The Shah
Page 75
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 206, 320; administration, 152, 176, 197, 199, 225–6, 228, 243, 245, 282, 302; American Atoms For Peace program, 332; Consortium Agreement and, 196–7, 199–200; doctrine, 225; Mossadeq and, 161, 172, 177–7, 182–3, 191, 193, 198; on the Shah’s “military obsession,” 237; Soviet-Iranian negotiations and, 218–9, 228–30
Elghanian, Habib, 336
Eliasi, Mahmood, 415–7
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 33
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 282, 287, 324, 326
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 284
Entezam, Abdollah, 298–9, 301, 358
Eriye, Morad, 188
Escher, Alfred, 193
Escudero, Stanley, 433
Eslami, Mahin, 132–3
Esna Asha’ri, 56
estekhareh (religious ritual), 127
Etela’at (newspaper), 75, 287, 290, 351, 389–90
Etemad, Akbar, 332, 335
Evin Prison, 313, 385
Ezry, Meir, 259
Fadeikin (KGB agent), 367
Faisal, King of Iraq, 181, 203, 309
Fakhr-al-Dowleh, 256
Fakhrarai, Nasser, 131–4
Fallaci, Oriana, 371
Falsafi (cleric), 199
Fanon, Franz, 186
Farah, Queen,
Faramarzi, Abdolrahman, 98
Fardid, Ahmad, 383
Fardust, Hussein, 35, 44, 80, 98, 112, 207–8, 358, 388, 413
Farivar, Gholam Ali (National Front leader), 258
Farmanfarmaian, Aziz, 341–2, 348
Farmanfarmaian, Khodadad, 259, 266, 288, 313, 371
Farouk, King of Egypt, 62–3, 72, 138, 204
Farrah Izadi (divine aura), 11, 279
Fateme (the Shah’s sister), 241, 315
Fatemi, Hossein, 154, 182, 193
Fath-Ali Shah, 29, 340
fatwa, 57, 154, 244, 297
Fawzia, Queen, 62–5, 73, 78, 80, 90–1, 110–1, 130, 133–4, 137–9, 155, 204n, 341, 344
Feda’yan-e Islam (Martyrs of Islam), 101, 150, 186, 235, 296
Feda’yan-e Khalq Iran (Martyrs of the People), 300
firman (royal mandate), 179, 182, 184, 186–7, 259, 275–6, 350
Firuz, Mozzafar, 124–5, 129
Flandrin, Dr. Georges, 370
Ford, Gerald, 331, 334–5, 383, 414, 418, 479n28
Forkner, Dr., 157
Foroughi, Zoka al-Mulk, 81–6, 97, 280
Forouhar, Darius, 390
Foucault, Michel, 407
Freedom Movement, 272, 296, 378, 394–5
Freemasonry, 143, 247, 387
French Revolution, 295, 394, 411
Frost, David, 83, 242, 413
Galindo, Gabriel Lewis, 427
Garabaghi, General Abbas, 403, 412–3
Gass, Neville, 144
Gass Golshai’yan (Supplemental Oil Agreement), 144–7
Gazvini, Mohammad, 280
George V, King of England, 31, 215
Ghadimi, Hamid, 242
Ghafari, Parvin, 133, 138
Ghani, Cyrus, 468n2
Ghani, Dr. Gassem, 138, 280, 468n2
Gharani Affair, 207, 218–9
Gharani, Valiollah, 182, 207–12, 218–9, 238, 258
Ghiam-e Melli, 173–4
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 401, 411
Goddard, André, 54, 329
Goldwater, Barry, 331
Golestan, Ebrahim, 224, 348, 353, 449n24, 464n12, 474n13
Golestan Palace, 30–1, 321, 341, 343–4
Golhak, 362
Golshai’yan, Abbasgoli, 144
Golshiri, Houshang, 341
Gomi, Ayatollah Hussein, 57, 100–2
Goreishi, Ahmad, 386, 448n25, 475n37
Gotbzadeh, Sadeq, 394, 428
Greene, Graham, 177, 427
Grotovski, Andre, 335
Group of Fifty-Three, 258
Guadeloupe Summit, 401–2, 405
Guevara, Che, 234–5
Guilan province, 15
habe kardan, legal practice of, 96
Hadji, 288
Haerizadeh, Abbol Hassan, 168
Hafez Divan, 127
Haile Selassie, Emperor, 325
Hajir, Abdol-Hussein, 168
Hakamizadeh, Ali Akbar, 56–7, 448n11
Hakim, Ayatollah, 272
Hakimi, Ebrahim, 117, 119, 137
Hamid, Prince, 84–5, 146
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 229
haram (unclean), 244
Harriman, Averell, 250
Hart, Alan, 419
Hashemi, General Manouchehr, 474n13, 475n43
Hassan II, King of Morocco, 2, 4–5, 9, 282, 332, 418
Hatefi, Rahman, 373n, 414
Hearst, William Randolph, 199
Heath, Edward, 329
Heidegger, Martin, 383
Hekmat, Aliasghar, 228
Hekmat, Sardar Fakher, 130, 147
Helms, Richard, 44, 333, 375, 386
Henderson, Loy, 160, 163–5, 167–8, 172, 175, 183–5, 191–3, 198
Herodotus, 68
Herz, Martin, 175
High Commissioner for Refugees, UN, 281
Hillyer, Vincent, 241
Hirohito, Emperor, 114, 282
Hitler, Adolf, 59–60, 67, 69, 71–5, 78, 96, 105, 114, 122, 149, 231–2, 350
Hitlerjugend (youth movement), 71, 232
Hojat al-Islam, 291
Holmes, Julius, 285, 289, 295, 298–9
Homa airline, 282
Homayoun (journal), 56–7
Homayoun, Darius, 389
Hope, Bob, 199
Hormuz, Strait of, 326
Hosseiniye Ershad, 378
hostage crisis, 7, 421, 422–30
Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 3, 281, 310–1, 315, 379, 382, 384, 385n, 388–9, 391, 395, 408
Hoveyda, Fereydoon, 12n, 329–30, 332, 343, 366, 448n25, 451n11, 466n58
Humphrey, Hubert, 356
Hurley, General Patrick, 106–7
Hussein, King of Jordan, 5
Hussein, Saddam, 318, 361, 390, 406
Huyser, General Robert, 393, 413
Imam Ali, 188
Imam Hussein, 56, 235, 294
Imam Reza Endowment, 161
Imami, Jamal, 150
Imamzadeh (shrines), 56n
Imperial Army of Iran, 54–5
International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 176
Iran Novin Party, 301, 379
Iran-e Bastan (magazine), 60
Iranian air force, 76, 79, 315–6, 328, 331, 360, 392, 409, 416, 443n12
Iranian Committee for the Defense of Freedom and Human Rights, 391
Iranian National Bank (Melli), 93
Iranian National Radio and Television, 319, 376, 407
Iranian Writers Association, 390
Iraq, 181, 188, 190, 203–6, 230, 237, 245, 272, 285, 301, 317–8, 328, 358–61, 377, 399, 402, 406
Ironside, General Edmund, 18
Isfahan, 80, 83, 92–5, 106, 133–5, 155–6, 180, 183, 335, 340, 342, 352, 379
Islamic Revolution of 1979, 7–8, 57, 173–4, 206–8, 233, 269, 271–2, 338, 342, 354, 356, 358, 390, 406, 411–5, 435, 437, 439–41
Islamic Revolutionary Council, 406, 429
Jackson, C. D., 305–6
Jahanbini, Kiumars, Colonel, 415–6, 443n9, 443n20
Jahan-Nama (Window to the World), 345
Jalaliye racetrack, 264, 293
Jaleh Square, 289
Jam, General Fereydoon, 74, 79–80, 93–5, 399, 402–3
Jam, Mahmoud, 59, 62, 95
Javadi, Ali Asghar Haj Seyyed, 390
Jazani, Bijan, 312–3
Johnson, Lyndon B., 212, 305, 330, 356
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 166, 208, 396, 402–3
Jordan, Dr. Samuel, 284
Jordan, Hamilton, 426, 430
Juliana, Queen of Holland, 287, 324
Kabanov, Boris, 364
Kabir, Amir, 76
Kabiri, A
li, 415–6
Kalardasht, 160, 179–80, 187, 189
Kambaksh, Samad, 115
Kani, Alinaghi, 379–80
Karbala, Battle of, 56, 294
Kashani, Ayatollah Abol-Qasem, 148–50, 153–4, 165–6, 169–70, 172–3, 178, 186–7, 193, 202
Kashi, Nayeb Hussein, 16
Kasravi, Ahmad, 101
Kazeruni family, 94
Kean, Dr. Benjamin, 422, 428
Kelly, Grace, 199, 325
Kennan, George, 121
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 283
Kennedy, John F.: administration, 233–4, 264, 269, 277, 282, 286, 289, 302, 304, 306, 314, 376, 439; Amini and, 320; assassination of, 305; criticism of the Shah, 236, 248, 250–2, 289–90, 304; invitation from the Shah to visit Iran, 294; letter from the Shah on his inauguration, 248–50; meeting with Bakhtiyar, 250–1; meeting with the Shah, 266–8, 281–7; Reporter’s note to, 177; the Shah’s criticism of, 294, 304–6, 320; Talbot Task Force and, 265
Kennedy, Robert, 259, 268, 270, 304–5, 313
Keyhan (newspaper), 98, 266, 366n, 414
KGB, 207, 217, 229, 231, 315, 317, 357–8, 362–7
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 298, 441
Khan, Aga Mohammad, 340
Khan, Daoud, 328
Khan, Khaybar, 261–2, 307, 467n16
Khan, Mirza Kouchik, 17
Khan’ali, Dr., 251–3
Khandaniha (magazine), 98, 391
Khatam, General Mohammad, 181, 242, 315–6
Khayam, Omar, 68
Khayami brothers, 313
Khaz’al family, 119, 152
Khaz’al, Sheikh, 17, 25, 55
Khomeini, Ayatollah, Alam and, 298, 303, 378; on the American Embassy, 177n; Amini and, 273; Bakhtiyar and, 317; Celebration of 2500 Years of Iranian Monarchy and, 324; death of his son, 389; exile of, 354, 378, 406; Foucault on, 407; Freedom Movement and, 272; hostage crisis and, 424; Islamic Revolution of 1979 and, 377–98, 402, 406–7, 411, 413, 417–8, 438, 440; and land reform, 407; letter to the Shah, 291; on Mossadeq, 169; Mo’talefe (the Coalition) and, 296–7; Mottaheri on, 7; Nasser and, 301; nuclear program and, 335; opposition to Tehran University’s Faculty of Law and Political Science, 131; Pakravan and, 312; Qotbzadeh and, 270; reading of, 477n77; Reza Shah’s reforms and, 57; riots in favor of, 355; Safavi and, 101, 202; and U.S. SOFA agreement, 307
Khorasan province, 17, 24, 59, 103, 122
Khosravani, Keyvan, 344–5
Khrushchev, Nikita, 229, 232, 234, 282, 367
Khuzestan province, 17, 70, 152, 205, 245, 354
Kia, General Hajj Ali, 267
Kianouri, Noural-din, 134
Kiarostami, Abbas, 348
Kipling, Rudyard, 54, 85, 177
Kish Island, 370, 400
Kish project, 354
Kissinger, Henry, 315, 327–9, 359–60, 370, 420–1, 429–30
Kohut, Heinz, 50
Komer, Robert, 294
Korean War, 142, 145, 179
Kraftwerk, 333
Kurdistan, 116, 119, 360
Kuzichkin, Vladimir, 362, 364, 366
Lajevardi, Qassem, 336–7
Lambton, Ann, 83, 91, 151, 202, 303
Lamorisse, Albert, 348
land reform, 116, 162, 192, 206, 243–44, 263, 267, 292, 390, 407, 437
Laski, Harold, 379
Le Rosey (Swiss boarding school), 43–52, 61, 91, 448n23
League of Nations, 55
Lenin, Vladimir, 20, 115, 235, 444n40
Life (magazine), 90–1, 189, 197, 458n7
Lilienthal, David, 262
Love, Kennett, 176, 181, 185–6
Luce, Claire Booth, 189
Luce, Henry, 189
lumpenproletariat, 186
Macmillan, Harold, 229
Mah Trading Company, 239
Mahdavi, Fereydoon, 280, 371, 448n25, 452n28
Mahmoud, Mahmoud, 445n51
Majidi, Abdol-Majid, 382
Makiye, Kanan, 474n26
malekeh (Queen), 276
Maleki, Khalil, 143, 238–9, 257, 378
Manichaeism, 173, 236, 356
Mansur, Ali, 73–4, 81, 281–2, 311
Mansur, Hassan-Ali, 281–2, 301, 307
Mao Zedong, 130, 142, 234, 359, 382
Marble Palace, 311, 344
Marcos, Ferdinand, 426
Marcuse, Herbert, 186
Mardom Party, 245, 303, 379
Marenches, Comte de, 411
Maria Gabriella, Princess, 215–6
marja-e taglid (source of emulation), 297
martyrdom, 56, 235, 294
Marx, Karl, 187
Marxism, 231, 234–5, 267, 271, 300, 312, 372, 375–6, 382–3, 391, 427, 435, 438
Mason, Edward, 267, 288–9
Masons and Masonic lodges, 143, 247, 387
Matin-Daftary, Ahmad, 73
Mattei, Enrico, 235–6
Maybod (an agent), 240
Mayer, Franz, 69, 106, 449n13
Mazandaran province, 24, 34, 54, 95, 363
McGhee, George, 152, 175
Mecca, 288
Mehbod (an agent), 240
Mehrjui, Dariush, 347
Melli (Iranian National Bank), 93
Menasheri, David, 335
Mercier, André, 43
Mesbahzadeh, Dr. Mostafa, 98, 266
Meshed, Iran, 56–8, 101, 110, 122, 180, 272, 313, 342, 350
Meyer, Armin, 319–20, 327–8, 356, 475n35–6
MI6, British, 172–4, 177, 209, 243, 363, 365, 371
Mirza, Mohammad Hassan, 18
Mirza, Mohammad Hussein, 84–5
Mitrokhin, Vasili, 365
Moazzami, Abdollah, 170
Moazzami family, 247
Mobutu, 426
Moezzi, Captain, 5, 414
Moghadam, General Nasser, 207, 313, 388, 403, 413, 474n4
Mogharebi, General Ahmad, 362, 364–7
Mohammad Ali Shah, 137
Mohammad Reza Shah. See Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah
Moinian, Nosratollah, 232, 369, 391, 417
Moise, Bob, 316
Mokhtari, Mohmmad, 477n76
monabatkari, 350
Monshizadeh, Davud, 122
Montazeri, Hussein Ali, 298, 385n
Morocco, 2, 4–9, 50, 276n, 332, 418–9, 427, 443n12, 443n27
Mossad, 244, 465n1
Mossadeq, Mohammad, 76, 158, 197–201, 304, 358, 393, 399, 407; Britain and, 83, 99, 116–7, 142–3, 150–2, 159–78, 184–94; fall of, 160, 186, 189–94, 205, 223, 233, 257; isolation of, 151, 153, 169; Kashani and, 153–4, 165–6, 169, 178; Khomeini on, 169; movazeneye manfi (negative balance) and, 116; National Front and, 264, 272; nationalization of oil and, 141, 143–50, 329; Operation Ajax/Boot and, 170–89; referendum proposed by, 168–70, 178; resignation of, 153, 161, 163, 187; the Shah’s meeting with, 164–8
Mo’talefe (the Coalition), 296
Motashar al-Mulk (Persian tutor), 43
Mottaheri, Ayatollah, 7, 378
Mount Damavand, 11
Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 378
movazeneye manfi (negative balance), 116
Mozzafar al-Din Shah, 205, 350
Mujahedin-e Khalq (MEK), 235, 300
Muslim Brotherhood (akhvan-al Muslemin), 202
Mussolini, Benito, 20, 114, 444n40
Nadir Shah, 32, 93
Naficy, Moadeb, 43, 91
Naghsh-e Jahan (map of the world), 340
Najaf, Iraq, 188, 272, 378, 394, 406
Najafi, Hussein, 396
najes (unclean), 8
Nakhjavan, General Ahmad, 79
Nasir al-Din Shah, 13, 341, 350
Nasiri, General Nematollah, 180–2, 184, 190, 207, 252, 312, 388, 391
Nasr, Seyyed Hussein, 396
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 202, 205, 245, 294, 301, 306, 309, 321
National Central Committee of Islamic Societies in Iran, 271
National Front, 150–1, 153–4, 163, 168–70, 201, 238, 257–9, 263–7, 272,
299–300, 304, 378–91, 397–400
National Iranian Shipping, 239–40
National Security Council, 205–6, 228, 237, 265, 301, 359, 386, 439
Nationalization Act (1951), 55–6, 119, 150–1, 169, 329
nationalization of oil, 55–6, 119, 141–5, 148–51, 163, 173–5, 292
Navisi, Yazdan, 415
Nazism, 16, 59–60, 65, 67–77, 81, 102, 106, 114, 118, 194, 231, 247
Neshat, General Ali, 417
Niavaran Palace, 330, 341–51
Niazmand, Reza, 332
Nicolson, Harold, 30, 54–5, 85
Nik-khah, Parviz, 376
1919 Agreement, 16–20
Nixon, Richard, 4, 200, 221, 236, 248, 310, 325, 327, 329–30, 331, 359, 383, 429, 466n58
Nixon Doctrine, 327–9, 439
Non-Aggression Pact, 69, 73, 225–9, 234
nonaligned nations, 264
Norman, Herman, 20
No-Ruz (Persian New Year), 11, 221
NPT (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons), 333, 441
nuclear weapons, 113, 234, 300n, 331–5, 363, 383, 440–1, 472n91
Nuremberg Laws, 67
Nuremburg Trials, 71
Oakes, John, 345
Omran Bank, 239–40, 387
Operation Ajax/Boot, 170–89
Operation Buccaneer, 152
opium, 16, 156, 373, 409
Order of the Garter, 215
Organization for the Intellectual Development of Children, 319, 348
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 235–6, 310, 319, 329, 361, 383
Oveisi, General, 396
Owen, David, 371
Pahlavan, Amir Akram, 34
Pahlavi, Farah, 217–8, 276, 283, 341, 344, 424
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah: adenoids removed, 65; anointed Crown Prince, 27, 29–36; appendectomy, 157; assassination attempts on, 2, 37, 89, 132–5, 141, 229, 297, 311, 317, 367; asylum in Egypt, 430–1; birth, 11–7; birth of daughter Shahnaz, 73, 139; birth of son Reza, 274–6; childhood illnesses of, 39; childhood homes of, 12–3; clergy and, 99–102, 436; colonel in chief of the crack Pahlavi Regiment, 38; death of, 433; distrust of Western media, 72; divorce from Queen Fawzia, 139–40; divorce from Queen Soraya, 214–5; early childhood, 17, 22–39; eating habits and preferences, 8, 50; education, 34–8, 41–3, 49–50; in exile, 7–8, 257, 269, 299, 356–8, 367, 385, 411–33; fear of assassination, 8–9, 65, 161, 428; hospitality of, 4–5; isolation of, 3, 51, 310, 336, 371, 418–9; land reform and, 97, 162, 192, 243–44, 263, 292, 390, 436; at Le Rosey boarding school (Switzerland), 43–52, 61, 91; love of driving and automobiles, 2, 45, 135; lymphoma, 4, 371, 400, 409, 420–2, 424, 428, 431, 439; marital infidelities, 314–5, 349; marriage to Farah, 217–8; marriage to Fawzia, 62–5; marriage to Soraya, 155–7; meeting with JFK, 281–7; meeting with Queen Elizabeth II, 287; modernization and, 99, 192, 224, 268, 344, 377, 433, 436–37; mysticism and, 38–9, 127; nicknames and titles, 9, 27, 36, 128, 137, 177, 341; oath of office of, 85–8, 91–2; philanthropy and, 97–8; profiles of, 2234, 305–6, 377; relationship with his father, 14–5, 31, 37–8, 41–2, 49–50, 61–5, 74; religiosity of, 22, 61; sports and pastimes, 37, 47–8, 134, 158; three-pronged strategy for consolidating power, 97–100; timidity of, 47, 158, 277, 336; twenty-first birthday celebration of, 71; wealth of, 240, 242, 431–2. See also Ashraf, Princess (the Shah’s sister); Farah, Queen; Fateme (the Shah’s sister); Fawzia, Queen; Reza, Prince (the Shah’s son); Reza Shah/Reza Khan; Shahnaz, Princess (the Shah’s daughter); Shams, Princess (the Shah’s sister); Soraya, Queen; Taj ol Muluk (Queen Mother)