The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China
Page 41
Genghis takes 82
Islamic civilization 79
Sandomir, taken 140
Sarai, Batu’s capital 292
Sasaki, Randall, on Kublai’s fleet 269
Saskya monastery 209, 211
Saskya Pandita (Günga Gyaicain) 209
Sauma, Rabban 294–5
Sayyid Ajall, Yunnan administrator 177
Schubert, Johannes, on Khentii Khan 306–7
sciences, Islamic civilization 78–9
scripts, Tangut characters 53
seaports, Song 172–3
Secret History of the Mongols 13–15, 16, 19–21, 23, 25–7, 33–6, 38, 40–3, 46, 57, 59, 68, 70, 100, 116–17, 120, 122, 130, 132–3, 147, 303, 326, 352
Selenga river 33
Shagdaryn Bira, on Juvaini’s bias 81
shamanism 28
Genghis and 56–8, 95–7
ritual, Genghis mausoleum 338–9
Shandong, Li Tan’s rebellion 195
Shangdu see Xanadu
Sharaldai (theologian), on Genghisid theology 350–3
Shen Gua 174
Shenyang (Mukden), Jebe takes 59–60
Shi’at Ali 161
Shi’ites, Bukhara 77–8
Shigi 72
at Merv 86
Blue Book legal code 44
defeat by Jalal ad-Din 87
probable Secret History author 14, 87
shipyards, Korea 237
Shiraishi, Noriyuki, and Avraga 46–9
Shiremun
Ogedei’s designated heir 150
rebels against Mönkhe 154
Sichuan
Mönkhe moves through 189–90
northern 175
siege bows 62, 82, 75, 265
siege technology 55, 62, 75, 82–3, 160, 165, 220, 222–6, 228, 240, 248, 265
Silk Road 44, 53, 67, 68, 76–7, 104, 107, 164, 249, 334
Sima Jian 187
Smith, John Masson, on pasture importance 161, 169
Song 3n, 51
and Beijing 198, 199
child princes, taken to Pearl River bay 233–4
civilization 171–4
conquest 218–35
civil administration 173
forces converge on Wuchang 191
foreign trade 173
invasion 189–93
loyalists, suicides 233
naval disaster 234–5
unresolved conflict 102
Sorkaktani (Kublai’s mother) 128–9
acquires Zhengding 148
and religious diversity 137
dies 155
inherits/rules Mongolia 135, 137
Jakha Gambu, father 54, 129
Kerait Christian 129, 137
sons 135, 137, 188
supports Guyuk as khan 151, 152
warns Batu 153
widowed 133–4
Sorkan-shira 38
helps Temujin 21, 22–3
southern lands, invasion prospects 45, 51–2
spring hunt 204–7
State Script (Phags-pa’s) 213–15, 216i
Stein, Sir Aurel 53
Stoneham, Doreen 318
stony earth circles found by author 312–13, 314–16
Subedei
and Kaifeng siege 133
at Yehuling 60
finishes off Bulgars 138
in western Jin 106
in Western Xia 104
lures Bela IV into trap 141–3
pursues Muhammad 82
raids towards Europe 89–94
Temujin’s general 41
trade agreement with Crimea Venetians 91–2
Suchigil (Yisugei’s 2nd wife) 19
Suenaga, Takezaki (samurai), Invasion Scrolls 240, 267
Suzdal, taken 139
Syrdarya river 68
Syria, invaded 168
Ta’er Si, Genghis relics at 344
Tadjikistan 66
Taizu, Genghis named 200
Takashima, Kublai’s fleet at 265–7
Takla Makan Desert 53, 67
Talas peace conference 247–8
Tamara, Queen of Georgia 90
Tamburlaine (Timur) 297, 298
Tang imperial rituals, Kublai and 202–7
Tangut (Mi/Dang Xiang) people, Western Xia 52–7
challenge Genghis 103
conquered 117–18
emperor capitulates 55, 106
Lingwu defeat 105
refused help by Jin 54
script/translations 53
Targutai 21
capturers 38–9
Tatar-Tonga, and Mongolian script 44
Tatars 17, 44
Genghis destroys 36–7
poison Yisugei 18
tax-farming 146–7
Tayang, Naiman chief 41, 43
Taychiut clan, capture Temujin 19, 20–3
Tbilisi 90
Teacher/Khan principle 211
Temüge
executed 152
kills Kököchü 57
proposes self as khan 151
Temujin (Genghis Khan)
and omens 20–1
and Heaven concept 27–31
birth/naming 17–18
birthplace debate 17n
battles with Jamukha 37–8
boyhood 18–20
gathering companions 23–4, 34–5
hiding from Merkit 4, 10–11, 25–6
kills Bekter 20
named Genghis Khan 35–6
rescues Börte 32–3
Temujin (Tatar captive) 17
Temulun (Hoelun’s daughter) 25
Temur Oljeitu (Kublai’s heir) dies 287
Tengri (Heaven) concept 27–31
Tengrism 324
Terken (mother of Muhammad) 67, 82–3
theatre, Mongols and 259–60
Thomas of Split, on Mongols 143
Three Rivers Project 307–8
Tiananmen Square 198, 202
Tibet 3n, 51, 172
China and 208–17
Kublai and 210–17
Tien Shan mountains 66
Timur (Tamburlaine) 297, 298
Toghon Temur, last Mongol emperor, flees 290
Toghril 36
Toghril (Kerait leader)
and Tanguts 54
and Temujin 24–5
and Yisugei 17
defeat/death 40–1
helps rescue Börte 32–3
Sorkaktani’s uncle 129
Toghus (Hulegu’s Nestorian wife) 165–6
Tokimune shogun
orders Kyushu walls built 241
rejects Mongol ambassador 237, 239
Tolui (Genghis’s 4th son) 71
deals with Merv, Nishapur and Herat 83
dies at Kaifeng siege 133–4
inherits Mongolia 130
Sorkaktani’s husband 129
Tolun (chamberlain) 103, 106, 117
Tongguan (Jin fortress) 114
failed assault on 133
Tongling, taken 229
Toregene (Ogedei’s widow) seeks throne for Guyuk 150–1
Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo 334, 335
Tran Hung Dao 278
trebuchets
counterweight 165, 223–6, 229, 240, 248
naval counterweight 240, 265
traction 62, 75, 160, 220, 222
Tripitaka, Tangut edition 53
Tsagaan (White) 104–5
reports on Yinchuan 106
Tsushima, Kublai’s force takes 239
Tumen (guide) 312
tumulus, Khentii Khan 306, 316–18
Turkish tribes, and Tengri concept 27, 30–1
Turks, and Sunni Islam 80
Tver, taken 139
typhoon, destroys Kublai’s fleets 266–7
Uighur people 43–4, 67
script 72
Ukraine
Mongols take 140
part of Batu’s realm 291
Ulaanbaatar 3, 17, 124, 128, 298, 299, 311, 351
as boom town 354–5, 357
Ulanhu, and Genghis relics return to Lord’s Enclosure 345
UNESCO and Avraga 48
universal emperor Buddhist concept 210
Urgench 67
Uriyang-khadai (Subedei’s son) 138
assault on Yunnan 174–7
Song China invasion 189–91
takes Hanoi 177
Uzbekistan, Khaidu acquires 248
Vajrapani, Genghis as reincarnation 339
Venetians, Crimea, trade agreement with Mongols 91–2
Vienna Woods, scouts in 143–4
Vietnam 172, 278
Uriyang-khadai in 177
Vijaya, king of Java 279
Vladimir, taken 139
Volga
Mongols cross to Russia 138
Mongols defeated by Bulgars 93–4
Waley, Arthur, Travels of an Alchemist 98–101
Wang Zhe, Three Doctrines sect 97–8
Wang Zhu, plot against Ahmad 275–7
Wei Jian (archaeologist) 181–3
Wei, Prince (Jin leader) 54, 58, 60
Wei River farmlands 171
Wen Tianxiang, on Song naval disaster 234–5
Wenceslas, Czech King, avoids Mongols 141
Western Xia (Xi Xia) region 51–7
defeat 102–6, 114–18
emperors’ tombs, Yinchuan 50–1, 52
Genghis request for troops 73, 75
Genghis’s troops from 64
White History 211
White Lotus Society rebels 288
widows, inherit 128, 135
William of Rubruck 122, 326, 328
on Batu’s camp 292
on Karakorum 134–5
Wonjong, King of Korea 237
Wuchang 189
Kublai besieges 191–92
Wuwei 103
surrender 105, 229
Xanadu (Shang-du) 179–85
sacked 288
summer excursion to 207
Xia, unresolved conflict 102
Xian, Song Emperor 231, 232
Xiangyang
defences 219
siege 220–6, 239
trebuchet attack on 220–6
Xingzhou, Kublai receives 148–9
Xinjiang ‘New Kingdom’ 3n, 2, 244
deserts 66
Xiongnu people, and Tengri concept 27
Xu Cheng and Yu Jun, ‘Genghis Khan’s Palace in the Liupan Shan’ 113–14
Xu Da (Zhu’s general), takes Beijing 290
Xuanzong (Jin emperor) 60–1
Xuting, on Temujin’s grave 301
Yalu River 64
Yan’an, Genghis relics at 343
Yang Yunfu, on Xanadu 182
Yang-lo fortress, taken 228, 229
Yangtze river 2, 218
basin 172, 174
Bayan’s advance down 227–32
Yao Shu (Confucian) 150
on Cao Bin 176, 177
Yarmouth fishermen, and Novgorod advance 139
Yaroslav, taken 139
Yehuling (Wild Fox Ridge) 59, 60
Yellow River 2, 50, 52, 64, 175, 337
River re-routing disaster 287, 288
Yelu Chucai ‘Long Beard’ 120, 177, 253, 287, 304
advice ignored 146
at Lingwu 105–6
dies 147
Genghis and 97, 99
made administrator 72–3
spirituality 72–3
Ogedei’s governor of north China 130–1
reorganizing administration 131–3
Yelu family 72
Yin Mountains 123–4
Yinchuan 50, 52, 103, 104
Genghis’s siege of 55
looted 117–18
Yingzong emperor 287
Yisugei (Genghis’s father) 13, 16
and Kerait people 16–17
and Toghril 17, 24
death 18
Kököchü and 56
raids Manchuria Tatars 17
Yisui (Genghis’s wife) on succession 70
Yomiuri Shimbun 307
Young Badger’s Mouth battle 59
Yu Jun, on Liupan Shan 113–14
Yu Wuho 111
Yu Wuse 111
Yuan dynasty 194
collapse 287–90
modern symbolism 355–6
Yuan Jue, on Xanadu 182
Yuan, Northern, khans claim to be true rulers 291
Yuan Shi 114, 176, 225, 248
on Yuan burials 301
Yuanhao, written administration 53
Yunnan (Nanzhao) 172, 174–7
Zanabazar, and Khentii Khan 318
Zhangjiakou 59
Zhangye, seized 104–5
Zhenjiang, taken 230
Zhong Su-cheng, A Register of Ghosts 260
Zhu Yuanzhang, rise to power 289–90
Zui Pin, complaint against Ahmad 274, 275
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
John Man is a historian with a special interest in Mongolia. He has travelled widely across the lands that formed the Mongol Empire, becoming one of the few Western writers to explore the hidden valley where Genghis may have died, climb the sacred mountain on which he is supposedly buried and explore the ruins of Xanadu, the first capital of Genghis’s grandson, Kublai Khan. His books, published in over twenty languages, include the bestselling Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection and Kublai Khan.
Also by John Man
Gobi
Atlas of the Year 1000
Alpha Beta
The Gutenberg Revolution
Genghis Khan
Attila
Kublai Khan
The Terracotta Army
The Great Wall
The Leadership Secrets of Genghis Khan
Xanadu
Samurai
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Copyright © John Man 2014
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