A Bold and Dangerous Family
Page 49
Mussolini, Edda see Ciano, Edda
Mussolini, Rachele 37, 67, 271, 272
MVSN (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale) 91
Nantes 361
Naples, Capodimonte 41
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor 2, 6; Mussolini compared to 122, 240
Nathan family 10, 11
Nathan, Ernesto 11, 17, 193; mayor of Rome 29, 37, 45; military service 53
Nathan, Henrietta see Rosselli, Henrietta
Nathan, Mary 57
Nathan, Mayer Moses 11
Nathan, Sarina 10, 11
National Congress of Italian Women 37–8
National Education, Ministry of 269
National Fascist Party: formation 81; rise to power 81–8; first months in power 89–92, 101, 104, 112–13; Acerbo Law and 1924 election victory xiii, 113–14; expulsion of Florentine members following St Bartholomew’s Night attacks 148; ‘exceptional laws’ and establishment of one-party state 160–64, 188–9; consolidation of one-party state 302, 304; see also Grand Council of Fascism
National Institute of Fascist Culture 161–2
National Liberal Club, London 107, 250
National Union of Italian Women 72
Nationalist Association, Italian 42–3
Nazi Germany 181, 302, 314–15, 333, 340, 361, 366
Nazione, La (newspaper) 32, 41
Neera (Anna Radius Zuccari) 26
Nenni, Pietro: background and character 154; friendship with Carlo Rosselli 154, 165; their publication of anti-fascist newspaper 154–5; arrest 155, 157; exile 166, 183, 303, 321; Spanish Civil War 335, 353; reaction to Carlo’s death 353
Nérac, France 246
New Deal (United States) 304
New School for Social Research, New York 364
New Statesman (magazine) 98
New York 293, 362–6
New York Times 294
Niccoli, Alfredo 75
Nice 135, 169, 339, 344
Nicolson, Sir Harold 66, 108, 262
Night of St Bartholomew (1925) 146–8
Nightingale, Florence 25
Nitti, Antonia 247
Nitti, Francesco Fausto: appearance and character 205, 224, 233; background and early life 202, 205–6; confino on Lipari 202, 206, 211, 214, 220; escape plans 207, 222–8; aborted first attempt 228; renewed escape planning 228–31; escapes from Lipari 231–5, 233; reaches Tunis 233–4, 236; travels to Paris 236–7, 248; produces book on imprisonment and escape 240, 263; exile in Paris 248, 278–9, 322; director of Giustizia e Libertà movement 249, 277; secret police’s surveillance of 251–2
Nitti, Francesco Saverio 66, 109, 202, 245, 247, 249
Nitti, Luigia 322
Nitti, Vincenzo 249
Noi Giovani (magazine) 59
Non Mollare (underground newspaper) 132–6, 143, 144–5, 149, 248
North American Review (journal) 240
Nostra Bandiera, La (Jewish newspaper) 341
Noufflard, André and Berthe 322
Novara 85
Nudi, Francesco 182, 273, 274, 282, 288
Nuova Rivista Storica (journal) 111
Nuovo Giornale (magazine) 129
Observer (newspaper) 81, 89, 98
Odin, René (agent ‘Togo’) 312
Oeuvre, L’ (Paris newspaper) 337
Ojetti, Ugo 57
Olympic Games, Amsterdam (1928) 268
Opera Nazionale Balilla (fascist youth organisation) 179–80, 179, 268, 315
Orano, Paolo 341
Orbetello lagoon 269
Ordine Nuovo, L’ (newspaper) 93
Orlando, Vittorio 66, 75, 89
Orléans (French ship) 198
Orvieto 204
Orvieto, Adolfo 5–6, 22–3
Orvieto, Angiolo 5–6, 22–5, 45, 52–3, 60, 141, 154, 275, 276, 341
Orvieto, Annalia 23, 52
Orvieto, Laura (née Cantoni): appearance and character 23, 71; background and early life 23; marriage and family 23, 45; friendship with Amelia Rosselli 23, 25, 27, 31, 38–9, 44, 52, 59, 111, 154, 276; and Eleonora Duse 24–5; writings 28, 44, 341
Orvieto, Leonfrancesco 23, 45, 59
Ottoman Empire 42–3, 66, 90; Libyan War (1911–12) 42–3
Ouida (Maria Louise Ramé) 22
OVRA (secret police) 182, 251, 273–4, 282–4, 339, 371
Oxford 107
Oxilia, Italo 167–8, 183–4, 223, 229, 231, 233, 236, 252
Padua university 2
Pagani, Bruna 225, 227, 228
Paget, Walburga, Lady 21
Palermo 191; Ucciardone prison 176–7, 198
Palestine 362
Pankhurst, Sylvia 238, 305, 318, 319
Pantelleria 189
papacy 8, 9, 50, 88, 267, 268, 273, 275–6; see also Catholic Church Papini, Giovanni 25, 36
Paris: Carlo Rosselli visits as young man 101; Italian exiles in 142, 150, 153, 184, 245–8, 246, 278–9, 299–300, 318–19; fascio branch 253; Carlo arrives in after escape from Lipari 236–7, 248; Carlo’s family establishes home in 249–50, 291, 298, 321–3; surveillance of exile community 251–3, 282–4, 299, 311–12, 316–17, 319, 329–30, 339; Rosselli brothers’ funeral 353–5 Paris Commune 111
Parma 3, 85–6, 87
Parri, Esther 184, 186, 212–13, 218, 232
Parri, Ferruccio: appearance and character 97, 164, 185, 213; background and early life 97, 164, 185; editorship of Il Caffè magazine 97, 143; distribution of Non Mollare underground newspaper 134; role in escape network 164, 165–166, 168, 169; arrest and imprisonment 169, 170, 182–3, 202, 213; trial 183–7; confino on Lipari 187, 212–13, 214, 218, 221, 230–31, 232; arrested for complicity in Carlo Rosselli’s escape 234; released from confino 280; resumed anti-fascist operations 280–82, 285; caught in secret police trap 285–8; returned to Lipari 290; in New York during wartime 364, 366; post-war prime minister 371; at Rosselli brothers’ reburial in Florence 373, 374
Parri, Giorgio (‘Dodo’) 212, 232
partisans (Second World War) 366–7, 368, 371
Partito d’Azione 367, 371
Partito Popolare Italiano 261
Peace, Charles 121
Peacock, Mrs (friend of Marion Cave) 226
pellagra (disease) 37
Pellizzi, Camillo 103
penal islands 161, 174, 176, 188–92, 240–42, 371; see also Lipari; Ponza; Ustica
Pentecostalists 357
Perpignan 292
Perrone Compagni, Marchese Dino 81
Pertini, Sandro: early life 120, 164; leaves Italy 167–9, 168; in exile 247, 280; trial of escape accomplices 183–7; arrest and imprisonment on return to Italy 280–81; on Amelia Rosselli 359
Perugia 86, 87
Perugia university 341
Petacci, Clara 368
Petrarch 3
Picasso, Pablo 355–6
Pietre (magazine) 215
Pignone, steelworks 32, 79
Pilati, Bruno 147, 149
Pilati, Gaetano 135; murdered 146–7, 149, 185
Pincherle, Amelia see Rosselli, Amelia Pincherle
Pincherle, Anna 2, 4, 29, 309
Pincherle, Carlo 2, 4, 17, 110, 158, 369
Pincherle, Elena 2
Pincherle, Emilia 1–2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13
Pincherle, Gabriele: appearance and character 2; education 2; legal career 8, 17, 29; relationship with sister Amelia and her sons 29, 45, 80; and Aldo Rosselli’s military service and death 57–8; member of Senate 141, 199; visits and assistance to imprisoned nephews 175, 176, 199; death 219–20
Pincherle, Giacomo 1–2, 3, 4, 7, 50
Pincherle, Leone 3
Pini (Milanese doctor) 166
Pinocchio (fictional character) 269
Pinzi, Renzo 135, 136, 139
Pirandello, Luigi 23, 317, 348
Pirelli (tyre manufacturer) 103
Pisa 130
Pisa university 62
Pisacane, Carlo 120, 136, 243, 264; Nello Rosselli’s biography 243, 264, 27
5
Pistoia 144, 211
‘Pitigrilli’ (spy) see Segre, Dino
Pius IX, Pope 8
Pius XI, Pope 88, 267, 268, 273, 275–6
Plath, Sylvia 370
plebiscite (1929) 266
Poggiolino, Villa del 23, 24, 54
Poincaré, Raymond 248
Polpol (Divisione Polizia Politica) 182, 251, 282, 345, 371
Ponte Tresa, Switzerland 312
Pontine Marshes, draining of 266, 271, 304
Ponza, penal colony 198, 241–3
Popolo d’Italia, Il (newspaper) 49, 68, 74, 83, 125, 169, 240, 250, 261, 337
Popp, Adelheid 15
Popular Culture, Ministry of 304
Porcellotti, Maria 211
Portofino 159
Poveromo, Amleto 181–2n
Predappio 37
Prezzolini, Giuseppe 25, 36, 37
Pritchard, Bertha 238, 250, 261, 263, 302
Pro Cultura (Florentine Jewish association) 39
Prospero, Ada see Gobetti, Ada
Pucci, Enrico 273
Puccini, Giacomo, Madama Butterfly 99
Pupeschi, Bice 163
Putnam’s (publishing house) 263
Quaderni di Giustizia e Libertà, I (newspaper) 300–301, 302–3, 337, 338, 356
Quainton, Buckinghamshire 360, 361–2
Quarto Stato, Il (magazine) 155, 157–8, 159, 163–4, 248
racial laws 362, 367
radio 180–81
railways 41, 283
Rama VII, King of Siam 304
Rapallo 172
Ravenna 85, 283
Red Cross, International Committee of the 241, 317
Red Week (June 1914) 46–7
Rèfolo, El (play; Amelia Rosselli) 30–31, 38
Reggio Calabria 35
Regina Margherita (vaporetto) 6
Rennell, 1st Baron (previously Sir Rennell Rodd) 103
Restellini, Camilla 296
revolutions of 1848 3
Rey, Captain (spy) 283
Ricci, Renato 85, 128–9
Rignano sull’Arno, Villa Il Frassine 25, 48, 75, 140–41, 306, 307, 352, 367
Rimini 85
Risorgimento 3, 10, 102, 133, 192, 245; unification (1870) 1, 3–4, 8, 11, 16, 93
Rivoluzione Liberale (magazine) 95, 96–7, 98, 154
Robespierre, Maximilien 239
Rocco, Alfredo 254
Roda, Graziella 339
Rodd, Sir Rennell (later 1st Baron Rennell) 103
Rolland, Romain 70
Roma del Popolo, La (newspaper) 11, 17
Rome: becomes capital of unified Italy 8, 11; post-unification development 8; Ernesto Nathan as mayor 29, 37, 45; Red Week riots (1914) 46; Mussolini’s march on (1922) 86, 87–8; fascists’ suppression of local opposition candidates 114; Mussolini’s plans for redevelopment 271–2; antifascists’ leafleting flight over 292, 293–4; Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution (1932–34) 303–4; liberation (1944) 367
Rome (places and landmarks): Campidoglio 159; Colosseum 272; EUR 272; Foro Mussolini 268; Hotel Savoia 87; Palazzo Chigi 90, 152, 270, 271; Palazzo del Quirinale 8; Palazzo Marignoli 16; Palazzo Torlonia 271; Palazzo Venezia 270, 280, 292, 293; Piazza Navona 8, 333, 370; Piazza San Silvestro 283; Pincio 8; Regina Coeli prison 136, 139, 286, 287, 289; Via Nazionale 8; see also Scuola di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea
Roosevelt, Eleanor 362
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 304
Rosenwald, Marion 362
Ross, Janet 60
Rosselli, Alberto 341, 342, 348, 352, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 368, 373
Rosselli, Aldo (Carlo and Nello’s brother; ‘Topinino’): birth 16; childhood 19–21, 25, 27–30, 39–41; schooling 27, 28, 39, 40; death of father 41; university student 48, 53; pro-interventionist position on Italian entry into War 49, 50, 53; joins up 53; officer training 53–4, 54; active service 54–7; killed in action 57–8, 62, 64, 72; charities and organisations established in memory 58–9, 60, 64; posthumous award of medal for valour 69; reburial 216
Rosselli, Aldo (Nello’s son) 310, 342, 352, 358, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 368, 373
Rosselli, Amelia Pincherle: family background 1–4; birth 1; childhood in Venice 1, 2, 4–7, 28, 50; death of father 7; family moves to Rome 7, 8; first meets Giuseppe Rosselli 8–9; their courtship and engagement 9, 12–13; marriage and honeymoon 13; early married life in Vienna 14, 15–16; growing interest in art and culture 14, 15; writes first play (Anima) 15–16; birth of first son (Aldo) 16; family returns to Rome 16, 17; first productions and success of Anima 17–18, 20, 27, 38; writes first novella (Felicità Perduta) 18; birth of second and third sons (Carlo and Nello) 18; breakdown of marriage 18, 19; moves with children to Florence 19–21; writes first children’s book (Topinino) 20–21; friendship with Laura Orvieto 22–5, 38–9, 44; introduced to Giulio and Giorgina Zabban (‘Zio Giù’ and ‘Zia Gì’) 25; growing role in literary and political life of Florence 26–8, 30–31, 37–8, 44–5; raising of children 27–30, 39–41, 44, 47–8, 60, 125; founder member of Lyceum Club Florentine chapter 38, 44, 45, 52; friendship with Gina Lombroso 38–9; death of husband 41, 45; writing and production of new play (San Marco) 45; reaction to outbreak of First World War 47–8, 49, 50, 52; wartime work 52–3, 57; and Aldo’s military service 53–4, 55; Aldo’s death 57–8, 62, 72; establishes charities and organisations in Aldo’s memory 58–9, 60, 64; moves to flat in Via San Niccolò 62–3; wealth from inherited mining shares 69; buys house on Via Giusti 69; writing of Fratelli Minori 71; gradual resumption of position in cultural and political life of Florence 71–3, 110, 111; reaction to fascist takeover 92; arranges treatment for Nello after motorcycle accident 109, 110; support for young Alberto Moravia 110, 158; reaction to raid on Circolo di Cultura 130; squadristi raids on family home 140–42, 146; meets up with sons in Alto Adige 142–3; leaves Florence during St Bartholomew’s Night attacks 146; returns to family home after attacks 147–8, 149; reservations about Carlo’s proposed engagement to Marion Cave 149, 156; stays with Carlo in Genoa 149–50, 152; returns to Florence and diminishing circle of friends 153–4; disappointment at Carlo’s resignation from teaching posts 157; reaction to Carlo’s marriage 158, 159; visits Carlo and Marion in Milan 165; Carlo’s arrest and imprisonment 169, 170–71, 175; Nello’s marriage 173–4; Nello’s arrest and imprisonment 176, 177; birth of first grandchild 177; Carlo’s trial 184; visits Nello during confino on Ustica 195, 196, 198; seeks help for Nello from Gioacchino Volpe at university in Rome 199; visits Carlo during confino on Lipari 211, 219; birth of granddaughter Silvia 215; death of brother Gabriele 219–20; re-arrest and imprisonment of Nello following Carlo’s escape 237, 238, 239, 242; visits imprisoned daughter-in-law and grandson in Aosta 238; Nello’s release 243; stays with Nello and family at Bagno a Ripoli 243–5; reaction to Carlo’s anti-fascist operations in exile 258; life with Nello’s family in Florence 260, 297, 306–8, 339; visits Nello during research trip to London 263, 264; resigns from Lyceum club 276, 341; ceases publishing ventures and play-writing 276; birth of grandson Andrea 291; deaths of Leo Ferrero, Giulio Zabban and sister Anna 309–10; Carlo’s children visit in Florence 326–7; in Paris while Carlo goes to Civil War in Spain 329; remains in Florence during Carlo and Nello’s trip to Normandy 342, 348; learns of their deaths 352; travels to Paris 352; at the wake and funeral 353–4, 355; remains in Paris following funeral 357–9; rents house in Switzerland 359–61; moves to England with daughter-in-law and family 360, 361–2; family leaves Europe for United States following outbreak of war 361–2, 363; life in New York 364–6; returns to Italy after war 368–70; later life and death 372
Character & characteristics: altruism 5, 23; appearance 8, 9, 12, 31, 54, 72, 243–5, 360, 363; courage 2; elegance 23, 72; family nicknames 211; handwriting 62; honesty 8; insecurity 8, 72; intelligence 8; Jewishness 39–40, 124, 341; languages spoken 5, 8, 15, 72; letter-writing 12, 13; literary reputation 17–18, 20, 27, 31; motherhood 16, 18, 27–30, 39–41, 44, 47, 60, 125;
pets 5, 6, 276; philanthropy 17, 26, 58–9, 60; sadness 31, 58; sense of duty 2, 60; strength of character 8
Writings: Anima 15–16, 17–18, 20, 27, 38; Emma Liona 52, 110; Felicità Perduta 18; Fratelli Minori 71; Gente Oscura 26; L’idea Fissa 30; Illusione 26–7; El Rèfolo 30–31, 38; San Marco 45; El Socio del Papá 30; Topinino 20–21, 125; Topinino, Garzone di Bottega 27–8
Rosselli, Andrea (‘Aghi’) 291, 299, 322, 323, 326–7, 336, 348, 352, 358, 363, 368, 370, 373
Rosselli, Angiolo 9–10
Rosselli, Carlo: birth 18; childhood 19–20, 23, 25, 27–30, 31, 39–41, 45, 47–8, 50, 52; schooling 28, 39; death of father 41; convalescence in Viareggio at time of outbreak of war 47–8; and brother Aldo’s military service 54, 55; death of Aldo 57–9; contributions to Noi Giovani magazine 59; leaves school 60; called up 60; military training and service 60–61, 62–3, 63–4; nineteenth birthday 63–4; returns home after end of war 64–5, 69–71; university studies 65, 73, 79–80, 84, 100–101; on editorial committee of Vita magazine 70; disciple of Gaetano Salvemini 73–5, 93; Circolo di Cultura group meetings 75, 83, 93, 98–9, 100, 111, 129–30; attends Socialist Party National Congress 80; meets Filippo Turati 80, 95; reaction to fascist takeover 85, 92, 93, 100, 108, 114, 122; moves to Turin to complete university studies 93–6, 100–101; meets Piero Gobetti 95, 96; contributions to Rivoluzione Liberale magazine 96–7, 98; accepts part-time academic posts in Milan and Genoa 101; travels to England for Fabian summer school 101–2, 104–7, 106; and brother Nello’s motorcycle accident 110; takes up posts in Milan and Genoa 111–12, 138, 149–50, 152; admiration for Giacomo Matteotti 115; reaction to Matteotti’s murder 118–19; returns to England to observe first Labour government 121–3; takes part in Italia Libera stunts in Florence 123–4, 125; reaction to raid on Circolo di Cultura 129–30; production of Non Mollare underground newspaper 132–6, 143, 144; arrested following wreath-laying in honour of Matteotti 138–9; at Salvemini’s trial 139; learns of squadristi raid on family home 140–42; meets up with mother and brother in Alto Adige 142–3; leaves Florence during St Bartholomew’s Night attacks 146, 148; courtship with Marion Cave 149, 150, 156; closes down Non Mollare 149; mother and brother stay with in Genoa 149–50, 152–3; death of Amendola and Gobetti 150–51; collaboration with Pietro Nenni 154–5; publication of Il Quarto Stato magazine 155–6; attacked in street 156–7; resigns from teaching posts 157, 158; remains in Milan to continue editing Il Quarto Stato 157–8; marriage and honeymoon 158, 172; travels to Stresa and Portofino with Marion 158–9; early married life in Milan 159, 164, 165; Il Quarto Stato shut down 163–4; establishment of escape network 164, 165–6; Turati’s escape 166–9, 168, 174, 313; arrest and imprisonment 169, 170–71, 174, 213; transferred to penal island 174–5, 176, 182–3, 190; birth of son Giovanni (‘Mirtillino’) 177, 184; trial 171, 183–7; Mussolini sends back to internal exile 187, 190; confino on Lipari 190, 202–214, 215–16, 218–20; begins writing Socialismo Liberale 214, 229, 231; escape plans 207, 220, 221–8, 224; death of uncle Gabriele 219–20; aborted first escape attempt 228; renewed escape planning 228–31; escapes from Lipari 231–5, 233, 274; reaches Tunis 233–4, 236; travels to Paris 236–7, 248; successful campaign for release of wife and son 237–9; early role in exile community in Paris 240, 248, 254, 278–80; foundation of Giustizia e Libertà movement 248–9, 254, 282; establishes family home in Paris 249–50, 291; continues work on Socialismo Liberale 250; short speaking tour in London 250; secret police’s surveillance of 251–2, 265, 277, 283, 299, 311–14, 316–17, 320, 322, 329–30, 371; completion of Socialismo Liberale 255; birth of daughter Melina 255; organises leafleting flight over Milan 255–8; friendship with Don Luigi Sturzo 261–2; refused passport to visit Nello in London 262; visited by Alberto Moravia 263; family life in Paris 278, 291, 297–300, 321–3, 326, 341; publication of Socialismo Liberale 279–80; Giustizia e Libertà movement targeted by Italian secret police 282–91; birth of son Andrea 291–2; visits Spain following establishment of Second Republic 292–3; plans for further leafleting flight 292, 294–5; capture and imprisonment in Koblenz 295–6; released with fine 296; returns to Paris 297–300, 309–310; reaction to divisions between exile movements 300–301, 318–19; deaths of Turati and Treves 301–2, 318; developing role as leader in exile community 302, 318–21; publication of ‘La guerra che torna’ article 302–3; campaigns on behalf of Velia Matteotti 304–5; family holidays 310, 323–7, 324, 325; targeted by spy ‘Pitigrilli’ 311–14, 339; opposition to Abyssinian war 316–18, 328; meets Trotsky 318–19; publishes Giustizia e Libertà newspaper 320–21, 323; reviews Moravia’s Le ambizioni sbagliate 321; reaction to outbreak of Spanish Civil War 328–30; leaves for Spain 330; joint commander of Colonna Francisco Ascaso 330–31; fighting around Huesca 331–2; takes over sole command of unit 332–3, 334–5; under continued surveillance by Italian secret police 334, 338–9, 342; radio broadcast on behalf of Republicans 334, 337; falls ill 335–6; resigns from unit and returns home 335–6; role in recruitment for International Brigades 336–7; writes on Republicans’ victory at Battle of Guadalajara 337–8; plans further leafleting flight over Italy 338–9; reaction to death of Antonio Gramsci 341–2; last holiday with Marion 342–3; convalescence trip to Normandy 342, 345, 346–9, 347; reunited with Nello 347–9, 348; their murder 349–50; autopsy and identification of body 351–2; news of death reaches Italy 352–4; wake and funeral in Paris 353–5; posthumous tributes 353, 355–6, 373–4; investigations into murders 355–7, 367–8; trial of perpetrators 368; reburial in Florence 373–4