A Bold and Dangerous Family
Page 51
Spangano (confinato on Lipari) 222
Spanish flu epidemic (1918) 63
Special Tribunal for the Defence of the State 161, 186, 189, 207, 290
Spectator (magazine) 240
sport and exercise, under fascism 179, 180, 268, 304
Sprigge, Sylvia 140
squadristi (paramilitaries): formation and growth 77, 78, 81–2, 86; first punitive raids 77–9, 77, 81–6, 88, 99, 109, 127; attacks on press 77, 82–3, 84, 112–13, 117, 129, 143, 144–5; suppression of attempted general strike 84; reformation into national militia (MVSN) 91; seconda ondata of punitive expeditions 124, 126, 127–30, 128, 130, 143–9, 206; raids on Rosselli family home 140–42, 146; St Bartholomew’s Night attacks 146–8; reorganisation of Tuscan militia 148, 153; trials 148–9
Stagnetto, Spartaco 197
Stalin, Joseph 181, 333; Stalinism 342
Steed, Henry Wickham 121
Strasbourg 121
Strauss, Johann 14
Stresa 158–9
strikes and industrial unrest 32, 76, 76, 79, 84, 93–4; abolition of right to strike 178
Stromboli 211
Sturzo, Don Luigi 261–2, 267, 293, 319, 321, 364
Suardo, Giacomo 200
Suckert, Kurt Erich (Curzio Malaparte) 127
suffrage, women’s 71–2, 110–111
Sunday Times (newspaper) 294
Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania 370
Tablet, The (magazine) 267
Tagli (confinato on Lipari) 209
Tamburini, Tullio 81, 82, 87, 128–9, 144, 148
Tarchiani, Alberto: appearance and character 223; career in journalism 223; role in Carlo Rosselli’s escape from confino 223–4, 226–7, 229–30, 231, 234, 236; founder member of Giustizia e Libertà movement 249, 254, 277, 279, 286, 304; organisation of leafleting flights 255, 256, 257, 258, 295, 296, 338; visits Spain following establishment of Second Republic 292; breaks with Giustizia e Libertà 319; at Rosselli brothers’ funeral 354; in New York during wartime 364; returns to Italy to serve with partisans 366; later life and career 371
Tatti, I (villa) 142, 153
Tawney, R.H. 102, 122
Teatro dell’Arte (theatre company) 17
Telegrafo, Il (newspaper) 355
Tellini, Enrico, assassinated 108
Tenaille, Charles 368
Teresa (maid) 4, 6
Térésah (fairy-story writer) 45
Terni 85
Terrassa, Spain 331
Tétouan, Morocco 13
horndike, Dame Sibyl 122
Tiberius Gracchus the Elder 211
Timau 64, 216
Times, The (newspaper) 88, 89, 112, 122, 237, 355
Times Educational Supplement 98
Todesco, Gianna 367
Todesco, Luisa 194, 198–9, 306, 352, 367, 369
Todesco, Maria: appearance and character 124, 172, 196, 217, 363; background and early life 124; first meets Nello Rosselli 124; their courtship and engagement 124, 136, 156; marriage and honeymoon 169, 172–3, 172; early married life 173–4, 175; first pregnancy and miscarriage 173, 175; Nello’s arrest and imprisonment ‘as danger to state’ 175–6, 177; joins Nello during confino on Ustica 194–201; second pregnancy 195–6, 199; couple leaves Ustica and settles in Rome 200–201, 215; birth of daughter Silvia 215–16; family moves to Turin 216; Nello’s re-arrest following brother’s escape from confino 237; in Florence during Nello’s second period of imprisonment 242; Nello’s release 243; birth of daughter Paola 243; family buys L’Apparita at Bagno a Ripoli 243; meets up with Nello in Switzerland and London 264; Nello returns to family in Italy 265–6, 266–7; social and family life in Florence 276–7, 297, 306–8, 339–40; birth of son Aldo 310; family holidays on French Riviera 310, 323; birth of son Alberto 339, 341; remains in Florence while Nello travels to Normandy 342; Nello’s death 352, 353–4; family stays with mother-in-law in Switzerland 359–61; family moves to England 361–2; family leaves Europe for United States following outbreak of war 361–2, 363; life in New York 364–6; returns to Italy after war 368–70, 372; at Nello and Carlo’s reburial in Florence 373
Todesco, Max 124, 264, 367, 369
Togliatti, Palmiro 356
‘Togo’ (spy) see Odin, René Tolmezzo 54
Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace 218, 326
Topinino stories (Amelia Rosselli) 20–21, 27–8, 125
Torrigiani, Domizio 147, 208, 213, 231, 234
Toscanini, Arturo 179, 289, 322, 354
totalitarianism 177–83, 188–9, 266–76, 302, 304
Toynbee, Arnold 289
‘tragic Sunday’ (August 1920) 79
Traina, Egidio 316
Traquandi, Nello 120, 125, 132, 134, 280, 286, 290, 340, 373, 374
trasformismo (coalition-building process) 16, 34
Tremiti Islands 43, 189
Trento 48, 50, 63
Trevelyan, Sir Charles 121
Treves, Claudio 93, 95, 165; leaves Italy 166; in exile in Paris 245, 248, 280; production of La Libertà newspaper 247; death 301–2, 318, 354
‘Trial of the Intellectuals’ (1931) 289–91
‘Trial of the Professors’ (1927) 183–7, 257
Trieste 48, 50, 52, 63–4, 280
Tripolitania see Libya
Trotsky, Leon 318–19
Tunis 227, 231, 234, 236
Turati, Filippo: appearance and character 33, 91, 95, 168, 245, 300, 346; relationship with Anna Kuliscioff 33, 95–6, 150, 167, 247; leader of Italian Socialist Party 33, 46, 75, 78, 80; Carlo Rosselli first meets 80, 95–6; on rise of fascists 84, 88, 113; expulsion from Socialist Party and establishment of United Socialist Party 87, 93; Milan apartment as meeting place for young intellectuals 95–6, 138; reaction to Giacomo Matteotti’s murder 116, 117; fascists’ threats against 124, 166; death of Anna Kuliscioff 150, 152, 166; views on ineffectiveness of Aventine secessionists 161; escape from Italy 166–9, 168, 174, 313; in exile in Paris 184, 196, 245, 246, 246, 247, 299–300; trial of escape accomplices 183–7, 257; greets escaped confinati 236–7; support for Fernando de Rosa 254; testifies at anti-fascist leafleters’ trial 257; views on Carlo Rosselli’s Socialismo Liberale 280; description of Camilla Restellini 296; liaison between exile groups 299–300; declining health 301; death 301, 318, 354
Turin: civic pride and characteristics of Piemontese 93; role in Italian unification 3, 93; industry 93–4; strikes and industrial unrest 76, 93–4; falls to fascists 87; antifascist movement 94–5; fascists’ suppression of opposition 114, 117; remaining anti-fascist networks 280, 310; mass arrests of anti-fascists 312–13
Turin (places and landmarks): Fiat factory 93; theatres 17, 26; Via XX Settembre 96
Turin university 93, 94, 274–5
Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the 3
Udine 55, 114, 216
Umberto I, King 6, 34
Umberto, Crown Prince (later King Umberto II) 272; assassination attempt 253
unification of Italy (1870) 1, 3–4, 8, 11, 16, 93
Unità, L (newspaper) 44, 73
United Press (news agency) 240
United Socialist Party (PSU) 93, 118–19
Università Proletaria, Milan 112
universities, under fascists 274–6; see also Bocconi University; Florence university; Genoa university; Scuola di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea; Turin university
Urbino 114
Ustica, penal colony 176, 188, 189, 190–201, 194, 207, 213, 239
Uxbridge, Middlesex 99, 156
Vado Ligure 167
Valentino, Rudolph 364
Valiani, Guido 283
Vanden Heuvel, Maria 263
Vannucci, Dino 120, 123, 135
Varazze 171
Varese 85, 167
Vatican see Catholic Church; papacy
Vendée revolt (1793) 160
Venice: Jewish community 2–3; Austrian rule 2–3, 6; siege of 1848–49 3, 4, 45, 50; Risorgimento and Italian unification 3–4; launch of vaporetto service 6; foreign tourism 6, 7; t
heatrical life 30; fasci movement 68; Futurists’ plans for 270
Venice (places and landmarks): Giudecca 3; Grand Canal 1, 6; Lido 7; Murano 7; Palazzo Boldù 1, 4; Piazza San Marco 6; public gardens 5; Veneta Marina 5
Venice Biennale (1934) 314
Vercelli 145
Verdi, Giuseppe 17, 50; Simon Boccanegra 340
Verne, Jules 240
Verona 55
Versailles Conference (1919) 66–7
Viareggio 47, 287
Vicién, Spain 331
Victor Emmanuel II, King 8
Victor Emmanuel III, King: appearance and character 34, 43, 90, 272–3, 314; accession 34; opposition to Libyan War 43; during First World War 64; asks Mussolini to form government 87; refuses call for martial law 88; Mussolini’s twice-weekly meetings with 90; welcomes Acerbo Law election revision 113; refuses Mussolini’s resignation following murder of Matteotti xiv; approves Mussolini’s new cabinet 131; royal visit to Florence (1924) 135–6; during Hitler’s visit to Italy 314; becomes Emperor of Abyssinia 318
Vienna 14–16
Vienna Secession (art movement) 14
Vigevano 63
Villars, Switzerland 359–61
Vita (magazine) 70
Viterbo 85
Vivaldi, Antonio 7
Viviani della Robbia, Maria Bianca 31
Voce, La (magazine) 36, 37, 111
Voce della Donna, La (magazine) 304
volata (sport) 179
Volpe, Gioacchino 173, 199–200, 214–15, 243, 260, 265, 275, 340, 373
Volpi, Albino 79, 114, 181–2n
Voltaire 204
Vonin, Paul 231
Vulcano 211, 221
Wagner, Otto 14
Wagner, Richard 7
Wal Wal incident (1934) 315–16
Waterfield, Lina 80–81, 92, 123
Webb, Beatrice 104
Webb, Sidney (later Baron Passfield) 104, 105
West Isleworth, Middlesex 370 West, Dame Rebecca 121 women’s suffrage 71–2, 110–11
youth organisations, fascist 179–80, 179, 180, 266, 268, 315
Zabban, Giorgina (‘Zia Gì’): appearance and character 25, 307; literary career 25; as honorary aunt to Rosselli family 25, 28, 31, 41, 58, 64, 154, 175, 196, 306; circle of female friends 38–9; contributions to organisations in Aldo Rosselli’s memory 59; membership of Lyceum Club 111; during St Bartholomew’s Night attacks 146; death of husband 309; deaths of Carlo and Nello Rosselli 352–3; in wartime Florence 367
Zabban, Giulio (‘Zio Giù’): appearance and character 25, 307; career 25; as honorary uncle to Rosselli family 25, 31, 58, 60–61, 154, 175, 306; wartime military service 55; death 309
Zamboni, Anteo 160
Zamboni, Assunto 339
Zanata, Giuseppe 317
Zanella, Alfredo 338–9
Zani, Pietro 281–2
Zaniboni, Tito, assassination plot against Mussolini 152, 153, 160
Zanotti Bianco, Umberto 140
Zionism 39, 124–5, 341
About the Author
CAROLINE MOOREHEAD is the New York Times bestselling author of Village of Secrets: Defying the Nazis in Vichy France; A Train in Winter: An Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship, and Resistance in Occupied France; and Human Cargo: A Journey Among Refugees, which was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award. An acclaimed biographer, Moorehead has also written for the New York Review of Books, the Guardian, the Times, and the Independent. She lives in London and Italy.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
Also by Caroline Moorehead
Village of Secrets: Defying the Nazis in Vichy France
A Train in Winter: An Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship, and Resistance in Occupied France
Dancing to the Precipice: The Life of Lucie de la Tour du Pin, Eyewitness to an Era
The Letters of Martha Gellhorn (ed.)
Human Cargo: A Journey Among Refugees
Martha Gellhorn: A Life
Iris Origo: Marchesa of Val d’Orcia
Dunant’s Dream: War, Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross
The Lost Treasures of Troy
Bertrand Russell: A Life
Betrayed: Children in Today’s World (ed.)
Beyond the Rim of the World: The Letters of Freya Stark (ed.)
Freya Stark: A Biography
Sidney Berstein: A Biography
Fortune’s Hostages: Kidnapping in the World Today
Copyright
A BOLD AND DANGEROUS FAMILY. Copyright © 2017 by Caroline Moorehead. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Originally published in Great Britain in 2017 by Chatto & Windus, an imprint of Vintage, Penguin Random House Group Ltd.
FIRST U.S. EDITION
Cover design by James Iacobelli
Cover photographs: © Alfred Eisenstaedt / Getty Images (street and people); © Mondadori Portfolio / Getty Images (right person)
ISBN 978-0-06-230830-6
EPub Edition OCTOBER 2017 ISBN 978-0-06-230832-0
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* It would be twenty-seven years before Italian women got the vote.
* Twenty years later, partisans identified the butcher, took him to a pond and told him to eat a toad. If he failed to do so, they would kill him. He ate it.
* Matteotti’s assassins, Dumini, Volpi and Poveromo, had finally been tried and sentenced to 5 years, 11 months and 20 days in prison in a trial notable for its bribery, intimidation of witnesses and obfuscation of every kind. Because of a special amnesty, they were already free. Dumini announced he wanted to raise chickens but soon returned to violence.