The Arab_Israeli Conflict

by Jonathan Rynhold

  120 Eric Fingerhut, “J Street Confab Shows Generational Divide on Israel,” JTA, October 27, 2009.

  121 Hilary Krieger, “J Street Branch Drops Pro-Israel Slogan,” Jerusalem Post, October 27, 2009.

  122 Quoted in Traub, “The New Israel Lobby”; and in Yoffie, “On Gaza, Sense and Centrism.”

  123 Ari Roth, “J Street Letter of Support on Discussing 7JC,” Theater J Blog, March 26, 2009, http://theaterjblogs.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/j-street-letter-of-support-on-discussing-7jc/.

  124 Natasha Mozgovaya, “Israel Envoy Hosts J Street Chief in Bid to End Rift,” Haaretz, April 16, 2010; Natasha Mozgovaya, “Poet Booted from J Street Meet for Comparing Guantanamo to Auschwitz,” Haaretz, October 20, 2009; Eric Fingerhut, “J Street, B’nai B’rith Rip Toronto Film Festival Protests,” JTA, September 9, 2009; Nathan Guttman, “From the Left: J Street Moves to Center on Iran Sanctions,” Jewish Daily Forward, December 25, 2009.

  125 Author interviews at the J Street U conference in Washington DC in 2013.

  126 Wertheimer, Generation of Change.

  127 Jack Wertheimer, “The Fragmentation of American Jewry and Its Leadership: Interview with Jack Wertheimer,” Changing Jewish Communities 29 (February 6, 2008), available at http://jcpa.org/article/the-fragmentation-of-american-jewry-and-its-leadership/.

  128 Sasson, The New Realism.

  129 Waxman, “The Israel Lobbies.”

  130 Ron Kampeas, “Sitting between Bibi and Obama, AIPAC Criticized by Left and Right,” JTA, May 7, 2009.

  131 Hoffman, “King without a Crown.” J Street subsequently applied to join the Conference.

  132 Traub, “The New Israel Lobby.”

  133 Natasha Mozgovaya, “Biden: Israel’s decisions must be made in Jerusalem, not DC.,”

  134 Nathan Guttman, “Jewish Leaders Give Obama No Push-Back on Settlement Freeze,” Jewish Daily Forward, July 24, 2009; Ron Kampeas, “At White House, US Jews Offer Little Resistance to Obama Policy on Settlements,” JTA, July 13, 2009; Nathan Guttman, “Key U.S. Jews Wary of Netanyahu’s Unbending Policy on Settlements,” Jewish Daily Forward, June 3, 2009.

  135 Author interview with Stuart Eizenstat, July 2013.

  136 Schrag, “Ripples from the Matzav.”

  137 Paradoxically, the rise in these attacks on Israel’s legitimacy has led to a rise in funding for more conservative pro-Israel groups. In turn, mainstream groups note that playing to the Right on these issues will raise more money, so they adjust their messages accordingly; interview with an official in a mainstream American Jewish organization, September 2008.

  138 This was pointed out by David Saperstein, author interview, July 2013.

  Conclusion

  1 “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning” (Cairo University), White House, June 4, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.

  2 “Mitt Romney on Israel,” Political Guide, September 3, 2012, http://www.thepoliticalguide.com/rep_bios.php?rep_id=64410102&category=views&id=20110613114008.

  3 Michelle Sieff, “Gaza and After: An Interview with Paul Berman,” ZWORD, March 2009, available at http://archive.today/19gnG.

  4 “New BESA Center/ADL Poll: Attitudes of Israelis toward the U.S. Remain Strongly Positive,” Anti-Defamation League, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/5517_62.htm (no longer available); Julian Pecquet, “Israelis Favor Romney over Obama by Wide Margin in Latest Poll,” Hill, October 29, 2012, http://thehill.com/policy/international/264609-romney-polls-far-ahead-of-obama-in-israel.

  5 The ideological polarization of American politics has been reinforced by congressional redistricting. See Jamie L. Carson et al., “‘Redistricting and Party Polarization in the U.S. House of Representatives,” American Politics Research 35, no. 6 (2007): 878–904.

  6 “Partisan Polarization Surges in Bush, Obama Years: Trends in American Values: 1987–2012,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, June 4, 2012, http://www.people-press.org/2012/06/04/partisan-polarization-surges-in-bush-obama-years/.

  7 Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997); Andrew Kohut and Bruce Stokes, America against the World: How We Are Different and Why We Are Disliked (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).

  8 Steven M. Cohen and Arnold Eisen, The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000).

  9 Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).

  10 Stuart Eizenstat identified this as a significant challenge. Author interview, July 2013.

  11 “‘Nones’ on the Rise,” Pew Research Religion and Public Life Project, October 9, 2012, http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/; Barry Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, American Religious Identification Survey 2008: Summary Report (Hartford, CT: Trinity College, 2009).

  12 “In Shift from Bush Era, More Conservatives Say ‘Come Home, America,’” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, June 16, 2011, http://www.people-press.org/2011/06/16/in-shift-from-bush-era-more-conservatives-say-come-home-america/.

  13 A. F. K. Organski, The $36 Billion Bargain: Strategy and Politics in U.S. Assistance to Israel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 247; Lydia Saad, “Americans’ Support for Israel Unchanged since Gaza Conflict: Most Americans Sympathize with Israel, View It Favorably,” Gallup, March 3, 2009, http://www.gallup.com/poll/116308/Americans-Support-Israel-Unchanged-Gaza-Conflict.aspx.

  14 Kenneth S. Stern, Antisemitism Today: How It Is the Same, How It Is Different, and How to Fight It (New York: American Jewish Committee, 2006).

  15 Jonathan Rynhold, “The Republican Primaries and the Israel Acid Test,” BESA Perspectives (February 15, 2012). http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives165.pdf.

  16 Elliot Abrams, Tested by Zion: The Bush Administration and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

  Bibliography

  Abrams, Elliot. “Israel and the Peace Process.” In Robert Kagan and William Kristol, eds., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy. San Francisco: Encounter, 2000, 221–240.

  Abrams, Elliot. Tested by Zion: The Bush Administration and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

  Abrams, Elliot and Michael Singh. “Spoilers: The End of the Peace Process.” World Affairs 172, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 69–76. www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/spoilers-end-peace-process.

  Abrams, Nathan. Norman Podhoretz and Commentary Magazine: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons. New York: Continuum, 2010.

  Abu-Manneh, Bashir. “Israel in the U.S. Empire.” In Elleke Boehmer and Stephen Morton, eds., Terror and the Postcolonial: A Concise Companion. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, 226–252.

  Adler, Emmanuel. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 319–363.

  Aikman, David. A Man of Faith: The Spiritual Journey of George W. Bush. Nashville: W Publishing Group, 2004.

  Allin, Dana H., and Steven Simon. “America’s Predicament.” Survival 46, no. 4 (2004): 7–30.

  Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.

  Ament, Jonathon. American Jewish Religious Denominations. New York: United Jewish Communities, 2005. www.jewishfederations.org/local_includes/downloads/7579.pdf.

  Ament, Jonathon. Israel Connections and American Jews: Report Series on the National Jewish Population Survey 2000–01. New York: New York University, Berman Jewish Policy Archive, August 2005. www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=2848.

  J Street Blog. “March 2009 Survey Results.” http://jstreet.org/blog/post/march-2009-survey-results.

  J Street Blog. “March 2010 Surve
y Results.” http://jstreet.org/blog/post/march-2010-survey-results.

  J Street Blog. “July 2008 Survey Results.” http://jstreet.org/blog/post/july-2008-survey-results_1.

  Anderson, Irvine H. Biblical Interpretation and Middle East Policy. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.

  Annual Surveys of American Jewish Opinion, 2007–2010. New York: American Jewish Global Jewish Advocacy. www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/newsletter3.asp?c=7oJILSPwFfJSG&b=8479755&rsCount=28&recordcount=10&page=2.

  Anthony, Andrew. The Fallout: How a Guilty Liberal Lost His Innocence. London: Jonathan Cape, 2007.

  Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1938.

  Ariel, Yaakov. “An American Initiative for a Jewish State: William Blackstone and the Petition of 1891.” Studies in Zionism 10, no. 2 (1989): 125–137.

  Ariel, Yaakov. On Behalf of Israel: American Fundamentalist Attitudes toward Jews, Judaism, and Zionism, 1865–1945. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1991.

  Ariel, Yaakov. Philosemites or Antisemites? Evangelical Christian Attitudes toward Jews, Judaism, and the State of Israel. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, 2002. http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/20Ariel.htm.

  Ariel, Yaakov. “An Unexpected Alliance: Christian Zionism and Its Historical Significance.” Modern Judaism 26, no. 1 (2006): 74–100.

  Ateek, Naim. Justice and Only Justice: A Palestinian Theology of Liberation. New York: Orbis Books, 1989.

  Ateek, Naim. “The Zionist Ideology of Domination versus the Reign of God: The Ultimate Triumph of Justice and Love.” Jerusalem: A Globe of Witnesses, 2001. www.thewitness.org/agw/ateekkeynote.html.

  Baker, James, Lee Hamilton, Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Vernon E. Jordan Jr., Edwin Meese III, Sandra Day O’Conner, Leon E. Panetta, William J. Perry, Charles S. Robb, and Alan K. Simpson. The Iraq Study Group Report. New York: Vintage Books, 2006.

  Balint, Benjamin. Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine That Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right. New York: Public Affairs, 2010.

  Ball, George, and Douglas Ball. The Passionate Attachment: America’s Involvement with Israel, 1947 to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.

  Bard, Mitchell. The Water’s Edge and Beyond: Defining the Limits to Domestic Influence on United States Middle East Policy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991.

  Barnett, Michael. “Ideology and Alliances in the Middle East.” In Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, 400–447.

  Baughman, James L. Henry Luce and the Rise of the American News Media. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

  Baumgartner, Jody, Peter Francia, and Jonathan Morris. “A Clash of Civilizations? The Influence of Religion on Public Opinion of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East.” Political Science Quarterly 61, no. 2 (2008): 171–179.

  Beinart, Peter. The Good Fight: Why Liberals – and Only Liberals – Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again. New York: HarperCollins, 2006.

  Beinart, Peter. “When Politics No Longer Stops at the Water’s Edge: Partisan Polarization and Foreign Policy.” In Pietro S. Nivola and David W. Brady, eds., Red and Blue Nation? Vol. 2: Consequences and Correction of America’s Polarized Politics. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, 151–167.

  Beinart, Peter. The Icarus Syndrome: A History of American Hubris. New York: Harper, 2010.

  Beinart, Peter. The Crisis of Zionism. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt, 2012.

  Ben-Zvi, Abraham. The American Approach to Superpower Collaboration in the Middle East, 1973–1986. Boulder: CO: Westview Press, 1986.

  Beinart, Peter. The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

  Beinart, Peter. Decade of Transition: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Origins of the American-Israeli Alliance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

  Berger, Sandy, and James Baker. Foreword to Daniel Kurtzer, ed., Pathways to Peace: America and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, vi–xiii.

  Berger, Thomas. “Norms, Identity, and National Security in Germany and Japan.” In Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, 317–356.

  Berman, Paul. A Tale of Two Utopias: The Political Journey of the Generation of 1968. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996.

  Berman, Paul. Terror and Liberalism. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004.

  Blumenthal, Max. Goliath: Life and Loathing in Greater Israel. New York: Nation Books, 2013.

  Boyer, Paul. When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1992.

  Brint, Michael. A Genealogy of Political Culture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991.

  Brog, David. Standing with Israel. Lake Mary, FL: FrontLine, 2006.

  Brooks, Clem, and Jeff Manza. “A Great Divide? Religion and Political Change in U.S. National Elections, 1972–2000.” Sociological Quarterly 45, no. 3 (2004): 421–450.

  Brown, Robert McAfee. “Christians in the West Must Confront the Middle East.” In Rosemary Ruther and Marc Ellis, eds., Beyond Occupation: American Jewish, Christian, and Palestinian Voices for Peace. Boston: Beacon Press, 1990, 138–154.

  Bruckner, Pascal. The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.

  Brzezinski, Zbigniew, and Brent Scowcroft. America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy. New York: Basic Books, 2008.

  Buchanan, Patrick. A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny. Washington, DC: Regnery, 1999.

  Bush, George W. Decision Points. New York: Crown, 2010.

  Carson, Jamie L., Michael H. Crespin, Charles J. Finocchiaro, and David W. Rohde. “Redistricting and Party Polarization in the U.S. House of Representatives.” American Politics Research 35, no. 6 (2007): 878–904.

  Carter, Jimmy. Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006.

  Chafets, Zev. Match Made in Heaven: American Jews, Christian Zionists, and One Man’s Exploration of the Weird and Wonderful Judeo-Evangelical Alliance. New York: Harper Collins, 2007.

  Chanes, Jerome A. “Antisemitism and Jewish Security in America Today.” In Jerome A. Chanes, ed., Antisemitism in America Today: Outspoken Experts Explode the Myths. New York: Birch Lane Press, 1995.

  Cherry, Conrad. God’s New Israel: Religious Interpretations of American Destiny. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971.

  Chomsky, Noam. Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.

  Chomsky, Noam. “The Israel Lobby?” ZNet, March 28, 2006. www.zcomm.org/znetarticle/the-israel-lobby-by-noam-chomsky.

  Clark, Victoria. Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.

  Clarke, Duncan L., and Eric Flohr. “Christian Churches and the Palestine Question.” Journal of Palestine Studies 21, no. 4 (1992): 67–79.

  A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm. Washington, DC: Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, 1996.

  Clifford, Clark, with Richard Holbrooke. Counsel to the President: A Memoir. New York: Random House, 1991.

  Clinton, Bill. My Life. London: Hutchinson 2004.

  Cohen, Ben. “The Persistence of Anti-Semitism on the British Left.” Jewish Political Studies Review 16, no. 3–4 (2004): 157–169.

  Cohen, Mitchell. “Anti-Semitism and the Left That Doesn’t Learn.” Dissent, Winter 2008): 47–51. http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=972.

  Cohen, Naomi W. American Jews and the Zionist Idea. New York: Ktav, 1975.

  Cohen, Nick. What’s Left? How Liberals Lost Their Way. London: Fourth Estate, 2007.

  Cohen, Renae. The Palestinian A
utonomy Agreement and Israel-PLO Recognition: A Survey of American Jewish Opinion. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1994.

  Cohen, Steven M. Ties and Tensions: The 1986 Survey of American Jewish Attitudes toward Israel and Israelis. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1987.

  Cohen, Steven M. Ties and Tensions: An Update: The 1989 Survey of American Jewish Attitudes toward Israel and Israelis. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1989.

  Cohen, Steven M. After the Gulf War: American Jews’ Attitudes toward Israel: The 1991 National Survey of American Jews. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1992.

  Cohen, Steven M. A Tale of Two Jewries: The “Inconvenient Truth” for American Jews. New York: Jewish Life Network/Steinhardt Foundation, November 2006.

  Cohen, Steven M. “Profiling the Professionals: Who’s Serving Our Communities?” Jewish Communal Workers in North America: A Profile. New York: New York University, Berman Jewish Policy Archive, Fall 2010. www.bjpa.org/Publications/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=7321.

  Cohen, Steven M. and Sam Abrams. “Israel off their Minds: The Diminished Place of Israel in the Political Thinking of Young Jews. ” New York: New York University, Berman Jewish Policy Archive, October 27, 2008. www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=207.

  Cohen, Steven M. and Gerald B. Bubis. “Post Zionist” Philanthropists: Emerging Attitudes of American Jewish Leaders toward Communal Allocations’. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 1998. http://research.policyarchive.org/9712.pdf.

  Cohen, Steven M. and Arnold Eisen. The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000.