222. Raviv and Melman, Spies Against Armageddon, 33.
223. Morgan, Covert Life, Kindle location 2706.
224. Ibid., Kindle location 5116.
225. Ibid., Kindle location 5170–79.
226. H. P. Albarelli, A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments (Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2009); Kindle page 17.
227. Ibid., Kindle location 24.
228. Ibid., Kindle location 88.
229. John Marks, The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate”: The CIA and Mind Control (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), 23.
230. Memo, “Objectives and Agencies,” May 23, 1950, document 48. This document is in the John Marks Papers, a collection of declassified government records related to CIA mind-control programs, held by the nonprofit National Security Archive in Washington, D.C. The papers were obtained by Marks via the Freedom of Information Act for the purposes of writing The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate.” The documents have not been cataloged by subject or date, but they are numbered.
231. Project MKULTRA, the CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification: Joint Hearing before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research, 95th Cong., 1st sess., 3 August 1977, Appendix A, 67–68.
232. Albarelli, A Terrible Mistake, Kindle location 16090.
233. TSD was also known at times at the Technical Services Staff. For simplicity’s sake, I use TSD throughout.
234. “State Rests Case Against Billie Holiday,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 3, 1949. See George White Papers, 1932–1970, M1111, box 1, folder 13, Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. Hereafter, GWP.
235. GWP, box 1, folder 12.
236. GWP, Diaries, 1943–1952, box 7. White’s 1948 diary mentions several meetings with Angleton and Rocca, as well as the home address of Angleton’s parents. White’s entry for July 6, 1948, includes the note “12:30 Rocca—borrow pistol.”
237. GWP 1, box 7. Diary entry for March 20, 1950, reads “Allen Dulles Etc to 1:30 a[m].”
238. GWP, box 7, diary entry for June 9, 1952.
239. Albarelli, Terrible Mistake, Kindle location 5204. Albarelli cites an interview with Gottlieb as his source.
240. GWP, box 7, diary entry for August 25, 1952.
241. GHP, box 7, diary entry for October 30, 1952.
242. Albarelli, A Terrible Mistake, Kindle page 240. White told the story in a letter to his attorney, Irwin Eisenberg, December 12, 1952. Albertine White gave a copy of the letter to Albarelli.
243. James Angleton and Charles J. V. Murphy, American Cause: Special Reports (Washington, D.C.: American Cause, 1977), 40.
PART II: POWER
1. Burton Hersh, Old Boys, 318.
2. Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 76–77.
3. Morgan, Covert Life, Kindle location 4793–95.
4. Riebling, Wedge, 138.
5. Winks, Cloak and Gown, 325–26.
6. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York: Knopf, 1979), 363.
7. Arthur Redding, “A Wilderness of Mirrors: Writing and Reading the Cold War,” Contemporary Literature 51, no. 4 (Winter 2010): 867–73.
8. “James Angleton: 7 Types of Ambiguity” http://www.brainsturbator.com/posts/225/james-angleton-7-types-of-ambiguity.
9. NARA JFK FBI RIF 124-10326-10098, Memo from V. P. Keay to A. H. Belmont, “Bureau Source 100” (Angleton), June 10, 1953. FBI HQ 62-99724, Section 1, Serial 1.
10. Memo from V. P. Keay to A. H. Belmont, May 17, 1954. FBI HQ 62-99724, Section 1, Serial 10.
11. Mangold, Cold Warrior, 44.
12. NARA JFK SSCIA RIF 157-10014-10007, Angleton Church Committee testimony, September 17, 1975, 9.
13. Berkshire Eagle, December 6, 2007.
14. Washington Post, September 11, 2007.
15. Author’s interview with Bill Hood, April 13, 2011.
16. “Extracts of CI History,” undated, 24 pages, NARA JFK CIA RIF 104-10301-10011.
17. Frank J. Rafalko, ed., Counterintelligence Reader, vol. 3, Post–World War II to Closing the 20th Century (Washington, D.C.: National Counterintelligence Center, 1998), 112.
18. For information on Millett, see http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/Stephen_Millett#cite_note-0.
19. Riebling, Wedge, 137.
20. Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 176.
21. “ARRB-CIA Issues: Win Scott,” NARA JFK CIA RIF 104-10332-10015.
22. Burton Hersh, Old Boys, 318.
23. See https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/feb/20/guardianobituaries.israel.
24. E-mail from Efraim Halevy to the author, March 12, 2016.
25. Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, “Spies Like Us,” Tablet, April 8, 2010.
26. Raviv and Melman, Spies Against Armageddon, 34.
27. Ibid., 35.
28. Haggai, Reuven Shiloah, 170.
29. Melman and Raviv, “Spies Like Us.”
30. Morgan, Covert Life, Kindle location 4963.
31. Ibid., Kindle location 4819.
32. Raviv and Melman, Spies Against Armageddon, 39.
33. Ibid. In fact, Allen Dulles signed a “book message” to CIA stations worldwide, asking them to look for the speech. See Powers, Man Who Kept the Secrets, 100.
34. See http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/apr/26/greatspeeches1.
35. Raviv and Melman, Spies Against Armageddon, 41.
36. Michael Ledeen, “Amos Meets Jesus,” National Review, August 6, 2007; available at http://www.nationalreview.com/article/221773/amos-meets-jesus-michael-ledeen.
37. Raviv and Melman, Spies Against Armageddon, 42.
38. Ibid.
39. Powers, Man Who Kept the Secrets, 100.
40. Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 84.
41. Ray S. Cline, Secrets, Spies, and Scholars: Blueprint of the Essential CIA (Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1976), 163. Cline said the speech was “acquired through non-American intermediaries at a handsome price.”
42. Andrew Cockburn and Leslie Cockburn, Dangerous Liaisons: The Inside Story of the U.S.-Israeli Covert Relationship (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 79.
43. See http://manythingsconsidered.com/the-spy-from-boise/.
44. This and subsequent Janney quotes are from the author’s interview with Peter Janney, July 15, 2015.
45. Nina Burleigh, A Very Private Woman: The Life and Unsolved Murder of Presidential Mistress Mary Meyer (New York: Bantam, 1998), 130.
46. Ibid., 127.
47. Ibid., 110.
48. This and subsequent Marshall quotes are from Mangold, Cold Warrior, 246.
49. Church Committee Report, Book 3: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), 567. Hereafter, Church Committee Report, Book 3.
50. Ibid., 570.
51. Morgan, Covert Life, Kindle location 4906.
52. Church Committee Report, Book 3, 572.
53. Ibid., 571.
54. Ibid., 626.
55. Ibid., 628.
56. Angleton Church Committee testimony, September 19, 1975, 28.
57. Church Committee Report, Book 4: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Foreign and Military Intelligence (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), 223.
58. Church Committee Report, Book 2: Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), 66, citing the testim
ony of an FBI official to William Sullivan. Hereafter Church Committee Report, Book 2.
59. In the eighteen years Angleton ran LINGUAL/HUNTER, a total of 215,000 letters to and from the Soviet Union were opened. See Church Committee Report, Book 3, 571.
60. Author’s interview with Peter Sichel, December 3, 2015.
61. John Tytell, Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano (New York: Anchor Press, 1987), 325–26.
62. New York Times, October 20, 1959.
63. Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster (Gretna, LA: Pelican, 2004), 95.
64. Ibid., 7.
65. Ibid., 46–66.
66. Ibid., 84
67. William Hood, Mole: The True Story of the First Russian Spy to Become an America Counterspy (McLean, VA: Brassey’s U.S., 1993), 243.
68. Ibid., 245.
69. David Robarge, “Moles, Defectors, and Deceptions: James Angleton and CIA Counterintelligence,” The Journal of Intelligence History 3, no.2 (Winter, 2003), 36.
70. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1930 Census, New York, Family History Library, microfilm 2341393, roll 1659, page 1A, enumeration district 0098, image 4030.
71. Preliminary HSCA interview of Ann Egerter by Dan Hardway and Betsy Wolf, March 31, 1978, p. 3, NARA JFK HSCA RIF 180-10142-10298. Hereafter, Preliminary HSCA Interview of Ann Egerter.
72. “Extracts of CI History,” undated, 24 pages, NARA JFK CIA RIF 104-10301-10011.
73. John Newman, Oswald and the CIA: The Documented Truth About the Unknown Relationship Between the U.S. Government and the Alleged Killer of JFK (New York: Skyhorse, 2008), 54.
74. In 1975, the CIA explained to Senate investigators that individuals or organizations of particular interest “were specified in Watch Lists provided to the mail project by the Counterintelligence Staff, by other CIA components, and the FBI.”
75. Deposition of Richard Ober, March 28, 1975, 4, box 4108, ACLU Collection, Seeley G. Mudd Library, Princeton University. Ober said, “The normal procedure within the CIA and the Directorate of Operation of Clandestine Services, as it is sometimes called, is to open files on individuals. These files are called 201 files, as a significant amount of information is accumulated. This is a management technique. Information on individuals is kept in files with the name of that individual on the outside of the file folder. In fact, there was a rather standard practice of opening a file on an individual as soon as three documents had been obtained on that individual. This was a sort of working rule.”
76. Newman, Oswald and the CIA, 57.
77. Preliminary HSCA Interview of Ann Egerter.
78. Newman, Oswald and the CIA, 57.
79. The mistaken middle name—if it was a mistake—would sow suspicion and curiosity many years later. “Lee Henry Oswald” might have been an example of what Angleton called a “marked card,” or what his British friends called a “barium meal.” These were two names for the same technique used by counterintelligence officers seeking to identify internal security breaches. Or perhaps it was, as Egerter later said under oath, an inadvertent mistake.
The fact that Angleton played marked cards does not necessarily mean that that the misnamed “Lee Henry Oswald” file was a marked card. Angleton explained to Epstein that a marked card was “a selected bit of information about planned CIA operations” that would attract the mole’s attention. This definition begs the question of why would one middle name for Oswald, as opposed to another, attract the interest of a KGB mole in the ranks of the CIA? Changing a name on the file would not seem, on the face of it, to be a way to provoke action from a Soviet agent in place. Without more evidence, it would seem premature to conclude that the creation of a file on “Lee Henry Oswald” was one of Angleton’s marked cards.
80. “Documents in the Agency’s Possession Regarding Lee Harvey Oswald before the Assassination of President Kennedy,” NARA JFK, Russ Holmes Work File, RIF 104-10248-10084. This CIA list does not include the document from ONI, which the House Select Committee on Assassinations said was deposited in the new 201 file. See Final Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), 201.
81. Newman, Oswald and the CIA, 284. The CIA later told the Warren Commission the letter contained “no information of real significance.”
82. HSCA Interview of James Angleton, October 5, 1978, p. 149, HSCA/Security Classified Testimony, NARA JFK HSCA RIF 180-10110-10006.
83. Morgan, Covert Life, Kindle location 6361.
84. Ibid., Kindle location 6392–93.
85. National Security Archive, “The U.S. Discovery of Israel’s Secret Nuclear Project,” Central Intelligence Agency, Information Report, “Nuclear Engineering/Large Nuclear and Electric Power Plant Near Beersheba,” February 9, 1961; available at http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%206C.pdf.
86. National Security Archive, “Post Mortem on SNIE 100-8-60: Implications of the Acquisition by Israel of a Nuclear Weapons Capability,” January 31, 1961; available at http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/docs/doc%2027A.pdf.
87. Author’s interview with Avner Cohen, August 4, 2015. Israel’s search for nuclear technology started in 1956–1957, when Prime Minster Ben-Gurion endorsed the ongoing efforts of Shimon Peres to build or acquire a bomb. Israel signed a deal with French companies in 1957, paying hundreds of millions of dollars for the installation of a nuclear reactor. The French started to excavate the site in the Negev in mid-1958. The CIA didn’t have an authoritative report on the Dimona reactor until December 1960.
88. Seymour Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 2013), Kindle location 2483.
89. “Post Mortem on SNIE 100-8-60.”
90. Memo to A. H. Belmont from F. A. Frohbose, “Cuban Political Situation Activities,” January 20, 1960, located in FBI Cuba 109-12-210, Volume 26, Serials 1111–1159; available at http://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=146640&search=Angleton#relPageId=54&tab=page.
91. The interview became the basis of the CBS Special Report “Rebels of the Sierra Maestra: The Story of Cuba’s Jungle Fighters,” which sympathetically introduced Castro to North Americans.
92. Fair Play for Cuba Committee, hearings before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, 87th Cong., 1st sess., January 10, 1961; available at http://www.archive.org/stream/fairplayforcubac0102unit/fairplayforcubac0102unit_djvu.txt. See also Van Gosse, Where the Boys Are: Cuba, Cold War America and the Making of the New Left (New York: Verso, 1993), 138–40.
93. See http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=121887&relPageId=2.
94. Memorandum for Director of FBI, from CIA April 8, 1960, NARA JFK FBI RIF 124-90140-1099; available at https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=144448.
95. Gosse, Where the Boys Are, 216–17.
96. Helms, Look Over My Shoulder, Kindle location 3208–12.
97. Ibid., Kindle location 3208. “My impression that the project was entirely too ambitious to be considered a secret activity,” Helms wrote, “was partially offset by my assumption that if the Brigadistas appeared about to be overwhelmed, President Eisenhower, the old soldier who had initiated the operation, would think—in for a dime, in for a dollar—and provide sufficient U.S. military muscle to carry the day. After all, Eisenhower had reversed his policy when it appeared that Operation PBSUCCESS would fail, and at the critical moment had provided the military aircraft needed to ensure victory.”
98. New York Times, April 9, 1961.
99. Helms, Look Over My Shoulder, Kindle location 3318.
100. Peter Kornbluh, ed., Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba (New York: Free Press, 1998), 21.
101. Angleton Church Committee testimony, February 6, 1976, 63–64 NARA JFK SSCIA R
IF 157-10014-10003; available at https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=1434.
102. Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 103.
103. JFK quoted in “CIA: Marker of Policy, or Tool?” New York Times, April 25, 1966.
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