14. Star Trek: The Next Generation, “The Loss,” first broadcast December 29, 1990, directed by Chip Chalmers and written by Hilary Bader.
15. US Energy Information Administration, “Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2006–December 2016,” Electric Power Monthly, February 24, 2017.
CHAPTER 2: IF YOU ARE UNCERTAIN, CALL A QUANTUM MECHANIC FOR A FIX
1. W. Z. Heisenberg, “Über den Anschaulichen Inhalt der Quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik,” Zeitschrift für Physik 43 (1927): 172–98.
2. Erwin Schrödinger, “An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules,” Physical Review 28, no. 6 (1926): 1049–70.
3. Erwin Schrödinger, “Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik,” Naturwissenschaften 23, no. 48 (November 1935): 807–12.
4. Coherence, directed by James Ward Byrkit, Oscilloscope Laboratories, 2013.
5. Hugh Everett III, “Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics,” Reviews of Modern Physics 29 (1957): 454–62.
6. Tom Siegfried, “Einstein Was Wrong about Spooky Quantum Entanglement,” Science News, February 19, 2014, https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/einstein-was-wrong-about-spooky-quantum-entanglement (accessed 6/30/2017).
7. René Barjavel, Le Voyageur Imprudent (Éditions Denoël, 1944).
8. Zeeya Merali, “Solving Biology's Mysteries Using Quantum Mechanics,” Discover, December 29, 2014, http://discovermagazine.com/2014/dec/17-this-quantum-life (accessed June 30, 2017).
9. Richard Hildner et al., “Quantum Coherent Energy Transfer over Varying Pathways in Single Light-Harvesting Complexes,” Science 340, no. 6139 (2013): 1448–51.
FIRST INTERLUDE: A TOUCH OF ATOMIC THEORY
1. CERN, “The Early Universe,” https://home.cern/about/physics/early-universe (accessed June 22, 2017).
2. P. A. M. Dirac, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 117, no. 778 (February 1, 1928): pp. 610–24.
3. Carl D. Anderson, “The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives,” Science 76, no. 1967 (September 9, 1932): pp. 238–39.
4. Richard Van Noorden, “Antimatter Cancer Treatment,” Chemistry World 3, November 2006, https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/antimatter-cancer-treatment/3000368.article (accessed April 29, 2017).
5. Matt Strassler, “The Strengths of the Known Forces,” Of Particular Significance, May 31, 2013, https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-known-forces-of-nature/the-strength-of-the-known-forces (accessed June 18, 2017).
6. Jim Lucas, “What is the Weak Force?” Live Science, December 24, 2014, https://www.livescience.com/49254-weak-force.html (accessed June 18, 2017).
CHAPTER 3: STRUMMING OUR WAY INTO EXISTENCE
1. Doctor Who, “Blink,” season 3, episode 10, first broadcast June 9, 2007, directed by Hettie Macdonald and written by Steven Moffat.
2. Barton Zwiebach, A First Course in String Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
3. Liu Cixin, The Three-body Problem (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2014).
4. China Miéville, The City & the City (New York: Macmillan, 2009).
5. Jeffrey A. Carver, Sunborn (New York: Macmillan, 2010).
6. A. Barrau et al., “Probing Loop Quantum Gravity with Evaporating Black Holes,” Physical Review Letters 107, no. 251301 (December 16, 2011).
7. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. “Zeno's Paradoxes,” by Nick Huggett, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/ (accessed June 18, 2017).
CHAPTER 4: OUR UNIVERSE (AS OPPOSED TO THOSE OTHERS)
1. “How Fast Is the Universe Expanding?” NASA, https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html (accessed June 16, 2017).
2. Star Wars: A New Hope, directed by George Lucas, 20th Century Fox, 1977.
3. I. Ribas et al., “First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy,” Astrophysical Journal Letters 635 (2005): L37–L40.
4. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American Astronomer,” https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henrietta-Swan-Leavitt (accessed June 16, 2017).
5. Third Programme, first broadcast March 28, 1949, by BBC radio.
6. Liza Gross, “Edwin Hubble: The Great Synthesizer Revealing the Breadth and Birth of the Universe,” Exploratorium, http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/hubble/people/edwin.html (accessed June 22, 2017).
7. “Tests of Big Bang: The CMB,” NASA, https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_tests_cmb.html (accessed June 16, 2017).
8. C. Patrignani et al., “Big-Bang nucleosynthesis,” Chinese Physics C 40 (2016), http://pdg.lbl.gov/2016/reviews/rpp2016-rev-bbang-nucleosynthesis.pdf (accessed June 16, 2017).
9. Lucy Hawking and Stephen Hawking, George and the Big Bang (New York: Doubleday Children's Books, 2011).
10. George Musser and J. R. Minkel (2002-02-11), “A Recycled Universe: Crashing Branes and Cosmic Acceleration May Power an Infinite Cycle in Which Our Universe Is but a Phase,” Scientific American (February 2, 2002).
11. Alan H. Guth, “Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems,” Physical Review D 23, no. 347 (January 15, 1981).
12. Donald Goldsmith, “The Fingerprint of Creation,” Discover Magazine, October 1, 1992, http://discovermagazine.com/1992/oct/thefingerprintof136 (accessed June 16, 2017).
13. Richard B. Larson and Voker Bromm, “The First Stars in the Universe,” Scientific American, January 19, 2009, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-stars-in-the-un/ (accessed June 16, 2017).
14. “Gravitational Waves Detected 100 Years after Einstein's Prediction,” LIGO, February 11, 2016, https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20160211 (accessed June 16, 2017).
15. Christopher Crockett, “Cosmic Census of Galaxies Updated to 2 Trillion,” Science News, October 12, 2016, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/cosmic-census-galaxies-updated-2-trillion (accessed June 16, 2017).
16. Wikipedia, s.v. “Solar Mass,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass (accessed June 16, 2017).
17. Robert Krulwich, “Which Is Greater, the Number of Sand Grains on Earth or Stars in the Sky?” National Public Radio (NPR), September 17, 2012, http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/09/17/161096233/which-is-greater-the-number-of-sand-grains-on-earth-or-stars-in-the-sky (accessed April 27, 2017).
18. Wikipedia, s.v. “Milky Way,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way (accessed June 16, 2017).
19. A. M. Ghez et al., “The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth,” Astrophysical Journal 586, no.2 (March 12, 2003): L127–L131.
20. ”Where is the Ice on Ceres? New NASA Dawn Findings,” NASA, December 15, 2016, https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6703 (accessed June 16, 2017).
21. “Sun: In Depth,” NASA, https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/sun/indepth (accessed June 16, 2017).
22. Fraser Cain, “How Long Does Sunlight Take to Reach Earth?” Universe Today, October 16, 2016, https://www.universetoday.com/15021/how-long-does-it-take-sunlight-to-reach-the-earth/ (accessed June 16, 2017).
23. “Kuiper Belt: In Depth” NASA, https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/kbos/indepth (accessed June 16, 2017).
24. F. Nimmo et al., “Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia Implies a Subsurface Ocean on Pluto,” Nature 540 (December 1, 2016): 94–96.
25. Harold F. Levison and Luke Donnes, “Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics,” in ed. Lucy Ann Adams McFadden et al. Encyclopedia of the Solar System (Boston: Academic Press, 2007), pp. 575–88.
26. Christopher Crockett, “The sun Isn't the Only Light Source behind That Summer Tan,” Science News, September 20, 2016, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sun-isn%E2%80%99t-only-light-source-behind-summer-tan (accessed June 16, 2017).
CHAPTER 5: PARALLEL WORLDS
1. Star Trek, “Mirror, Mirror,” first broadcast October 6, 1967, on NBC, directed by Marc Daniels.
2. Charles Stross, The Family Trade (New York: Tor Books, 2004).
3. Peter Woit, Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law (New York: Basic Books, 2006).
4. David Gerrold, The Man Who Folded Himself (Orbit Books, 2014).
5. David Brin, The Practice Effect (New York: Bantam Books, 1984).
CHAPTER 6: POWERING UP OUR CIVILIZATIONS
1. Nickolai Kardashev, “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations,” Soviet Astronomy 8 (1964): 217.
2. Freeman Dyson, “Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation,” Science 131, no. 3414 (1960): pp. 1667–68.
3. Olaf Stapledon, Star Maker (London: Methuen, 1937).
4. Marc Kaufman, “The Ever More Puzzling and Intriguing, ‘Tabby's Star,’” Many Worlds, August 8, 2016, http://www.manyworlds.space/index.php/2016/08/08/the-ever-more-puzzling-and-intriguing-tabbys-star/ (accessed June 17, 2017).
5. David Darling Encyclopedia, s.v. “The Milky Way Galaxy,” http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Galaxy.html (accessed June 17, 2017).
6. “The Virgo Supercluster,” Futursim, https://futurism.com/the-virgo-supercluster-2/ (accessed June 17, 2017).
7. Jose Luis Cordeiro, “The ‘Energularity,’” Lifeboat Foundation, https://lifeboat.com/ex/the.energularity (accessed June 17, 2017).
8. M. E. Peskin and D. V. Schroeder, An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory (Westview Press, 1995).
9. Arnold Neumaier, “The Physics of Virtual Particles,” Physics Forums Insights, March 28, 2016, https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/physics-virtual-particles/ (accessed June 17, 2017).
10. D. W. Sciama, “The Physical Significance of the Vacuum State of a Quantum Field,” in Simon Saunders and Harvey R. Brown, eds., The Philosophy of Vacuum (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
11. H. B. G. Casimir, “On the Attraction between Two Perfectly Conducting Plates,” Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 51 (1948): 793–95.
12. S. K. Lamoreaux, “Demonstration of the Casimir Force in the 0.6 to 6 μm Range,” Physical Review Letters 78, no. 1 (January 6, 1997): 1–4.
13. John Barrow, Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
14. John Barrow, Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 133.
15. Megan C. Guilford et al., “A New Long Term Assessment of Energy Return on Investment (EROI) for US Oil and Gas Discovery and Production,” Sustainability 211, no. 3(10) (October 14, 2011): 1866–87.
16. Fraunhofer ISE, “New World Record for Solar Cell Efficiency at 46% French-German Cooperation Confirms Competitive Advantage of European Photovoltaic Industry,” December 1, 2014.
17. Ben Zientara, “How Much Electricity Does a Solar Panel Produce?” Solar Power Rocks, https://solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-electricity-does-a-solar-panel-produce/ (accessed 6/17/2017).
CHAPTER 7: BLACK HOLES SUCK
1. A. M. Ghez et al., “The First Measurement of Spectral Lines in a Short-Period Star Bound to the Galaxy's Central Black Hole: A Paradox of Youth,” Astrophysical Journal 586, no. 2 (March 12, 2003): L127–L131.
2. Jean Tate, “Chandrasekhar Limit,” Universe Today, December 24, 2015, https://www.universetoday.com/40852/chandrasekhar-limit/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
3. Fraser Cain, “Schwarzschild Radius,” Universe Today, April 26, 2016, https://www.universetoday.com/39861/schwarzschild-radius/ (accessed June 19, 2017).
4. “Jupiter Fact Sheet,” NASA, https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
5. Sean M. Carroll, Spacetime and Geometry (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2004).
6. S. W. Hawking, “Black Hole Explosions,” Nature 248 (1974): 30–31.
7. Adam Brown, “Can We Mine A Black Hole?” Scientific American, February 2015.
8. Ron Cowen, “The Quantum Source of Space-Time,” Nature, November 16, 2015, http://www.nature.com/news/the-quantum-source-of-space-time-1.18797 (accessed on June 23, 2017).
9. Tony Phillips, “In Search of Gravitomagnetism,” NASA, https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/19apr_gravitomagnetism.html (accessed June 23, 2017).
10. Andrew Grant, “General Relativity Caught in Action around Black Hole,” Science News, December 17, 2015.
11. “The Most Beautiful Theory,” Economist, November 28, 2015, http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21679172-century-ago-albert-einstein-changed-way-humans-saw-universe-his-work (accessed June 19, 2017).
12. “Behemoth Black Hole Found in an Unlikely Place,” NASA, April 6, 2016, https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/behemoth-black-hole-found-in-an-unlikely-place (accessed June 19, 2017).
CHAPTER 8: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH
1. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: Joseph Johnson, 1798).
2. Kurt Vonnegut, Galápagos (New York: Dell Publishing, 1985).
3. Brendan Epstein et al., “Rapid Evolutionary Response to a Transmissible Cancer in Tasmanian Devils,” Nature Communications 7, August 30, 2016.
4. “Age of the Earth,” US Geological Survey, July 9, 2007, https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html (accessed June 21, 2017).
5. National Geographic News, “What Was ‘Lucy’? Fast Facts on an Early Human Ancestor,” National Geographic, September 20, 2006, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html.
6. 10,000 BC, directed by Roland Emmerich (Warner Brothers Pictures, 2008).
7. “‘Pompeii-Like’ Excavations Tell Us More about Toba Super-Eruption,” ScienceDaily, March 3, 2010, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100227170841.htm (accessed June 21, 2017).
8. Charles Q. Choi, “DNA from Mysterious ‘Denisovans’ Helped Modern Humans Survive,” Live Science, March 17, 2016, https://www.livescience.com/54084-denisovan-dna-helped-modern-humans-survive.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
9. Blake Crouch, Pines (Las Vegas: Thomas & Mercer, 2012).
10. Leslie Mullen, “Defining Life: Q&A with Scientist Gerald Joyce,” Space.com, August 1, 2013, https://www.space.com/22210-life-definition-gerald-joyce-interview.html (accessed on June 23, 2017).
11. Alberto Patiño Douce, Thermodynamics of the Earth and Planets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 111.
12. Bruce Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Edition (New York: Garland Science, 2002).
13. Alison Abbott, “Scientists Bust Myth That Our Bodies Have More Bacteria than Human Cells,” Nature, January 8, 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/scientists-bust-myth-that-our-bodies-have-more-bacteria-than-human-cells-1.19136 (accessed April 29, 2017).
14. “The Cambrian Explosion,” PBS.org, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_02.html (accessed June 21, 2017).
15. Leander Stewart et al., “Differentiating between Monozygotic Twins through DNA Methylation-Specific High-Resolution Melt Curve Analysis,” Analytical Biochemistry 476, no. 1 (May 2015): 36–39.
16. Star Trek: The Next Generation, first broadcast April 26, 1993, directed by Jonathan Frakes and written by Joe Menosky.
CHAPTER 9: BADASS BIOLOGY
1. Heidi Ledford, “CRISPER: Gene Editing Is Just the Beginning,” Nature, March 7, 2016, http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-is-just-the-beginning-1.19510 (accessed June 20, 2017).
2. Nancy Kress, Beggars in Spain (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991).
3. Kristen Fortney et al., “Genome-Wide Scan Informed by Age-Related Disease Identifies Loci for Exceptional Human Longevity,” PLOS Genetics (December 17, 2015).
4. Linda Marsa, “What It Takes to Reach 100,” Discover, September 1, 2016, http://discovermagazine.com/2016/oct/what
-it-takes-to-reach-100 (accessed June 21, 2017).
5. Nicola Davis, “400-Year-Old Greenland Shark Is Oldest Vertebrate Animal,” Guardian, August 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/11/400-year-old-greenland-shark-is-the-oldest-vertebrate-animal (accessed June 19, 2017).
6. Jerry W. Shay and Woodring E. Wright, “Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Ageing,” Nature (October 2000): 72–76.
7. Chanhee Kang et al., “The DNA Damage Response Induces Inflammation and Senescence by Inhibiting Autophagy of GATA4,” Science (September 2015).
8. Madeline A. Lancaster et al., “Cerebral Organoids Model Human Brain Development and Microcephaly,” Nature 501 (September 19, 2013): 373–79.
9. Moon, directed by Duncan Jones (Sony Pictures Classics, 2009).
10. Oblivion, directed by Joseph Kosinski (Universal Pictures, 2013).
11. Joseph Castro, “Zombie Fungus Enslaves Only Its Favorite Ant Brains,” Live Science, September 9, 2014, https://www.livescience.com/47751-zombie-fungus-picky-about-ant-brains.html (accessed June 19, 2017).
12. Juliana Agudelo et al., “Ages at a Crime Scene: Simultaneous Estimation of the Time Since Deposition and Age of Its Originator,” Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 12 (2016): 6479–6484.
13. Youna Hu et al., “GWAS of 89,283 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Self-Reporting of Being a Morning Person,” Nature Communications February 2, 2016.
CHAPTER 10: WELCOME TO TECH U
1. Amy Ellis Nutt, “In a Medical First, Brain Implant Allows Paralyzed Man to Feel Again,” Washington Post, October 13, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/10/13/in-a-medical-first-brain-implant-allows-paralyzed-man-to-feel-again/?utm_term=.f39a3cf2e04b (accessed April 29, 2017).
2. Lara Lewington, “Cybathlon: Battle of the Bionic Athletes,” BBC News, October 10, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37605984 (accessed June 19, 2017).
3. Dheeraj S. Roy et al., “Memory Retrieval by Activating Engram Cells in Mouse Models of Early Alzheimer's Disease,” Nature 531, March 24, 2016.
4. Arthur C. Clarke, Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible (New York: Popular Library, 1973).
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