 271–272
San Vicente, 111–112
self-defense groups, La Violencia and, 16
Semana (newsweekly)
article on DAS spying on Supreme Court, 244–246
article on Suaza allegations, 250–251
article on voting patterns and paramilitary violence, 136–137
articles on abuses at DAS, 222–224, 225
articles on paramilitary leaders’ criminal activities in prison, 160, 163
Calderón and, 108–109
Castaño letter, 159
coverage of massacres, 113
on DAS investigation, 244
on Don Berna transfer, 184
parapolitics scandal articles, 133, 142–144
Vicente Castaño interview, 126, 131
Serpa, Horacio, 144
Shining Path insurgency in Peru, 4
There Are No Dead Here Page 36
