Antibes, France 323
Antonini, Giacomo 318, 330, 345
Aosta 237, 238
Aosta, Prince Amadeo, Duke d’ 34, 88, 90, 180
Arditi (Italian army special force) 67, 68, 78, 83, 225
Arezzo 82, 130
Arpinati, Leandro 160
Arturo (gardener) 141
Ascaso column (Spanish Civil War militia) 330–32, 334, 335
Ascoli, Max 359, 362, 364
Asquith, H.H. (later 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith) 122
Assunta (housekeeper) 30, 31, 41, 59
Astor, Nancy, Viscountess 250
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 89
Atlantic Monthly (magazine) 240
Augustus, Roman Emperor 271
Austria, Republic of 314–15
Austro-Hungarian Empire: control of Venice 2–3, 6, 45; Italian War of 1859 3; under Emperor Franz Joseph 14–15; anti-Austrian feeling in Italy 45, 49; First World War 47, 48–9, 51–2, 61, 63; surrender 63; dismantled 67; see also Vienna
Avanti! (newspaper) 26, 33, 154, 161, 167, 193; Mussolini’s editorship 36–37, 46, 49
Aventine Secession 116–17, 118, 122, 125, 131, 161, 208
aviation 257, 269–70, 304, 329; see also leafleting flights
Azaña, Manuel 292
Baden-Powell, Robert, 1st Baron 180
Badoglio, Pietro 366
Bagno a Ripoli 59, 73; L’Apparita 243, 244, 306, 339–40, 367, 370
Bagnoles-de-l’Orne, France 342, 345, 346–52, 357
Baillet, François 346, 349
Bakunin, Mikhail 73, 111, 136, 174, 260
Balabanoff, Angelica 181
Balbo, Italo: ras of Ferrara 84–5, 148; aviation minister 131, 269–70, 284
Baldwin, Stanley (later 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley) 333
Balilla (fascist youth organisation) see Opera Nazionale
Balilla Banchelli, Umberto 82–3
Bandinelli, Napoleone 145
Barbusse, Henri 70
Barcelona 292, 329, 330, 334, 355
Bari 85, 267
Barzini, Luigi 267
Bassanesi, Giovanni: appearance and character 255, 256, 296; background and early life 255; leafleting flight over Milan 255–8, 274, 294; secret police reports on 284, 294; visits Spain following establishment of Second Republic 292; arrested attempting further leafleting flight 294, 295, 296; later life 296, 339, 371
Basso, Luigi 208
Battaglie Fasciste (newspaper) 136, 144–5
Bauer, Adele 286
Bauer, Riccardo: appearance and character 97, 164, 280; academic career 97; editorship of Il Caffè magazine 97, 143; distribution of Non Mollare underground newspaper 134; role in escape network 164, 166; capture and imprisonment 166, 170, 193; released 216, 280; resumed anti-fascist operations 216, 280–82, 285; caught in secret police trap 285–6; trial and imprisonment 289–91, 319, 353; reaction to Rosselli brothers’ deaths 353; released 366; serves with partisans during wartime 366
Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France 343
Becciolini, Giovanni 145, 145
Becco Giallo, Il (Italian exiles’ newspaper) 247
Bedford College, London 99
Beethoven, Ludwig 298; Fifth Symphony 326; Seventh Symphony 297, 354, 359, 373
Bellavia, Vincenzo 283, 322, 329, 342, 345, 357
Benda, Julien 322
Benedict XV, Pope 50
Bennett, Arnold 22
Berenson, Bernard 60, 142
Berenson, Mary 142
Bergamo 281
Berlin 136–7, 142
Berneri, Camillo 252, 254, 329, 330, 355
Bertollini, Agata 209
Besneux, Hélène 349–50, 357
biennio rosso (1919–20) 76, 93–4
Binazzi, Pasquale and Zelmira 210
Bini, Livio 283
Birmingham 107
Bizerta, Tunisia 236 blackshirts see squadristi
Blum, Léon 297, 333, 343, 356
Boccherini, Luigi 2
Bocchini, Arturo: appearance and character 162–3, 163; background and early life 162; Mussolini’s appointment as chief of police 162; protection of Mussolini and implementation of public security measures 162–3, 280; attempts to stop Filippo Turati’s escape 167; reorganisation of state police and establishment of OVRA 182, 273–4; treatment of confinati 190, 209, 234, 240; surveillance of Italian exile communities 250–53, 282–4, 311–12; and bombing of Milan trade fair 274, 282; targeting of Giustizia e Libertà movement 282–9, 310; orders surveillance of Matteotti family 305; thwarts further assassination attempts on Mussolini 310–311; deployment of spy ‘Pitigrilli’ 311–14; continued surveillance of Carlo Rosselli 334, 338–9, 342, 345; reaction to deaths of Rosselli brothers 352, 354, 356, 357; death 371
Bocconi University, Milan 68, 101, 111–12, 157, 158
Bologna 4, 63, 84, 85, 109, 160, 161, 268, 273
Bolshevism 69, 75–6, 88, 105, 177–8, 343
Bondi, Antonio (agent ‘Arsace’) 283, 339, 354
Bongiorno, Edoardo 226, 229, 234
Bonomi, Ivanoe 89, 247
Bonservizi, Nicola 247–8, 253
Bordeaux 13
Bordello, Antonio 193
Bordiga, Amadeo 198
Borella, Aldo 283
Borgo San Lorenzo 306
Boselli, Paolo 199–200
Boston 364
Bouvyer, Jean-Marie 345–6, 349, 357, 368
Bove, Lorenzo da 168 boxing (sport) 179
Breton, André 355–6
Briand, Aristide 168, 248
Brichetti, Enrico 334
British Empire Exhibition (1924–25) 121
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 25
Browning, Robert 7, 21
Bruna (nanny) 348
Brussels 253
Bubi (terrier) 276
Buemi, Michele 197–8
Burgos, Spain 333
Buvone, Domenico 311
Byron, George, 6th Baron 7
Cabiati, Attilio 101
Cadorna, Luigi 51, 61
Caffè, Il (magazine) 97, 143, 164
Cagliari 206
Cagoule, La (French fascist group) 343–4; assassination of Rosselli brothers 345–6, 349–50, 357, 368, 369
Calamandrei, Piero 74, 83, 93, 137, 161, 276, 342, 368, 371–2
Calosso, Umberto 331, 332
Calvi, Corsica 168–9
Cambridge 361
Campolini, Carlo 138
Canale, Mauro 371
Cannata, Francesco 210, 226, 230, 231, 234
Cannes 135, 150
Cantoni, Laura see Orvieto, Laura
Cap d’Antibes, France 292
Cap Ferrat, France 323
Caporetto, Battle of (1917) 61, 64, 84
Capponi, Contessa Luisa 72
Carboni, Giacomo 367
Carducci, Giosuè 34
Carlo Pisacane nel Risorgimento Italiano (Nello Rosselli) 243, 264, 275
Carlyle, Thomas 79; History of the French Revolution 204
Carnia 54, 55
Carrara 85, 160, 169
Carter, Barbara 185–6, 238
Casavolta, Nicola 316
Caserta 60, 61
Casina di Aldo, La (children’s home) 58–9, 62, 72
castor oil, forcible administration of xiii, 78, 82, 84
Catholic Church: and fascist regime 88, 91, 113, 116, 117, 266–7, 273, 320–21; and Spanish Civil War 328; see also papacy
Cattaneo, Carlo 143
Cave, Ernest 99, 224, 229
Cave, Marion: appearance and character 99–100, 183, 291, 324, 347, 363; background and early life 99; ill health 99, 149, 175, 218, 238, 250, 291–3, 323, 326, 358, 361; travels to Italy 99, 240; joins Circolo di Cultura group in Florence 99–100; involvement in Italia Libera movement 120, 121, 123, 138–9; works for Non Mollare underground newspaper 134; at Gaetano Salvemini’s trial 139; courtship with Carlo Rosselli 149, 150, 156; marriage and honeymoon 158, 172; travels to Stresa and Portofino with Carlo 158–9; early
married life in Milan 159, 164, 165; first pregnancy 165, 175; assists Carlo’s escape network 166; Carlo’s arrest and imprisonment 170, 174–5; birth of son Giovanni (‘Mirtillino’) 177, 183; Carlo’s trial 171, 184, 185, 186; joins Carlo during confino on Lipari 203, 210–214; visits England with son 218; returns to Lipari 218, 220, 225–6; assistance with Carlo’s escape plans 223, 224, 230, 238; second pregnancy 230, 231, 237, 250; leaves Lipari 230; arrest and imprisonment following Carlo’s escape 237; successful campaign for release 237–9; family establishes home in Paris 249–50; secret police’s surveillance of 252, 284, 299; birth of daughter Melina 255; refused passport to visit London 262; third pregnancy 263, 278; family life in Paris 278, 291, 299, 321–3, 326, 337, 341; birth of son Andrea 291–2; recuperation in south of France 292–3; Carlo arrested and imprisoned during attempted leafleting flight 295–6; deaths of Filippo Turati and Claudio Treves 301; family holidays 310, 323–7, 324, 336; in Paris while Carlo fights in Civil War in Spain 329, 330, 333; cares for Carlo on return from Spain 336; last holiday with Carlo 342–3; with Carlo on convalescence trip to Bagnoles 342, 346–8, 347; returns to Paris alone 349; learns of Carlo’s death 351; travels to Normandy 351–2; identification of body 352; at Carlo and Nello’s wake and funeral 353, 354; life as widow in Paris 355, 356–7, 358–9; stays with sister-in-law in Switzerland and England 359, 361; suffers strokes 361, 368; family leaves Europe for United States following outbreak of war 361, 362, 363; life in New York 365–6; returns to Italy after war 368–70; death 370
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count of 3, 10
Ceruti (confinato on Lipari) 209
Ceva, Elena 288, 289
Ceva, Umberto 280, 285–6, 287–9, 288
Chamberlain, Sir Austen 316
Charles-Roux, François 87
Christian Democratic Party 371
Churchill, Sir Winston 181, 316
Cianca, Alberto: appearance and character 248–9; journalism career 247; in exile in Paris 247, 254; founder member of Giustizia e Libertà movement 248–9, 335; involvement in plots and stunts 254, 255, 338; learns of Rosselli brothers’ deaths 351; at their funeral 354; continues work at Giustizia e Libertà 356; in New York during wartime 364, 366; returns to Italy to serve with partisans 366
Ciano, Edda (née Mussolini) 37, 271, 272
Ciano, Galeazzo: background, appearance and character 271, 344; marriage to Edda Mussolini 271; early political career 271, 321, 344; foreign minister 328, 333, 344, 345; and Spanish Civil War 328, 333, 337; surveillance of Carlo Rosselli in Spain 334; as potential successor to Mussolini 334, 344; and assassination of Rosselli brothers 344, 357, 367, 368; death 367
Circolo di Cultura (intellectual cooperative group) 75, 83, 92, 93, 98–100, 111, 129–30
Civadalli family 59, 362
Civadalli, Gualtiero 59
Civitavecchia 85, 210
Clerkenwell, London 102, 103
Clermont Ferrand, France 344
Cocteau, Jean 322
Cole, G.D.H. 102
Colle Isarco 177
Commento, Il (newspaper) 104, 121
Communist Party (Italian) 80, 87, 113, 162, 246; members sent to internal exile 189, 192–3, 198, 208, 213–14, 273
Como, San Donnino prison 170, 174, 175, 213
concentration camps 302, 362
Concentrazione Antifascista (exile organisation) 246–8, 278, 299–300, 318–19
Condor Legion (German military unit) 333
confino, il (internal exile) 161, 176, 188–90, 207–210, 371; pardons 221; see also penal islands
Consiglio Nazionale delle Donne (fascist women’s organisation) 111
Consolo, Gustavo: arrest and trial 135, 136; murdered 146, 147, 149, 185
Conti, Antonio 99
contraception 91, 180
Corfu incident (1923) 108
Cornellia Africana 211
Corre, Aristide 343, 345–6, 350
Corriere della Sera (newspaper) 45, 88, 164, 223, 257, 267
Corriere Italiano (newspaper) 118
Corsica 167, 168–9, 294
Cortina d’Ampezzo 110, 158
Cortona 135, 146
Costa, Andrea 177
Courmayeur 237
Couterne, Château de, France 349 Cremona 85, 131
Cremonesi, Filippo 241
Crispi, Francesco 16–17, 188
Critica, La (magazine) 274
Critica Fascista (journal) 143, 154
Critica Sociale (journal) 33, 36
Croce, Benedetto 36, 183, 215, 274, 275, 280, 289, 308, 310, 342; drafting of Manifesto of Antifascist Intellectuals 161, 162
Cronaca, La (newspaper) 103–4
Croton-on-Hudson, New York 362
Cultura, La (magazine) 310
Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 66
Cyrenaica see Libya
da Ponte, Tommaso 234
DAGR (Divisione Affari Generali e Riservati) 182
Daily Express (London newspaper) 238
Daily Express (New York newspaper) 90
Daily News (New York newspaper) 238
d’Alton, Hélène 346
D’Annunzio, Gabriele 22, 23–4, 67–8, 73, 75, 77, 87, 209, 293
Dante Alighieri 3, 29; Divine Comedy 209, 269
Darnand, Joseph 345
Dayton, Katharine, interview with Mussolini 240
De Bono, Emilio 114
de Bosis, Lauro 293–4, 295, 338
de Gasperi, Alcide 371
De Martino, Giacomo 103
de Rosa, Fernando 253–4, 335
death penalty: reinstatement of 161, 162; implementation of 289
Decalogue of Moral Hygiene (fascist) 276
dei Cas, Rina 282
del Re, Carlo 284–7, 289, 290
Deloncle, Eugène 343–4, 346, 368
Desjardins, Paul 323
Di Stefano, Michelangelo 345
Diaz, Armando 61
Disperata (paramilitary squadra) 79, 85, 128
Divisione Affari Generali e Riservati (DAGR) 182
Divisione Polizia Politica see Polpol Dogali, Battle of (1887) 17
Dolci, Gioacchino: appearance and character 207, 224; background and early life 207; confino on Lipari 207, 210, 211; escape plans 222–8; aborted escape attempt 228; pardoned and released 228–9; assistance with other confinati’s escape 228–9, 231; involvement in leafleting flight over Milan 256, 257, 258, 294; engagement 322
Dollfuss, Engelbert 315
Donatello, Marzocco 22
Donizetti, Gaetano 17
Dopolavoro (national labour agency) 179
Dostoevsky, Fyodor 79, 184; The Brothers Karamazov 218
Draper, Ruth 293, 294, 338, 364
Dream V (boat) 229, 231, 232–4, 236
Dumini, Amerigo xiv, 79, 81, 82, 85, 114, 181–2n
Duse, Eleonora 24–5, 45
earthquakes 35, 53, 206
Eastbourne, Sussex 361
Ebert, Friedrich 136
Economist (newspaper) 275
Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon) 304, 333
Edinburgh 121
Edine, Djelal 229
Ehrenburg, Ilya 329
Einaudi, Giulio 310
Einaudi, Luigi 112, 158, 164, 274–5, 310, 340, 373
Eisenstein, Sergei 322
elections, Italian: (1913) 46; (1919) 75; (1921) 80; (1924) xiii, 113–14; (1929) 266
Elena of Montenegro, Queen consort 34, 272, 314
Elisabeth, Empress of Austria (‘Sisi’) 14
Emanuele, Santo 344–5, 367–8
Emma Liona (play; Amelia Rosselli) 52, 110
Emmy (nanny) 20
Energie Nuove (magazine) 95
Engels, Friedrich 158; The Communist Manifesto 214
Eritrea 17, 315, 316
Erizzo, Francesco 171, 185, 186
Ethiopia 17, 35, 43; Abyssinian War (1935–36) 315–18, 328, 341
Evening Standard (newspaper) 238 Evian, France 323
Exhibition of th
e Fascist Revolution (1932–34) 303–4
Fabbri, Paolo 209, 226, 232, 234, 241
Fabians 104, 250, 262–3; summer school (London; 1923) 101–2, 104–7, 106
Facchinetti, Cipriano 249
Facta, Luigi 87, 89
Faenza 154
Farinacci, Roberto 49, 68, 131, 148, 371
fasci movement 49, 68–9, 73, 77, 80, 81–2, 127; overseas branches 103, 121, 253, 304, 363; see also Grand Council of Fascism; National Fascist Party; squadristi
Fassini, Alberto 339
Fauran, Jacques 346, 349, 368
Favignana 189
Felicità Perduta (novella; Amelia Rosselli) 18
feminism 15, 37–8, 44, 71–2, 110–111, 305
Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain 2
Ferrara 84–5, 148
Ferrero, Gina see Lombroso, Gina
Ferrero, Guglielmo 38, 147, 161, 275, 309, 353, 359, 369
Ferrero, Leo 38, 39, 59, 70, 147, 173, 215, 309
Fez, Morocco 13
Fiat (car manufacturer) 99, 103; Fiat 18 BL 77
fiduciari (secret police agents) 251–2
Fiesole 22, 45, 114
Figaro, Le (newspaper) 42
Filippelli, Filippo 126, 134
Filippich (confinato on Lipari) 209, 241
Filliol, Jean 344, 346, 349–50, 357, 368
Finzi, Ida (Haydée) 52
First World War: outbreak 47–8; Italian entry 48–50, 51; Italian
Front 51–2, 54–8, 61, 63; casualty
totals 52, 61, 64, 66; rationing and shortages 59–60; refugees 61–2; end of war 63–4, 66
Fiuggi 237
Fiume 66, 67, 112
Florence: civic pride and characteristics of Florentines 19, 32, 42; post-unification redevelopment 20, 32, 41–2; English-speaking community 21–2, 60; cultural life and clubs 22–3, 25–6, 38, 41–2, 60, 70; strikes and industrial unrest 32; local politics and administration 32–3, 37–8, 46; Jewish community 39–40, 52, 154, 340–41, 367; Red Week riots (1914) 46; during First World War 50, 52, 55, 59–60, 61–2, 63, 64; post-war unrest 66, 69, 72–3, 78–9, 81–2; fasci movement 68–9, 78–9, 81–2, 85, 87; first squadristi raids 79, 81–2, 99, 109, 127; seconda ondata of punitive expeditions 127–30, 128, 130, 145–9; St Bartholomew’s Night attacks 146–8; subsequent reorganisation of fascist groups 148–9, 153; fascist opponents sent to internal exile 189; cultural and intellectual life under fascists 276–7; remaining anti-fascist networks 280; during Second World War 367; post-war 372
Florence (places and landmarks): Borgo Santi Apostoli 98, 129; British Institute 99, 240; Cemetery delle Porte Sante 123; Liceo Michelangiolo 39, 59; Lungarni 22, 62, 138, 139; main post office 87, 128; Murate prison 139, 175; National Library 54, 173, 175; Palazzo Frescobaldi 138; Palazzo Vecchio 50, 52, 55, 57, 373; Parco delle Cascine 22–3; Piazza della Signoria 22, 129, 373; Piazza Massimo d’Azeglio 69, 73; Piazza Mentana 125; Piazza Ottaviani 79; Piazza Santa Croce 46; Piazza Santa Maria Novella 128; Piazza Vittorio 49; Ponte Sospeso 81; San Frediano 70, 99, 135; Santa Maria Novella (church) 62; Santa Maria Novella railway station 61, 66; Santa Maria Nuova hospital 120, 147; Teatro della Pergola 79; Teatro Olimpia 68; telephone exchange 87; Trespiano cemetery 373–4; Via Cherubini 20; Via Ferrucci 22; Via Gianbologna 29, 62; Via Giusti 69, 140, 146, 173, 175, 297, 367, 370; Via Jacopo Nardi 124; Via Ricasoli 72; Via San Niccolò 62, 63, 69; Via Tornabuoni 21, 22, 41, 60, 146; see also Bagno a Ripoli; Fiesole; Pignone; Rignano sull’Arno; San Domenico; Settignano
A Bold and Dangerous Family Page 47
