Mohandas: True Story of a Man, His People

by Gandhi, Rajmohan

  76. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 204-5.

  77. D.G. Tendulkar, Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a Battle (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1967), pp. 370-71.

  78. Moon (ed.), Wavell, pp. 258-59.

  79. TOP 7: 465-66.

  [pp. 550-562]

  80. House of Commons Debates, 8 June 1946, quoted by S.R. Mehrotra in C.H. Phillips and M.D. Wainwright (eds), The Partition of India (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970), p. 218.

  81. TOP 6: 684-7.

  82. J. Ahmad (ed.), Historic Documents of the Muslim Freedom Movement (Lahore: Publishers United), pp. 522-23.

  83. See also Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 225-26.

  84. See Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 228-35; and R. Gandhi, Patel, 1990, pp. 363-67.

  85. TOP 7: 990

  86. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 232

  87. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 232.

  88. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 232

  89. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 304.

  90. Sudhir Ghosh, Gandhi’s Emissary (Bombay: Rupa, 1967), p. 167.

  91. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 235.

  92. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 302.

  93. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 236.

  94. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 236

  95. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 303.

  96. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 238.

  97. Moon (ed.), Wavell, pp. 303-4, & p. 491.

  98. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 238.

  99. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 238-9.

  100. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 239.

  101. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 304-5.

  102. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 303-4.

  103. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 310.

  104. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 439.

  105. Anand Hingorani, Bapu ke Ashirvad (New Delhi: Publications Division, 2000), p. 585.

  106. Photograph and caption in Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: between p. 176 & p. 177.

  107. J. Ahmad, Creation of Pakistan (Lahore: Publishers United, 1976), p. 274.

  108. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 251.

  109. Taken from Brecher, Nehru, p. 316, and V.P. Menon, The Transfer of Power in India (Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1957), p. 281.

  110. V.P. Menon, The Transfer of Power in India, p. 281.

  111. Letter to Dwarka Prasad Mishra, 29 July 1946, in Durga Das (ed.), SPC 3: 153-54.

  112. J. Ahmad, Creation of Pakistan, p. 278.

  113. Quotes in this paragraph from Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 251-53.

  114. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 256-57.

  115. Moon, Wavell, pp. 340-41.

  116. From Hindustan Times, 16 October 1946; 92: 328-29. The newspaper’s indirect version has been altered here to direct speech.

  117. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 283.

  [pp. 562-581]

  118. See Gandhi’s letter of 11 December 1946 to Kripalani, 93: 130-31.

  119. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 347.

  120. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 320.

  121. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1:353; & 92: 419.

  Chapter 15. Walk Alone…

  1. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 353-54.

  2. See Gandhi’s letters of 30 Dec. 1946 and 6 Jan. 1947 to Pyarelal, 93: 214 & 240-41.

  3. Sir Francis Tuker, While Memory Serves (London: Cassell, 1950), pp. 195-202.

  4. Letter of 5 Dec. 1946 to Agatha Harrison, 93: 110.

  5. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 310-11.

  6. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 316.

  7. On 20 Nov. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 326.

  8. Letters of 25 Dec. to Balvant Sinha and 1 Jan. 1947 to Amtus Salaam, 93: 195 & 222 .

  9. Quoted in Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth, p. 401.

  10. Manu Gandhi, The Lonely Pilgrim (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1964), p. 45 & p. 93.

  11. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1957), pp. 143-44.

  12. See Gandhi’s letter of 30 Dec. 1946 to Pyarelal, 93: 213; & Martin Green, Gandhi, p. 11.

  13. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, p. 160.

  14. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 581.

  15. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 582-83.

  16. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 580.

  17. Alexander’s preface in C.F. Andrews, Mahatma Gandhi’s Ideas (London:, Allen & Unwin, 1929, 1949 edition), pp. 20-21.

  18. Nelson quoted in Sudarshan Kapur, Raising Up a Prophet: The African-American Encounter with Gandhi (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), p. 135.

  19. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 576-77.

  20. N.K. Bose, My Days With Gandhi (Calcutta: Nishana, 1953) p. 8.

  21. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 585-87.

  22. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, p. 108.

  23. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 373.

  24. N.K. Bose, My Days with Gandhi, p. 8, and N.K. Bose, Lectures on Gandhism (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1971), p. 65.

  25. Bose, Lectures on Gandhism, p. 106.

  26. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 350; also 93: 229.

  27. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, p. 54.

  28. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 355.

  29. Ramnarayan Chaudhary, Bapu As I Saw Him (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1959), p. 226-27.

  30. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 614.

  31. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, pp. 91-92.

  [pp. 581-601]

  32. Tendulkar, Mahatma 7: 382.

  33. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, p. 69.

  34. Bose, My Days with Gandhi, pp. 149-50.

  35. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 399.

  36. Tendulkar, Mahatma, 7: 383.

  37. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, pp. 89-90.

  38. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, p. 55.

  39. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, pp. 111-12.

  40. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, pp. 75-77.

  41. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, pp. 75-77.

  42. Manu Gandhi, Ekla Chalo Re, p. 65.

  43. N.K. Bose, Lectures on Gandhism, p. 63.

  44. N.K. Bose, Lectures on Gandhism, p. 105-6.

  45. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 445.

  46. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 453.

  47. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 515.

  48. Ashoka Gupta, ‘Those days in Noakhali…’, www.india-seminar.com/2002/510.

  49. Letter of 15 Dec. 1946 in Durga Das (ed.), Sardar Patel’s Correspondence , vol. 3, pp. 313-5.

  50. See R. Gandhi, Patel, pp. 384-88.

  51. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 378.

  52. TOP 9: 358.

  53. TOP 9: 431-33.

  54. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 409.

  55. Moon (ed.), Wavell, p. 387 & p. 495.

  56. Patel quoted in TOP 9: 381.

  57. Letter of 30 Dec. 1946 quoted in Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 488-89.

  58. Letter of 7 Jan. 1947 in G.M. Nandurkar (ed.), Bapu, Sardar and Mahadevbhai,, pp. 336-37.

  59. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 615.

  60. Interviews by author in April and November 2000.

  Chapter 16. To Rama

  1. Quoted in Kanji Dwarkadas, Ten Years to Freedom (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1968), pp. 207-8.

  2. Tendulkar, Faith is a Battle (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1967), p. 404.

  3. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 641.

  4. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 669.

  5. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 624.

  6. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 633.

  7. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 622.

  8. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 641-42.

  9. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 622.

  10. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 666.

  [pp. 602-619]

  11. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 661.

  12. For the text of his scheme that Gandhi left for the Viceroy on 4 April, see 94:229.

  13. 94: 209.

  14. TOP 10: 69.

  15. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 80.

  16. See Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel, p. 401.

  17. TOP 10: 84.

  18. TOP 10: 86.

  19. TOP 10: 86.

  20. TOP 10: 84.

  21. TOP 10: 128.

  22. Alan Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten (London: Robert Hale, 1962 edition), p. 57.


  23. TOP 10: 73.

  24. TOP 10: 83.

  25. TOP 10: 104.

  26. Entry dated 13 April 1947, Rajagopalachari Papers.

  27. Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah (New York: Oxford, 1984), p. 317.

  28. Quoted in Philips and Wainwright (eds), The Partition of India, p. 185.

  29. Edited from quotation by Omar el-Haqqaq in B.R. Nanda (ed.), Mahatma Gandhi: 125 Years, p. 80.

  30. Quoted in V.P. Menon, The Transfer of Power in India (Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1957), p. 354.

  31. Menon, Transfer of Power, p. 355.

  32. See Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel, pp. 396-98.

  33. Quoted in TOP 10: 778.

  34. Memorandum of 12 May 1947 embodying, according to HMG’s Statement of 3 June 1947, Britain’s policy towards the States, quoted in V.P. Menon, The Transfer of Power, p. 498.

  35. Tendulkar, Faith is a Battle, p. 427.

  36. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 257.

  37. Ghaffar Khan quoted by Rammanohar Lohia, who was present, in Lohia, Guilty Men of India’s Partition, p. 21.

  38. See H.V. Hodson, The Great Divide (London: Hutchinson, 1969), p. 284-85;S. Gopal, Nehru, vol. 1, p. 352; and Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 270.

  39. Quoted in Tendulkar, Faith is a Battle, p. 430.

  40. Gidwani quoted in Brecher, Nehru, p. 349.

  41. N.V. Gadgil, Government from Inside (Meerut: Meenakshi, 1968), p. 40.

  42. See Ramchandra Gandhi’s comments in T.N. Madan (ed.), Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988), pp. 220-21.

  43. Heesterman in T.N. Madan (ed.), Way of Life…, p. 252.

  [pp. 619-652]

  44. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 1: 598. See also letter from Gandhi of 3 Jan. 1948, 98:163.

  45. But apparently only after Gandhi insisted on Ambedkar’s inclusion as an essential part of the ‘atonement’ due to India’s ‘untouchables’. See G. Ramachandran, Thoughts and Talks (Madurai: 1964), p. 179.

  46. Khairmode quoted in M.S. Gore, The Social Context of an Ideology: Ambedkar’s Political and Social Thought (New Delhi: Sage, 1993), pp. 180-81.

  47. Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth, p. 92.

  48. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 367-68.

  49. From article of 16 August by Gandhi in Harijan, 24 August 1947; 96: 236-37.

  50. From article of 16 August by Gandhi in Harijan, 24 August 1947; 96: 236-37.

  51. From article of 16 August by Gandhi in Harijan, 24 August 1947; 96: 236-37.

  52. Rammanohar Lohia, Marx, Gandhi and Socialism (Hyderabad: Lohia Samata Vidyalaya Nyasa, 1963), p. 122, as quoted in David Hardiman, Gandhi In His Time And Ours, p. 57.

  53. Quote in Gene Sharp, Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1960), p. 226.

  54. For an account of the Empire’s effort against violence in the Punjab, see H.W. Hodson, The Great Divide (London: Hutchinson, 1969), pp. 337-45.

  55. Nirmal Kumar Bose, Lectures on Gandhism, p. 112.

  56. 96: 321fn.

  57. Letter to Gandhi of 27 Aug. 1947 quoted in G.M. Nandurkar (ed.), Bapu, Sardar ane Mahadevbhai, p. 348.

  58. Amiya Chakravarty quoted in Gene Sharp, Gandhi Wields the Weapon…, pp. 259-60.

  59. Green, Gandhi, p. 240.

  60. The Statesman, Calcutta, 6 Sept. 1947.

  61. Hodson, The Great Divide, pp. 344-45.

  62. See letter of 7 Sept. 1947 to Maniben Patel, 96: 345.

  63. Gandhi’s statement to the press, 9 Sept. 1947, 96: 352.

  64. Brij Krishna, Gandhiji ki Dilli Diary (Delhi: 1970), vol. 3, p. 278.

  65. Brij Krishna, Gandhiji ki Dilli Diary (Delhi: 1970), vol. 3, p. 382.

  66. See Brij Krishna, Dilli Diary, 3: 287, and letter of 27 Oct. 1948 from Nehru to Patel in Durga Das (ed.), Sardar Patel’s Correspondence (Ahmedabad: Navajivan), vol. 7, p. 672.

  67. See also Brij Krishna, Dilli Diary, 3: 294-97.

  68. Hodson, The Great Divide, pp. 410-11.

  69. Quote in 97: 6.

  70. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 456-58.

  71. Brij Krishna, Dilli Diary, 3: 304-5.

  72. Quoted by Miloslav Krasa in B.R. Nanda (ed.), Mahatma Gandhi: 125 Years, p. 104.

  [pp. 654-675]

  73. G.D. Khosla, A Taste of India (Bombay: Jaico, 1970), pp. 21-22.

  74. Dilip Kumar Roy, Among the Great (Bombay: Jaico, 1950), p. 110.

  75. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 241.

  76. See letter to Nehru of 29 Sept. 1947, 97: 14.

  77. 97: 317-23.

  78. 97: 317-23.

  79. 97: 317-23.

  80. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 675-76.

  81. For details and references see R. Gandhi, Patel, p. 458.

  82. From Devadas Gandhi, Ba, Bapu aur Bhai (New Delhi: Sasta Sahitya Mandal, 1956).

  83. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 697.

  84. G.M. Nandurkar (ed.), Sardar Patel Centenary Volumes (Ahmedabad), vol. 2, p. 19.

  85. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 700-1.

  86. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 701.

  87. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 703. See also Hodson, The Great Divide, p. 505.

  88. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 704.

  89. The Statesman, Calcutta, 15 Jan. 1948.

  90. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 725.

  91. Entry of 12 Jan. 1948 in Maniben Patel, Diary.

  92. Frontline, Chennai, 14 Aug. 1998.

  93. Hindustan Times, 16 & 17 Jan. 1948.

  94. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 713.

  95. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 713.

  96. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 714.

  97. Jehangir Patel and Marjorie Sykes, Gandhi: His Gift of the Fight (Rasulia, Madhya Pradesh: 1987), p. 188.

  98. 98: 253-57.

  99. Brij Krishna, Dilli Diary, 3: 576-81.

  100. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 731.

  101. See Report of the Justice Kapur Commission on the assassination quoted in A.G. Noorani, Savarkar and Hindutva (New Delhi: Leftword, 2002), pp. 130-31.

  102. Keer quoted in A.G. Noorani, Savarkar and Hindutva (New Delhi: Leftword, 2002), p. 106.

  103. See Hardiman, Gandhi In His Time And Ours (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003), p. 176.

  104. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 756.

  105. Pyarelal Last Phase, 2: 756.

  106. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 735.

  107. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 735.

  108. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 747.

  109. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 758-59; & Jehangir Patel and Marjorie Sykes, Gandhi: His Gift of the Fight (Rasulia, Madhya Pradesh: 1987), p. 191.

  110. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 759.

  [pp. 676-688]

  111. Vincent Sheean, Lead Kindly Light (New York: Random House, 1949), pp. 190-3.

  112. Brij Krishna, Dilli Diary, 3: 571.

  113. From Devadas Gandhi, Ba, Bapu aur Bhai (New Delhi: Sasta Sahitya Mandal, 1956).

  114. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 770.

  115. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 771.

  116. Letter of 5 Feb. 1948 from Patel to Nehru quoted in 98: 341.

  117. ‘After a most careful and exhaustive inquiry from first witnesses on the spot that I made at the time, I am convinced that the words that issued from Gandhiji’s mouth as he lost consciousness were not ‘Hey Rama!’ but ‘Rama, Rama’—not an invocation but simple remembrance of the Name.’—Pyarelal, who was out on an errand until a few minutes after the shooting, in Last Phase, 2: 861. We know that Gandhi pronounced Rama as Raam. According to Vishnu Karkare, one of the conspirators present at the killing, only ‘a guttural rasp, ‘Aagh’, emanated from Gandhi. (Quoted in Greeen, Gandhi, p. 386.) It is possible that Karkare did not hear, or want to remember, the starting and closing consonants. See also Abha’s account in Kanu and Abha Gandhi, Bapu Ke Saath (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1990), pp. 50-1; Manu Gandhi, Last Glimpses of Bapu (Agra: Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1962), pp. 308-9; Manu Gandhi, Dilliman Gandhiji (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1966), pp. 426-7; and Brij Krishna, Dilli Diary, 3: 576-81.

  118. Brij Krishna, Dilli D
iary, 3: 576-81

  Postscript

  1. Pyarelal, Last Phase, 2: 786-7.

  2. Quoted in Homage (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1949), p. 27.

  3. ‘Kitchen fires were not lit that night in many homes in Pakistan.’—Raza Kasim, in Lahore, to the author, 1994.

  4. Hindustan Times, 31 Jan. 1948.

  5. Manu Gandhi, End of an Epoch (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1962), p. 61.

  6. Quoted in G.M. Nandurkar (ed.), Sardar Patel Centenary Volumes, vol. 2 (Ahmedabad: 1974), pp. 221-2.

  7. Entry of 5 March 1948 in Maniben Patel, Diary, Patel Papers, Ahmedabad.

  8. Speech of 2 Oct. 1950 quoted in V. Shankar, My Reminiscences of Sardar Patel (New Delhi: Macmillan, 1975), vol. 2, pp. 236-7.

  9. Shastri’s remark in Tashkent quoted by L.P. Singh, who heard it, in Singh, Portrait of Lal Bahadur Shastri (New Delhi: Ravi Dayal, 1996), p. 96.

  10. http://www.indianembassy.org/special/cabinet/Primeminister/pm_january_01_2001.htm

  11. Remark in an unidentified Bombay daily quoted in Nilam Parikh, Gandhiji’s Lost Jewel (New Delhi: National Gandhi Museum, 2001), p. xii.

  12. A.G. Noorani, Savarkar and Hindutva (New Delhi: LeftWord, 2002), p. 96.

  13. Manu’s radiance was apparent in 1969 when the author visited her in hospital in New Delhi.

  Bibliography

  Ali, Chaudhari Muhammad, The Emergence of Pakistan (New York: Columbia, 1967).

  Ambedkar, B.R., Thoughts on Pakistan (Bombay: Thacker, 1941).

  Ambedkar, B.R., What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables (Bombay: Thacker, 1945).

  Ambedkar, B.R., Writings and Speeches (Bombay, 1982).

  Andrews, C.F., Mahatma Gandhi at Work (London: Allen & Unwin, 1931).

  Andrews, C.F., Mahatma Gandhi: His Own Story (London: Allen & Unwin, 1930).

  Andrews, C.F., Mahatma Gandhi’s Ideas (London: Allen & Unwin, 1929).

  Ashe, Geoffrey, Gandhi: A Study in Revolution (Bombay: Asia, 1968).

  Azad, Abul Kalam, India Wins Freedom (Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1959).

  Bhattacharya, Bhabani, Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann, 1977).

  Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (ed.), The Mahatma and the Poet (New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1997).

  Birla, Ghanshyam Das, A Talk on Bapu (Calcutta: Sangeet Kala Mandir, 1981).

  Birla, Ghanshyam Das, In the Shadow of the Mahatma (Bombay: Vakils, 1968).

  Bolitho, Hector, Jinnah (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press).

  Bondurant, Joan, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1958).