The Arab_Israeli Conflict
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45 Anders Strindberg, “Forgotten Christians,” American Conservative, May 24, 2004.
46 Scott McConnell, “Divided and Conquered,” American Conservative, July 3, 2006.
47 Michael Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 218, 289, 367–368, 424; Robert D. Kaplan, The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite (New York: Free Press, 1995).
48 Barry Rubin, Secrets of State: The State Department and the Struggle over U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 136, 247.
49 Ed Lasky, “Baker’s ISG: Shilling for the Saudis,” American Thinker, December 19, 2006, http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/12/personnel_is_policy_the_case_o.html.
50 Edward H. Crane and William A. Niskanen, “Upholding Liberty in America,” Financial Times, June 24, 2003; Andrew Sullivan, “A False Premise”, Atlantic, February 5, 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2009/02/-a-false-premise/205994/.
51 William F. Buckley, “In Search of Anti-Semitism,” National Review, December 30, 1991; Susanne Klingenstein, “It’s Splendid When the Town Whore Gets Religion and Joins the Church: The Rise of the Jewish Neoconservatives as Observed by the Paleoconservatives in the 1980s,” Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 21, no. 3 (2003): 83–98; Ilana Mercer, “Libertarians Who Loathe Israel,” WND, August 13, 2003, http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=34057; Ron Kampeas, “Jewish Conservatives Push Back against Paul Surge,” JTA, December 27, 2011.
52 Patrick J. Buchanan, “A Phony Crisis – and a Real One,” WND, July 15, 2008, http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=69665.
53 Stephen Sniegoski, The Transparent Cabal: The Neoconservative Agenda, War in the Middle East, and the National Interest of Israel (Norfolk, VA: Enigma Editions, 2008).
54 Pat Buchanan, The McLaughlin Group, June 15, 1990, quoted in “Pat Buchanan on American Jews and the Pro-Israel Lobby,” Anti-Defamation League, http://www.adl.org/special_reports/buchanan_own_words/buchanan_intro.asp; Andrew Sullivan, “Israel Derangement Syndrome II” Atlantic, June 4, 2010, http://theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2010/06/israel-derangement-syndrome-ii/186259/.
55 Gary Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (London: Routledge, 2004), 22–25; Mearsheimer and Walt, The Israel Lobby; on Pat Buchanan, see The McLaughlin Group, August 26, 1990, and The McLaughlin Group, June 15, 1990 (both quoted in “Pat Buchanan on American Jews and the Pro-Israel Lobby”).
56 Malcolm Kerr, The Arab Cold War: Gamal Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958–1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971).
57 National Security Council Meeting, August 7, 1958, quoted in Ben-Zvi, Decade of Transition, 81.
58 Abraham Ben-Zvi, The American Approach to Superpower Collaboration in the Middle East, 1973–1986, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986).
59 “Middle East Breakthrough,” National Review, October 4, 1993, 16; “Look over Jordan,” National Review, August 15, 1994, 18.
60 William F. Buckley Jr. “The End of Arafat,” National Review, December 31, 2001, 50.
61 On populist nationalism and American strategy and foreign policy, see Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Routledge, 2002); Walter Russell Mead, “The New Israel and the Old: Why Gentile Americans Back the Jewish State,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 4 (July–August 2008); Mann, Rise of the Vulcans, 58–73, 125.
62 Walter Russell Mead. “The Tea Party and American Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 2 (March–April 2011); “Strong on Defense and Israel, Tough on China: Tea Party and Foreign Policy,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, October 7, 2011 http://www.people-press.org/2011/10/07/strong-on-defense-and-israel-tough-on-china/.
63 Henry Nau, “Conservative Internationalism,” Policy Review 150 (August–September 2008), 3–45.
64 Jacob Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons (New York: Anchor, 2009); Benjamin Balint, Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine That Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right (New York: Public Affairs, 2010); Gary J. Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993).
65 Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right, 12, 44–47, 95, 114–115; Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008).
66 Mann, Rise of the Vulcans, 27–29, 74–75
67 Mann, Rise of the Vulcans, 130–135, 210–215; Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right, 173–177, 201.
68 Mann, Rise of the Vulcans, 198–199; 235–236; Thomas Ricks, “Holding Their Ground,” Washington Post, December 23, 2003.
69 Nathan Abrams, Norman Podhoretz and Commentary Magazine: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons (New York: Continuum, 2010), 5.
70 Fawaz Gerges, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 55, 70.
71 Dorrien, Imperial Designs, 181; author interview with Danielle Pletka, vice president of Foreign and Defense Policy Studies, American Enterprise Institute, 2013.
72 Norman Podhoretz, World War IV: The Long Struggle against Islamofascism, (New York: Doubleday, 2007).
73 This subsection draws heavily on Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence.
74 Mitt Romney, “10/19/09 – 2009 AIPAC National Summit” (speech, AIPAC National Summit, October 19, 2009), Mitt Romney Central, http://mittromneycentral.com/speeches/2009-speeches/101909-2009-aipac-national-summit/.
75 George Will, “Netanyahu: Promises to Keep,” Washington Post, June 23, 1996, C07; Victor Davis Hanson, “Islamic Fascism 101,” National Review Online, September 25, 2006, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/218799/islamic-fascism-101/victor-davis-hanson.
76 Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right, 80, 129, 140; Eugene Rostow, “The American Stake in Israel,” Commentary, April 1977, 32–46; George Will, “Stalin’s Lingering Traces,” Washington Post, August 8, 1991, A19.
77 A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm (Washington, DC: Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, 1996).
78 Elliot Abrams, “Israel and the Peace Process,” in Robert Kagan and William Kristol, eds., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy (San Francisco: Encounter, 2000), 221–240.
79 Saad, “Support for Israel in U.S. at 63%, Near Record High.”
80 Jeffrey Goldberg, “McCain on Israel, Iran and the Holocaust,” Atlantic, May 30, 2008, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2008/05/mccain-on-israel-iran-and-the-holocaust/8346/.
81 Romney, “10/19/09 – 2009 AIPAC National Summit.”
82 Author interview with Noam Neusner, White House Liaison to the Jewish Community during the George W. Bush administration, 2013.
83 William Safire, “Israel’s Shame,” New York Times, December 23, 1999, 29.
84 For example, see Norman Podhoretz, “Israel – with Grandchildren,” Commentary, December 1995, 38–48; Douglas Feith, “Land for No Peace,” Commentary, June 1994, 32–37.
85 Susan A. Glenn, “The Vogue of Jewish Self-Hatred in Post–World War II America”, Jewish Social Studies 12, no. 3 (2006): 95–136; Balint, Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine, 26, 36–38, 47, 84, 115, 214;.
86 Author interview with Elliot Abrams, 2013; author interview with Shoshana Bryen, director of the Jewish Institute for National Security and later of the Jewish Policy Center, 2013.
87 “Goal of Libyan Occupation Less Clear to Public,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, April 5, 2011, http://www.people-press.org/2011/04/05/goal-of-libyan-operation-less-clear-to-public/.
88 Ralph Z. Hallow, “Evangelical Faith Drives Palin’s Pro-Israel View,” Washington Times, September 4, 2008, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/sep/04/palins-evangelical-faith-drives-pro-israel-view/?page=all.
90 “Address of U.S. President George Bush to the Knesset”, May 15, 2008,” The Knesset, http://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/doc/speech_bush_2008_eng.htm.
91 “Public Expresses Mixed Views of Islam, Mormonism,” Pew Research Religion, and Public Life Project, September 25, 2007, http://pewforum.org/surveys/religionviews07/.
92 Jeremy D. Mayer, “Christian Fundamentalists and Public Opinion toward the Middle East: Israel’s New Best Friends?” Social Science Quarterly, 85, no. 3 (2004): 695–712.
93 “Rick Santorum: ‘There Are No Palestinians,’” Israel Hayom, January 4, 2012.
94 Associated Press, “Republican Huckabee Supports Israeli Settlements,” Ynetnews.com, August 17, 2009, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3763241,00.html; Dan Murphy, “Sarah Palin Urges Israel Settlement Expansion, Attacks Barack Obama,” Christian Science Monitor, November 18, 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/1118/sarah-palin-urges-israel-settlement-expansion-attacks-barack-obama.
95 James M. Inhofe, “America’s Stake in Israel’s War on Terrorism” (speech, U.S. Senate, December 4, 2001), http://www.inhofe.senate.gov/newsroom/speech/americas-stake-in-israels-war-on-terrorism.
96 Dick Armey, Hardball with Chris Matthews, CNBC, May 1, 2002.
97 Romney, “10/19/09 – 2009 AIPAC National Summit.”
98 Midge Decter, “Neocon Memoir,” American Jewish History, 87, no. 2–3 (1999); Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right, 94, 151.
99 A Clean Break.
100 For details see Jonathan Rynhold and Dov Waxman, “Ideological Change and Israel’s Disengagement from Gaza,” Political Science Quarterly, 123, no. 1 (2008).
101 Charles Krauthammer, “Bibi’s Endgame: Behind the Sound and Fury of the High-Stakes Peace Talks,” Weekly Standard, June 8, 1998, 22.
102 Peter Berkowitz, “Good Fences Make Good Neighbors,” Weekly Standard, March 1, 2004; Peter Berkowitz, “Israel after Sharon … and Palestine after Fatah,” Weekly Standard, February 6, 2006; Tom Rose, “No Greater Israel: No New Middle East. What’s Next?” Weekly Standard, November 6, 2000, 19.
103 David Pryce-Jones, “Fantasy Time,” National Review, May 6, 2002, 20–24.
104 Ron Kampeas, “Wolfowitz Backs Peace Petition,” JTA, November 3, 2003; Ron Kampeas, “‘Virtual’ Accord Gaining Real Support Ahead of Backers’ Washington Visit,” JTA, December 2, 2003.
105 Norman Podhoretz, “America and Israel: An Ominous Change,” Commentary, January 1992, 21; David Bar-Illan, “Why a Palestinian State Is Still a Mortal Threat,” Commentary, November 1993, 27–32; Yuval Steinitz, “When the Palestinian Army Invades the Heart of Israel,” Commentary, December 1999, 39–43; Feith, “Land for No Peace”; Yigal Carmon, “The Story behind the Handshake,” Commentary, March 1994, 25–31; Douglas Feith, “Wye and the Road to War,” Commentary, January 1999, 43–47.
106 Abrams, “Israel and the Peace Process”; Dorrien, Imperial Designs, 197; Pryce-Jones, “Fantasy Time”; Hillel Halkin, “Intifada II: Israel’s Nightmare,” Commentary, December 2000, 44–48.
107 William Safire, “Across the River,” New York Times, December 14, 1998, 31; Elliott Abrams and Michael Singh, “Spoilers: The End of the Peace Process,” World Affairs 172, no. 2 (Fall 2009), http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/spoilers-end-peace-process; Hillel Halkin, “Beyond the Geneva Accord,” Commentary, January 2004, 21–28.
108 William Safire, “If I Forget Thee…,” New York Times, September 30, 1996, 17; William Safire, “Now the Hard Part,” New York Times, October 26, 1998, 21.
109 For readership figures both in print and electronic editions, see “The State of the News Media 2001,” Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, http://stateofthemedia.org/2011/magazines-essay/; “The State of the News Media 2010: Opinion Magazines,” Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, http://stateofthemedia.org/2010/magazines-summary-essay/opinion-magazines/; “The American Conservative,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Conservative. For Commentary’s official figures, see the magazine’s December edition for any given year; for example, p. 68 for 1995, p. 72 for 2000, p. 82 for 2005; see also “Commentary (magazine),” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_(magazine); Peter Steinfels, “All in the Mespoche,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas 17 (Summer 2010), http://www.democracyjournal.org/17/6762.php?page=all.
110 Other important conservative columnists like the Washington Post’s Charles Krauthammer also wrote consistently on this topic. But unlike Safire and Will, Krauthammer also wrote extensively for the Weekly Standard, so his views are already covered there.
111 “Middle East Breakthrough?” National Review, September 20, 1993, 22; “Dealing with the Enemy,” National Review, October 4, 1993, 70–72; “Middle East Breakthrough,” National Review, October 4, 1993, 16.
112 Jonathan Silvers, “The Synagogue Militant,” National Review, December 11, 1995, 36–37; “Massacre in Hebron,” National Review, March 21, 1994, 14–17; “Books in Brief – Zealots for Zion: Inside Israel’s West Bank,” National Review, January 18, 1993, 58.
113 “After Hebron,” National Review, February 10, 1997, 19; “Hebron Hangups,” National Review, January 27, 1997; Peter Rodman, “Fearful Summitry,” National Review, October 28, 1996, 58–59.
114 “Last Tango in Damascus,” National Review, May 20, 1996, 16; David Bar-Illan, “Rain of Terror,” National Review, March 6, 1995, 26; Rael Jean Isaac, “Israel Unarmed,” National Review, April 22, 1996, 26–29; “Declaration of War,” National Review, March 25, 1996, 21; David Pryce-Jones, “Birth of a Nation: The Perils of Palestinian Statehood,” National Review, May 31, 1999, 22–24.
115 David Klinghoffer, “Book of Books,” National Review, October 23, 2000; Chandler Burr, “Zionist Crackup,” National Review, August 14, 2000, 60–61.
116 Bill Press and Pat Buchanan, “What Should the U.S. Position Be on a Palestinian State?” Crossfire, CNN, May 7, 1998; Bill Press and Pat Buchanan, “Mideast Diplomacy Dance between Palestine and Israel,” Crossfire, CNN, January 20, 1998.
117 Charles Krauthammer, “Israel Is Taken In by Arafat’s Deadly Zero-Sum Game,” Chicago Tribune, May 20, 1994; Abrams, “Israel and the Peace Process”; Podhoretz, “A Statement on the Peace Process,” Commentary, April 1993, 19; William Safire, “Responding to Terror,” New York Times, January 26, 1995, 21.
118 David Bar-Illan, “The Wages of Oslo,” Commentary, May 1996, 23–30; Dore Gold, “Where Is the Peace Process Going?” Commentary, August 1995, 38–43; Charles Krauthammer, “Why Bibi Won,” Weekly Standard, June 17, 1996, 29; David Bar-Illan, “What Arafat Is Up To,” Weekly Standard, March 18, 1996, 14; Daniel Pipes and Alexander Stillman, “Two-Faced Yasir,” Weekly Standard, September 25, 1995, 10.
119 Krauthammer, “Israel Is Taken In by Arafat’s Deadly Zero-Sum Game”; Abrams, “Israel and the Peace Process.”
120 For example, George Will, “Land for a Liar’s Promises,” Washington Post, March 27, 1997, A27; George Will, “A Peace with Considerable Risks,” Washington Post, September 9, 1993, A21; George Will, “No Partners for Peace,” Washington Post, October 22, 2000, B07.
121 Safire, “Responding to Terror”; David Bar-Illan, “A Vote for Realism,” Weekly Standard, June 10, 1996, 18; Krauthammer, “Why Bibi Won”; Feith, “Land for No Peace.”
122 Elliott Abrams, “Seize the Moment, by Richard Nixon,” Commentary, March 1992, 62; Charles Krauthammer, “Under a Thatched Roof, with Warren Christopher,” Weekly Standard, May 6. 1996; “Clinton’s Feckless Foreign Policy,” editorial, Weekly Standard, May 25, 1998, 11; William Safire, “The Phantom Alliance,” New York Times, February 4, 1999, 27; Norman Podhoretz, “A Statement on the Peace Process”; Feith, “Land for No Peace.”
123 William Safire, “Not Arafat’s Fault?” New York Times, July 30, 2001, 17; William Safire, “Arafat’s ‘War Proc
ess,’” New York Times, November 20, 2000, 27; David Pryce-Jones, “Arafat’s Moment of Truth: It’s Now or Never,” National Review, August 28, 2000, 26–27; Daniel Pipes, “Land for What? How the Peace Process Brought Israel to the Brink of War,” American Spectator, March 2001, 12–14; Tom Rose, “Arafat’s War,” Weekly Standard, October 23, 2000, 20; Charles Krauthammer, “Arafat’s War,” Weekly Standard, September 3, 2001, 25; Robert Kagan and William Kristol, “A Green Light for Israel,” Weekly Standard, September 3, 2001, 9; “The Middle East: The Wages of No,” National Review, March 5, 2001, 17; Efraim Karsh, “Israel’s War,” Commentary, April 2002, 23–28; William Safire, “Arafat’s Implausible Denials,” New York Times, January 10, 2002, 27; Michael Oren, “Does the U.S. Finally Understand Israel?” Commentary, July–August 2002, 33–37; David Pryce-Jones, “The New Cold War,” National Review, November 5, 2001, 38–41; Jay Nordlinger, “In Israel, Part IV,” National Review Online, September 16, 2004.