Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin
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Kremlin history:
Riurikid dynasty: evidence of 12th-century construction; receives city bell of Tver; first referred to as ‘Kremlin’; development under Ivan I (Kalita); ‘Peter the Wonder-Worker’ becomes Kremlin’s first saint; early religious foundations; sacked by Mongol Horde; building of present structure under Ivan III; becomes art and treasure repository; 15th-century building and development; re-building of the Dormition Cathedral; European building and architectural influences; moat created; foreign merchants banned from; renovation under Ivan the Terrible; houses government officials; Ivan the Terrible’s use of; funeral of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich; Kremlenagrad (map); boyars’ obligation to serve at court; Buildings Chancellory; ‘False Dmitry’ arrives with Polish retainers; ‘False Dmitry’ murdered; Dmitry of Uglich’s corpse brought back for burial; houses Polish and mercenary troops in the Time of Troubles; looting of the Treasury during the Time of Troubles
Romanov dynasty: rebuilding under the Romanovs; foreign artists and craftsmen enlisted by Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich; revolt; European influences on architecture and decor; theatre introduced by Aleksei Mikhailovich; revolt; Peter the Great takes command of Kremlin; builds arsenal; builds new fortifications; moves court to St Petersburg; treasury on display as visitor attraction; Catherine the Great’s improvements; development under Paul I; demolition and rebuilding under Alexander I; abandoned as Napoleon’s troops advance; Napoleon enters; desecration and looting by Napoleon’s troops; survives mining by Napoleon’s retreating army; reconstruction after Napoleon’s occupation; described by Marquis de Custine; Grand Kremlin Palace commissioned by Nicholas I; demolition of ancient churches by Nicholas I; establishment of museums and archives; celebrated by Fabergé egg; features on mass-produced icons and souvenirs; treasure collection catalogued; Armoury Chamber Museum; monument to Alexander II; life in the last years of the Tsars; Zabelin The History of the City of Moscow; Bartenev The Moscow Kremlin in Old Times and Now; electricity generating station; assassination of Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich; coronation of Nicholas II; houses Empress Alexandra’s hospital during First World War
Soviet era: claimed by the Moscow city government; staff form union; damaged by the Bolsheviks; loss of valuable artefacts after revolution; Bolshevik government move in; ownership claimed by the People’s Republic; stores recovered loot and treasure after revolution; expulsion of monks and nuns by the Bolsheviks; removal of imperial monuments by the Bolsheviks; Easter celebration; seizure of Church assets; becomes symbol of Soviet power; demolition of religious buildings under the Bolsheviks; living conditions under the Soviets; Kremlin Affair; object of fear and isolation under Stalin; security under Stalin; hidden underground systems; bombed during Second World War; renovation post; souvenir guidebooks; becomes term used for government; becomes tourist attraction under Khrushchev; Lenin museum-apartment; propaganda department; Ministry of Culture; research staff appointed; religious buildings under Soviet regime; ‘Treasures of the Kremlin’ Exhibition; archaeological explorations under the Soviets; orchard planted by Khrushchev; Soviet infrastructure; ceases to be centre of power under Brezhnev; as shorthand for Soviet leadership; used to receive foreign guests under Brezhnev; ‘Kremlin ration’; opens up under Gorbachev
post-Soviet era: Russian flag raised; 1991 houses presidential staff after; Boris Yeltsin’s official residence; restoration post-Soviet era; historical role promoted under Putin; popularity as tourist attraction
Kremlin buildings: Alexander Gardens; Armoury; Armoury Chamber museum; Arsenal; Ascension monastery/ convent; Beklemyshev tower; Borovitsky Gate; Cathedral of Nikola Gostunsky; Cathedral of the Annunciation; Cathedral of the Archangel Michael; Cathedral for the Ascension convent; Cathedral of the Saviour in the Forest; Cathedral Square; Cavalry Building; Chudov (Miracles) Monastery; Church of Konstantin and Elena; Church of St Catherine; Church of St John the Forerunner; Church of the Deposition of the Robe; Church of the Nativity of the Virgin; Corner Arsenal tower; Dormition Cathedral; Faceted Palace; Frolov (Saviour) gates; Golden Palace; Grand Kremlin Palace; Ivan the Great (bell tower); Kutafia Tower; monasteries; Nicholas Palace; Nikolskaya Tower; Palace of Congresses; Peter the Great’s arsenal; Poteshnyi Palace; Red Stair; Riverside Palace; Saviour Cathedral; Saviour Gate; Saviour Monastery; Saviour Tower; Senate; Senate Tower; Sretensky Cathedral; Sverdlov Hall; Sviblova tower; Terem Palace; Trinity Tower; underground tunnels; Vodovzvodnaya tower; walls; Winter Palace
Kremlin Commission
Kremlin-9 (television series)
‘Kremlinology’
Krivtsov, Ivan
Krupskaya, Nadezhda
Kurbsky, Andrei
Kutuzov, Mikhail
Kuznetsov
Lamberti da Montagnana, Alevisio
language: French; Old Russian
Larionov, Samson
Latsis, Otto
Lef (magazine)
Lefort, Franz
Leiden, Netherlands
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; storms the Winter Palace; establishes Bolshevik government in the Kremlin; and state ‘rest-homes’; attempts on his life; replaces imperial monuments with Soviet art; opposition to the Church; orders seizure of church assets; mausoleum; museum-apartment
Lenin Library
Leningrad see also St Petersburg
Leningradskaya Hotel
Lentulov, Aristarkh
Leon the Jew
Leonidov, Ivan
Lermontov, Mikhail
lions, in the Kremlin
Lithuania; rival to Moscow sovereignty; Soviet troops suppress demonstrations
Livonia
London, England
Lopez, Jennifer
Lopukhina, Evdokiya
Louis XIV of France
Lübeck
Lubyanka building
Lunacharsky, Anatoly
Luzhkov, Yury
Mabetex Project Engineering
Macarius III, Patriarch of Antioch
Makary, Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia
Malevich, Kasimir; A Lady in a Tram
Malinovsky, A. F.
Malinovsky, Pavel
Malkov, Pavel
Malvern, England
Margeret, Jacques; The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy
Marina Mniszeck (wife of Dmitry I)
Mariya Godunova
Mariya Nagaya
Mariya of Tver (wife of Ivan III)
Mariya Temryukovna
Marx, Karl
Marxist movement
Maslov, Kupriyan
Massa, Isaac, A Short History of the Peasant Wars in Moscow
Matisse, Henri, La Danse
Matlock, Jack (US ambassador)
Matorin (artist)
Matveyev, Artamon
Mayakovsky, Vladimir
Mayo, Earl of
Medici, Lorenzo di
Medvedev, Dmitry
Mehmet II
Melnikov, Konstantin
Mendelsohn, Erich
Mengli-Girey
Menshikov, Alexander
Merian, Matthäus
Merv
mestnichestvo
metro (underground railway); secret
Metropolitans, Archbishops and Patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church: Peter (the Wonder-Worker); Aleksii; Isidor; Yona; Filipp I; Geronty; Daniil; Yoasaf; Makary; Afanasy; FilippII; Dionysii II; Yov; Hermogen; Filaret; Nikon; Amvrosii; Platon II; Augustin; Tikhon
Meyerberg, Augustin
Michelangelo
Mikhail Glinsky
Mikhail I Fedorovich, Tsar
Mikhail of Tver
Mikhail the Brave
Mikhalkov, Nikita
Mikoyan, Nami
Mikoyan, Sergo
Miloslavsky, Ilya
Miloslavsky family
Minin, Kuzma
Mironov, Sergei
Mitrofan, Patriarch of Constantinople
Mitterand, François
Mniszeck, Jerzy
Mniszeck, Marina
Molotov, Vyacheslav
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact
Monakhitin, Sergei
monasteries: closed under Stalin; of the Kremlin
Mongol Horde
Mongol rule in Russia
Monkhouse, Allan
Monomakh, Cap of
Monomakh, Vladimir
Mons, Anna, mistress of Peter the Great
Morea, Despotate of
Morozov, Boris
Mortier, Marshal
Moscow: xii, xiii, xiv; early history; origins of name; sacked by Mongol Horde; growth in population and significance; prospers under rule of Ivan I; liberated from Mongol rule; civil war 1433–47; expansion of regional power; Kitai-gorod; siege; destruction by Polish troops; plague; foreign (German) quarter; 18th-century salons; university; plague; population; society at the beginning of the 19th century; serfdom; improvements under Alexander I; battle of Borodino; 1812 occupation by Napoleon; ruined by fires during Napoleon’s occupation; re-building after Napoleon’s occupation; railway terminus; reacts to Nicholas II’s abdication; falls to the Bolsheviks; reconstruction in the 1920s; 800th anniversary; Olympic Games, 1980; open air swimming pool; Stalin’s towers; storming of the White House, 1993; post-Soviet era restoration of lost buildings; 850th anniversary celebrations; Cathedral of Christ the Saviour; Chapel of the Iberian Virgin; English Club; fires; Kazan Cathedral; Krutitskoe Residence; markets and religious ceremonies on ice; metro; Novodevichy Convent (New Convent of the Virgin); Red Square; Shchusev Museum of Architecture; Tretyakov Art Gallery; White City
Moscow Archaeological Society
Moscow Historical Museum
Moscow River
Moscow Society of Architects
Moscow University
Moskovskaya Pravda
Moskovskie vedomosti (newspaper)
Mosproekt-2 (construction company)
Mstislavsky, Fedor
Mstislavsky, Ivan
Mukhanova
Munich, Germany
Murov, Evgeny
Muscovy see Moscow
Muscovy Company, London
music, Russian
Mussorgsky, Modest, Boris Godunov (opera)
Napoleon Bonaparte; rise of; invades Russia; occupies Moscow; retreat from Moscow
Narva, Estonia, Russian defeat
Naryshkin, Ivan
Naryshkina, Natalya
national anthem, Russian
nationalism, rise of in post-Communist Russia
Nazarbayev, Nursultan
Neglinnaya River
Nerl River
Neva River
Nevsky, Alexander; demolition of chapel dedicated to
Nevsky, Vladimir
New Convent of the Virgin see Novodevichy Convent
New Jerusalem Monastery
New Year celebrations, under Peter the Great
New York Metropolitan Museum
New York Times
Nicholas I, Tsar; accession; described by Marquis de Custine; encourages Russian nationalism; builds the Grand Kremlin Palace; orders demolition of Church of St John; approves Armoury Chamber museum; founds Imperial Russian Archaeological Society; death
Nicholas II, Tsar: nostalgia for Russian past; anti-Semitic views; coronation; unveils statue to Alexander III; opens monument to Alexander II; response to revolution; takes personal command of armed forces; abdicates; murder by the Bolsheviks; re-interment in St Petersburg 1998
Nikolai Aleksandrovich (son of Alexander II)
Nikon, Metropolitan and Patriarch
Nizhnyi Novgorod
NKVD (Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
Nora, Pierre
North Ossetia
Nöteborg (fortress)
Novgorod; absorption into Moscow state; plague; sacked by Ivan the Terrible; under Swedish rule
Novodevichy Convent
nuclear weapons system, Soviet
Nuremberg
Odoevsky-Maslov, Prince
Ogurtsov, Bazhen
Oka River
Old Believers/ Old Belief
Olearius, Adam
Olenin, Aleksei
oprichnina/ oprichniki
Oranovsky, Evgeny
Orthodox calendar
Osipov
Ostei (temporary ruler of Moscow 1382)
Otrepev, Grigory see also DmitryI (‘False Dmitry’)
Ottoman Turkish Empire
Owen, David
Pacolli, Behgjet
Paisein, Ivan
Palace of the Soviets
Palazhchenko, Pavel
Palladio, Andrea
Palm Sunday, ceremony at Kremlin
Panova, Tatiana
paper-milling, in Moscow
Paris Exposition
Pashkov House
Pasternak, Boris
Patrikeyev, Ivan Yurevich
Pauker, Karl
Paul I, Tsar: coronation, 1797; unpopularity and murder
Paul II, Pope
Paul of Aleppo
Pavlov, Valentin
Peace of Nystad
People’s Commissariat for the Preservation of Historic and Artistic Monuments
perestroika
Pereyaslavl
Perovaskaya, Sofiya
Perry, John
Peter I, Tsar (Peter the Great): childhood; elected Tsar; escapes plot on his life; introduces classical themes to the Kremlin; establishes parodic court; Grand Embassy (travels in Europe); orders beards to be shaved off; brings Russian calendar in line with Europe; takes part in killing of the streltsy; military reform; building projects; builds arsenal in the Kremlin; military campaigns; re-fortifies Kremlin; moves court to St Petersburg; signs Peace of Nystad with Sweden; creates Senate; abolishes the Orthodox patriarchate; and record keeping; reform of the alphabet; disinherits Aleksei Petrovich; crowns his wife Catherine I; European influences on court; introduces European architectural practices; coffin desecrated by Bolsheviks; funeral
Peter III, Tsar
Peter, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia (the ‘Wonder-Worker)
Peter Petrovich (infant son of Peter the Great)
Peter-Paul Cathedral, St Petersburg
St Petersburg; choice of site; transfer of Peter the Great’s court to; 1917 revolution; Winter Palace; under Catherine the Great; Kazan Cathedral; Church of the Saviour on Spilled Blood; changes name to Petrograd; storming of the Winter Palace; desecration of Tsar’s tombs; re-interment of Romanov family, 1998 see also Leningrad; Petrograd Peterson,
Rudolf Petrograd; re-named Leningrad see also St Petersburg
Petrovna-Solovaya, Praskovya
Petrovsky, Boris
Petrovsky Palace
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Picart, Pieter
Picasso, Pablo
Pickering, Thomas
Pikhoia, Rudolf
Pimen, archbishop of Novgorod
Pipes, Richard
Piscator, Johannes
plague: (1570); (Moscow, 1654); (Moscow, 1771)
Platon, Metropolitan of Moscow
Plekhanov, Georgy
Pleshcheyev, Levonty
Podgorny, Nikolai
Pogodin, Mikhail
Pokrovsky Convent
Poland; Polish influence on court of False Dmitry; ambition for Russian throne; Polish troops occupy and loot the Kremlin; Treaty of Eternal Peace; as source of radical ideas; represented in film 1612
Poland-Lithuania
Politburo; Thursday meetings in Kremlin; working conditions relaxed under Brezhnev
Polotsky, Simon
Polovtsy (tribe)
Polyakov, Leonid
Polytechnical Exhibition 1872
Pomerantsev, N. N.
pomeshchiki
Pompeii, re-discovery of
Ponomarev, Lev
Poppel, Nikolaus
Poskrebyshev, Alexander
Posokhin, M. V.
Possevino, Antonio
Potanin, Vladimir
Poteshnyi D
vorets (Palace)
Pozharsky, Dmitry
Praskoveyevka
Preobrazhenskoe
Presnya ponds
prikazy
printing presses, in Moscow
Prokopovich, Feofan
Pronsky, Mikhail
Provisional Government
Prozorovsky clan
Pskov
Pugin, Augustus
Pulci, Luigi
Pushkin, Alexander
Putin, Vladimir: dismisses corruption investigation against Yeltsins; takes over as Head of State; encourages Russian nationalism; third term of office
Quarenghi, Giacomo
Rabinovich, Mikhail
Radishchev, Alexander
railway: links Moscow and St Petersburg; terminus
Rastrelli, Francesco Bartolomeo
Ravel, Maurice
Reagan, Ronald
Red Army
Red Guards, occupy the Kremlin 1917
Red Square; space created as fire-break in 1493; begins to be called Red Square under Peter the Great; acquires current shape; statue commemorating Minin and Pozharsky erected, 1818; site of Bolshevik victims’ graves, 1917; parades; designated World Heritage Site by UNESCO
Reed, John
Rerberg, I. I.
revolution
revolution
Rhos see also Rus
Riga, Latvia
Rikhter, F. F.
Riurikid dynasty
Robespierre, Maximilien de
Roman Catholicism; and Polish ambition for the Russian throne
Romania; fall of Ceausescu
Romanov, Aleksei Mikhailovich see Aleksei Mikhailovich, Tsar
Romanov, Fedor Nikitich (‘Filaret’); installed as Patriarch
Romanov, Mikhail see Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar
Romanov, Nikita
Romanov dynasty; accession; tercentenary celebration of accession, 1913; murder of royal family at Ekaterinburg
Rome, Italy; Capitoline Hill
Romodanovsky, Fedor
Rossi, Karl
Rossiya (television channel)
Rostopchin, Fedor
Rublev, Andrei
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Rumyantsev, Nikolai
Rus; under Mongol rule
Russian Archive (journal)
Russian Federation
Russian Orthodox Church; founded in the 10th century; separates from Constantinople; creation of the patriarchate; crisis in authority of; calendar abolished; reduction in power under Peter the Great; abolition of the patriarchate; refuses permission for sacred objects to be displayed at Paris Exposition of 1867; suppressed under the Bolsheviks; liquidation of assets by the Bolsheviks see also Metropolitans, Archbishops and Patriarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church