State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  57. Higson, ‘Renewing British Cinema in the 1970s’, p. 222; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 31–2.

  58. Young and Willmott, The Symmetrical Family, pp. 215, 211–13; Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, p. 442; Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. 5: Competition (Oxford, 1995), p. 959; Krishan Kumar, ‘The Social and Cultural Setting’, in Boris Ford (ed.), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, volume 8: From Orwell to Naipaul (London, 1998), p. 28; Joe Moran, Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life from Breakfast to Bedtime (London, 2007), p. 180.

  59. Laing, ‘The Politics of Culture’, pp. 31–4; Briggs, Competition, pp. 848–9.

  60. Michael Tracey and David Morrison, Whitehouse (London, 1979), p. 59; Max Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse (London, 1975), pp. 83, 140, 170; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (London, 1993), p. 414.

  61. Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse, p. 83; Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), pp. 236–7; Humphrey Carpenter, Dennis Potter: A Biography (London, 1998), pp. 328–9; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 233–4; The Best of Private Eye 1974 (London, 1974). On Play for Today, see Brandt (ed.), British Television Drama; Irene Shubik, Play for Today: The Evolution of Television Drama (London, 2002); and the excellent sites at http://tv.cream.org/lookin/playfortoday and www.playfortoday.co.uk.

  62. Daily Telegraph, 14 November 1972, 1 November 1972; Briggs, Competition, pp. 958–9; The Times, 21 January 1975; Carpenter, Dennis Potter, pp. 368–71.

  63. Briggs, Competition, pp. 948–9; Louis Barfe, Turned Out Nice Again: The Story of British Light Entertainment (London, 2008), pp. 1, 146, 234–7, 253, 279–81.

  64. Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries, p. 505; The Times, 5 April 1973; on the sitcom landscape in the early 1970s, see Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 28–9; Graham McCann, Fawlty Towers: The Story of Britain’s Favourite Sitcom (London, 2007), p. 43.

  65. Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 40–41; Phil Wickham, ‘Steptoe and Son’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/467085/index.html.

  66. Phil Wickham, The Likely Lads (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 39–43, 49.

  67. Graham McCann, Dad’s Army: The Story of a Classic Television Show (London, 2001), pp. 116, 135.

  68. Evening Standard, 22 September 1975; Listener, 9 October 1975; Daily Mirror, 26 September 1975; McCann, Fawlty Towers, pp. 57, 75–6, 119–21, 139; John Cleese and Connie Booth, The Complete Fawlty Towers (London, 1989), p. 150.

  69. Ibid., pp. 139, 225, 87; McCann, Fawlty Towers, pp. 3–4, 10–17; John le Carré, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (London, 1974), pp. 111–12, 239; Kingsley Amis, Jake’s Thing (London, 1978), pp. 123, 230.

  70. Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 295.

  71. Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises (London, 1978), p. 31; Heath, The Course of My Life, pp. 308–9.

  72. Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders Since 1945 (London 2000), p. 340.

  CHAPTER 2. HEATHCO

  1. Mark Garnett and Ian Aitken, Splendid! Splendid! The Authorized Biography of Willie Whitelaw (London, 2003), p. 88; Anthony Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain (London, 1971), p. 80; Marcia Falkender, Downing Street in Perspective (London 1983), pp. 104–5; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76, (London, 1980), p. 35; John Campbell, Edward Heath: A Biography (London, 1993), pp. 292–3.

  2. John Cole, As It Seemed To Me: Political Memoirs (London, 1995), p. 80; John Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy,’ in Stuart Ball and Anthony Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (Harlow, 1996), pp. 21, 35; Peter Hennessy, Muddling Through: Power, Politics and the Quality of Government in Postwar Britain (London, 1997), p. 270; Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders Since 1945 (London, 2000), pp. 336, 342; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 1, 22 June 1970.

  3. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, p. 99; Kevin Theakston, ‘The Heath Government, Whitehall and the Civil Service’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, p. 75; Hennessy, The Prime Minister, pp. 337, 344; Edward Heath, The Course of My Life (London, 1998), pp. 318–19; Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises (London, 1978), p. 92.

  4. PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 1, 22 June 1970.

  5. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 178, 264–7; Philip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), p. 40; The Economist, 7 February 1970; Spectator, 7 February 1970; John Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: A History of the Conservative Party Since 1830 (London, 1999), pp. 398–400; E. H. H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 2002), pp. 231–2.

  6. See Dennis Kavanagh, Thatcherism and British Politics: The End of Consensus? (Oxford, 1987), pp. 6–8, 26–60; David Butler and Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, The British General Election of 1970 (London, 1971), p. 24; Ivor Crewe and Anthony King, SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party (Oxford, 1995), pp. 3–4; David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma: From Lloyd George to Blair (London, 1999), p. 155.

  7. Jim Tomlinson, ‘Inventing “Decline”: The Falling Behind of the British Economy in the Post-War Years’, Economic History Review, 49:4 (1996), pp. 731–57; Jim Tomlinson, The Politics of Decline: Understanding Post-war Britain (London, 2000); Jim Tomlinson, ‘Thrice Denied: “Declinism” as a Recurrent Theme in British History in the Long Twentieth Century’, Twentieth Century British History, 20:2 (2009), pp. 227–51; Andrew Gamble, Britain in Decline: Economic Policy, Political Strategy and the British State (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. xv, 15, 17; Catherine R. Schenk, ‘Britain and the Common Market’, in Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s: The Troubled Economy (London, 1996), p. 193; The Times, 16 July 1970.

  8. Gamble, Britain in Decline, pp. 105, 109, 115; Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward, ‘The British Economy in the 1970s’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, pp. 8–9; Nicholas Crafts, ‘Economic Growth in the 1970s’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, p. 102; Terry Gourvish, ‘Beyond the Merger Mania: Merger and De-Merger Activity’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, pp. 236–7; Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe: The Decline and Revival of British Industry Since the Second World War (London, 1999), pp. 3, 5, 9–29, 422–3, 439–41, 447–61.

  9. The Times, 29 June 1970; Sir Alec Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 109–10; Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy’, pp. 26–7; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 54.

  10. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 230, 232–3, 272; Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy’, pp. 28–30; Ramsden, An Appetite for Power, pp. 396–8; Peter Walker, Staying Power: An Autobiography (London, 1991), p. 52.

  11. Robert Shepherd, Iain Macleod: A Biography (London, 1994), pp. 431, 440–41, 446–7, 462–3.

  12. Ibid., pp. 534–5, 538–9; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 320; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 54; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 302–3; Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (London, 1996), pp. 374–5.

  13. Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 297; Cecil King, The Cecil King Diary 1965–70 (London, 1972), p. 286; Lewis Baston, Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling (Stroud, 2004), pp. 264–5, 350, 391.

  14. Lewis Baston and Anthony Seldon, ‘Number 10 under Edward Heath’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 53–62; Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy’, p. 36; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 298–9, 377–8; Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 105–6, 126–7, 108–9; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 31.

  15. Daily Telegraph, 8 April 2008, 7 June 2008; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 7–8, 10, 52, 258; Ramsden, An Appetite for Power, p. 388; Baston and Seldon, ‘Number 10 under Edward Heath’, pp. 51–2; Hurd, An End to Promises, p. 137.

  16. Hennessy, The Prime Minister, p. 341; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (
London, 1986), pp. 38, 101; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 259; Evening Standard, 12 October 1970.

  17. The Times, 19 June 1970; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 285–6, 289; Ramsden, An Appetite for Power, pp. 389, 401; Michael Cockerell, Live from Number Ten: The Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television (London, 1989), pp. 170–71; Baston and Seldon, ‘Number 10 under Edward Heath’, pp. 49–50.

  18. Hansard, 2 July 1970; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 300–301, 310–12.

  19. Evening Standard, 12 October 1970; New Statesman, 8 December 1970; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 314, 317–27; Baston and Seldon, ‘Number 10 under Edward Heath’, pp. 67–9; Theakston, ‘The Heath Government, Whitehall and the Civil Service’, pp. 94–8.

  20. The Times, 21 December 1970, 29 January 1971, 24 June 1971, 9 August 1972; Robert Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, pp. 148–9; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 331, 378–9.

  21. The Times, 12 June 1969, 17 February 1971, 17 October 1972, 28 March 1973, 13 August 1973, 1 April 1973, 5 June 1974; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (71) 8, 4 February 1971; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 379–80; Ball, ‘The Conservative Party and the Heath Government,’ p. 325.

  22. Prior, A Balance of Power, p. 71; Rodney Lowe, ‘The Social Policy of the Heath Government’, in Ball and Seldon, The Heath Government, pp. 191, 199; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 376; Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State (London, 1996), p. 280.

  23. Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett, Keith Joseph (Chesham, 2002), pp. 14, 24, 48–50, 55, 219; Hansard, 28 November 1972; Lowe, ‘The Social Policy of the Heath Government’, pp. 205–7, 210–13; Timmins, The Five Giants, pp. 287–8, 292–7, 301–3.

  24. John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 1: The Grocer’s Daughter (London, 2000), pp. 228–42; Guardian, 14 January 1974.

  25. PRO CAB 129/150, CP (70) 24, ‘The Economic Outlook’, 21 July 1970; The Times, 15 April 1970, 21 April 1970, 30 April 1970; Coopey and Woodward, ‘The British Economy in the 1970s’, pp. 4–5; Max-Stephan Schulze and Nicholas Woodward, ‘The Emergence of Rapid Inflation’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, pp. 109–12; Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, pp. 111–12; Sir Alec Cairncross, The British Economy Since 1945: Economic Policy and Performance, 1945–1990 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 164–7, 189–90.

  26. PRO CAB 129/150, CP (70) 24, ‘The Economic Outlook’, 21 July 1970; Hansard, 27 October 1970; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 327–8; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 378–9; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 12, 3 September 1970.

  27. The Times, 12 August 1970; Gerald A. Dorfman, Government versus Trade Unionism in British Politics Since 1968 (London, 1979), pp. 67–9; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 309, 328–9.

  28. PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 12, 3 September 1970.

  29. PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 36, 26 October 1970; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 34, 29 October 1970; The Times, 3 October 1970, 5 October 1970, 6 October 1970, 7 October 1970, 2 November 1970; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), p. 10.

  30. PRO CAB 129/53, CP (70) 82, ‘Local Government: Manual Workers’ Dispute’, 12 October 1970; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 30, 15 October 1970; The Times, 6 November 1970, 7 November 1970; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 328–9.

  31. Cockerell, Live from Number Ten, p. 172; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 329, 373; Ramsden, An Appetite for Power, p. 394.

  32. The Times, 12 November 1970, 7 December 1970, 8 December 1970; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 329–30; Tony Benn, Office Without Power: Diaries 1968–72 (London, 1988), p. 318; Hurd, An End to Promises, p. 99.

  33. The Times, 9 December 1970, 10 December 1970.

  34. The Times, 10 December 1970; Norman Tebbit, Upwardly Mobile (London, 1988), p. 102.

  35. The Times, 12 December 1970, 14 December 1970, 19 January 1971; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 44, 8 December 1970; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 46, 12 December 1970; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London, 2009), pp. 589–90; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 47, 14 December 1970.

  36. PRO CAB 129/55, CP (71) 19, ‘The Wilberforce Report’, 8 February 1971; The Times, 11 February 1971; The Economist, 13 February 1971: Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), p. 43; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 330.

  37. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, p. 79; Private Eye, 15 July 1971; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 333, 501–2.

  38. PRO CAB 128/47 CM (71) 6, 2 February 1971; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (71) 7, 3 February 1971; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (71) 8, 4 February 1971; The Times, 5 February 1971.

  39. PRO CAB 128/47 CM (71) 6, 2 February 1971; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, pp. 140, 146–8; Hansard, 4 November 1970.

  40. Ramsden, ‘The Prime Minister and the Making of Policy’, pp. 32–3; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, pp. 139, 141, 144, 146; Nicholas Ridley, My Style of Government: The Thatcher Years (London, 1992), p. 4; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 379.

  41. The Times, 8 February 1971; PRO CAB 128/47 CM (71) 6, 2 February 1971; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (71) 7, 3 February 1971; PRO CAB 128/47 CM (71) 9, 9 February 1971; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 340; Tebbit, Upwardly Mobile, p. 103; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, p. 150; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 330; Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London, 1998), pp. 575, 583.

  42. Hansard, 14 June 1971, 21 June 1971; The Times, 14 June 1971, 15 June 1971, 25 June 1971, 30 July 1971; PRO CAB 129/158, CP 71 (95), ‘Shipbuilding on the Upper Clyde’, 27 July 1971; John Foster and Charles Woolfson, The Politics of the UCS Work-In: Class Alliances and the Right to Work (London, 1986), pp. 192, 328; Taylor, ‘The Heath Government, Industrial Policy and the “New Capitalism” ’, p. 151.

  43. PRO CAB 129/158, CP 71 (95), ‘Shipbuilding on the Upper Clyde’, 27 July 1971; Hansard, 29 July 1971; The Times, 30 July 1971.

  44. The Times, 17 June 1971.

  45. The Times, 10 October 1972; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 80–81; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 371; Benn, Office Without Power, p. 363.

  46. Ibid., pp. 349–50, 364, 366; The Times, 24 June 1971, 3 August 1971, 19 August 1971.

  47. The Times, 12 August 1971; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 367; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 499–500.

  48. Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, p. 113; The Times, 19 June 1971; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 369–70.

  49. Hansard, 30 March 1971; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 369–70, 408; Timmins, The Five Giants, p. 306; Dell, The Chancellors, pp. 380–82, 391.

  50. The Times, 20 July 1971, 22 November 1971; Cairncross, ‘The Heath Government and the British Economy’, pp. 115–16; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 383; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 374–5.

  51. Guardian, 25 November 1971; The Times, 19 November 1971, 25 November 1971.

  52. The Economist, 27 November 1971; N. F. R. Crafts, ‘Economic Growth in the 1970s’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, p. 102; Schulze and Woodward, ‘The Emergence of Rapid Inflation’, pp. 121, 132; Nicholas Woodward, ‘The Retreat from Full Employment’, in Coopey and Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s, pp. 136–62; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 409–11; Dell, The Chancellors, p. 391; Prior, A Balance of Power, p. 74.

  53. PRO CAB 128/50, CM (72) 3, 20 January 1972; Hansard, 20 January 1972; The Times, 21 January 1972; Daily Mirror, 21 January 1972.

  54. Hansard, 24 January 1972; The Times, 26 January 1972; Daily Telegraph, 26 January 1972; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 82; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 408, 411.

  CHAPTER 3. GHOSTS OF 1926

  1. Tony Lane and Kenneth Roberts, Strike at Pilkingtons (London, 1971), pp. 31–2.

  2. Ibid., pp. 11–12, 64–76; Daily Express, 6 May 1970; Financial Times, 6 May 1970.

  3. Lane and Roberts, Strike at Pi
lkingtons, pp. 67, 124–5, 176–7.

  4. Ibid., pp. 86–8, 95, 103–7, 124–5, 180.

  5. Paul Ferris, The New Militants: Crisis in the Trade Unions (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 7; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), p. 82; Raphael Samuel, The Lost World of British Communism (London, 2006), pp. 210–11.

  6. Anthony Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain (London, 1971), pp. 626, 630; Stephen Milligan, The New Barons: Union Power in the 1970s (London, 1976), pp. 80–81; Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe: The Decline and Revival of British Industry Since the Second World War (London, 1999), p. 431.

  7. Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 636–7; Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 66–8; Milligan, The New Barons, p. 164; Chris Wrigley, ‘Trade Unions, Strikes and the Government’, in Richard Coopey and Nicholas Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s: The Troubled Economy (London, 1996), pp. 274–5.

  8. John McIlroy and Alan Campbell, ‘The High Tide of Trade Unionism: Mapping Industrial Politics, 1964–79’, in John McIlroy, Nina Fishman and Alan Campbell (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism: Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, 1964–1979 (Monmouth, 2007), p.99; Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 23, 39–40.

  9. Richard Clutterbuck, Britain in Agony: The Growth of Political Violence (London, 1978), p. 39; McIlroy and Campbell, ‘The High Tide of Trade Unionism’, pp. 108–9; Milligan, The New Barons, pp. 154–5; Ferris, The New Militants, pp. 18–19, 53; Roy Greenslade, Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits from Propaganda (London, 2004), pp. 282, 284; Owen, From Empire to Europe, pp. 139, 231, 235.

  10. Robert Taylor, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Social Contract’, in Anthony Seldon and Kevin Hickson (eds.), New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments, 1974–1979 (London, 2004), p. 102; Owen, From Empire to Europe, pp. 439–41; PRO PREM 13/2724, ‘The White Paper on Industrial Relations’, 14 January 1969; McIlroy and Campbell, ‘The High Tide of Trade Unionism’, p. 109; Wrigley, ‘Trade Unions, Strikes and the Government’, p. 280.