Scientific American. New York: Munn and Company.
Technology and Culture. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Technical World. Chicago: Technical World.
GOVERNMENT AND OFFICIAL RECORDS
Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair to the Secretary of the Navy. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1896–1905.
Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Steam-Engineering to the Secretary of the Navy. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1898–1902.
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1883–1910.
Congressional Record, 47th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1883.
Transactions—The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (US) New York: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1902–1906.
United States Congressional Serial Set 4033: 56th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1900–1901.
United States Congressional Serial Set 4039: 56th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1900–1901.
United States Congressional Serial Set 4414: 57th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1902–1903.
United States Congressional Serial Set 5227: 60th Congress, 1st Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1907–1908.
United States Congressional Serial Set 5228: 60th Congress, 1st Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1907–1908.
WEB SITES
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drebbel_cornelis.shtml
http://connecticuthistory.org/david-bushnell-and-his-revolutionary-submarine/
http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/o-dynamite-rossa-was-fenian-leader-the-first-terrorist-1.2303447
http://www.kcstudio.com/electrobat.html. Joseph Slade, “Bringing Invention to the Marketplace,” Invention & Technology Magazine (Spring 1987).
http://militaryhonors.sid-hill.us/history/gwmjh_archive/Competition/Baker.html
http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/Issues/Archives/issue_16/simonlake.html
http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19821
ENDNOTES
PROLOGUE: DEATH FROM BELOW
1Francis A. March, Francis Andrew. History of the World War; An Authentic Narrative of the World’s Greatest War. (New York: Leslie-Judge, 1863-1928. Published: (1919), 28.
2Ibid., 30.
3Frank T. Cable, The Birth and Development of the American Submarine (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1924), xv.
CHAPTER 1: BLURRED BEGINNINGS
1Farnham Bishop, The Story of the Submarine (New York: Century, 1916), 4.
2Murray F. Sueter, The Evolution of the Submarine Boat, Mine and Torpedo, from the Sixteenth Century to the Present Time (Portsmouth, England: J. Griffin, 1907), 9.
3Speake, Jennifer. “The Wrong Kind of Wonder: Ben Jonson and Cornelis Drebbel.” Review of English Studies 66, no. 273 (February 2015), 276.
4Sueter, 10.
5http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drebbel_cornelis.shtml.
6Scientific American Supplement, March 20, 1909, 185.
7Sueter, 425.
CHAPTER 2: MADE IN AMERICA
1Herbert C. Fyfe, Submarine Warfare, Past and Present (London: E. G. Richards, 1907), 166.
2Bishop, 15.
3http://connecticuthistory.org/david-bushnell-and-his-revolutionary-submarine/.
4Bishop, 22.
5Ibid., 25.
CHAPTER 3: AN AMERICAN IN PARIS
1William Barclay Parsons, Robert Fulton and the Submarine, New York: Columbia University Press, 1922), 30.
2Ibid., 35.
3Ibid., 46.
4Ibid., 52.
5Ibid., 86.
CHAPTER 4: STARS AND BARS
1Mark K. Ragan, Submarine Warfare in the Civil War (New York: Da Capo, 2003), 152.
CHAPTER 5: ENTR’ACTE; A FICTIONAL INTERLUDE
1Sueter, 72.
CHAPTER 6: FOR AN INDEPENDENT IRELAND
1http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19821.
2Philip Fennell and Marie King, ed. John Devoy’s Catalpa Expedition (New York: NYU Press, 2006), 106.
3Richard Knowles Morris, John P. Holland, 1841–1914: Inventor of the Modern Submarine (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1966), 25.
4Scientific American, May 13, 1876, 303.
5Francis M. Barber, Lecture on the Whitehead Torpedo (Newport, RI: United States Torpedo Station, 1875), 3.
6Simon Lake, The Submarine in War and Peace: Its Development and Possibilities (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1918), 93–94. Lake had conducted extensive interviews with many of those involved in the early Holland boats, including Holland’s son, who had given him his father’s detailed notes.
7Ibid.
CHAPTER 7: THE FENIAN RAM
1Ibid., p. 106.
2Niall Whelehan, The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World, 1867–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 141.
3Morris, 40.
4Ibid., 41.
5Ibid., 44.
6Ibid., 42.
7Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 108.
CHAPTER 8: COMPETITION FROM THE CLERGY
1Paul Bowers, The Garrett Enigma and the Early Submarine Pioneers (London: Airlife, 1999, 92.
2Ibid.
3Papin’s pressure cooker principle had, it seemed, finally found its way into a genuine submarine.
4Marine Engineer, January 1, 1880, 192.
5American Engineer. November 5, 1885, 187.
6Science. July–December 1885, 394.
7Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 159.
8Alan H. Burgoyne, Submarine Navigation Past and Present, volume 2 (London: E. G. Richards, 1903), 163.
9American Engineer. November 5, 1885, 187.
10An external tube that could fire a Whitehead torpedo had been installed between purchase and delivery.
11Bowers, 136.
12Ibid., 143. The only payment record is a facsimile of a check for £2,000, although what percentage of the purchase price this represents is unknown.
13Cyril Field. The Story of the Submarine from the Earliest Ages to the Present Day (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1918), 126–30.
14Fyfe, 229.
15Bowers, 166.
CHAPTER 9: TREADING WATER
1Cable, 314.
2Ibid., 315–16.
3Ibid., 317–18.
4The weapon on the Fenian Ram is also generally called a “dynamite gun,” but that is a misnomer since Ericsson’s torpedo did not employ dynamite and the term did not come into being until after the Fenian Ram had been towed to New Haven.
5David M. Hansen, “Zalinski’s Dynamite Gun,” Technology and Culture 25, no. 2 (April 1984): 264–65
6In those days, the army did not view an officer engaged in private enterprise as having a conflict of interest.
7Morris, 52.
8New York Times, August 31, 1885, 1.
9Ibid., September 4, 1885, 8.
10Morris, 54.
11New York Times, September 5, 1885, 8.
12Lake, Submarine in War and Peace. 109.
13Ibid.
14New York Times, June 25, 1886, 3.
15Ibid., February 6, 1887, 9.
CHAPTER 10: CHASING THE CARROT
1Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1883), 3.
2George R. Clark, et al, A Short History of the United States Navy (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1911), 408.
3Congressional Record, 47th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1883). 1556.
4George Dewey, Autobiography of George Dewey: Admiral of the Navy (New York: Scribner, 1913), 162.
5Chicag
o Tribune. July 27, 1886. p. 6.
6Burton J. Hendrick, “Great American Fortunes and Their Making,” McClure’s Magazine, November 1907, 38.
7Cable, 320.
8Morris, 60.
9New York Times, September 9 1884, p. 8.
10Ibid., November 21, 1886, p. 9.
11Field, 139.
CHAPTER 11: CHALLENGERS
1Morris, 65.
2New York Times, June 26, 1892, p. 9.
3Scientific American, July 30, 1892, p. 71.
4Thomas Commerford Martin, Electrical Boats and Navigation (New York: C. C. Shelley, 1894), 73
5Burgoyne, volume 2, 182
6Morris, 69.
7Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 120
8Ibid., 121.
9New York Tribune, October 22, 1894, 4.
10Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 121.
11New York Times, July 14, 1893. 9.
12Morris, 68.
13Ibid., 68–69.
14New York Times, July 28, 1893, 4.
15Morris, 69
16Ibid.
17New York Times, October 15, 1893, p. 20.
18Morris, 70.
19http://militaryhonors.sid-hill.us/history/gwmjh_archive/Competition/Baker.html.
20New York Times, May 28, 1894, 12.
CHAPTER 12: UNEASY NEIGHBORS
1Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 128.
2Ibid., 127.
3Ibid., 128.
4New York Herald, January 9, 1895, 1.
5Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 130.
6Cable, 324.
7Ibid., 325.
8Ibid., 105.
9Ibid., 326
10Morris, 76.
11Washington Morning Times, February 16, 1896, 1.
12Harper’s Round Table, January 1896, 236.
13The Electrical Trade, May 1897, 49.
14Barbara W. Tuchman, A Proud Tower (New York: Macmillan, 1962), chapter 3.
15United States Congressional Serial Set 4414: 57th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1903), 199.
16Ibid., p. 200
17Washington Morning Times, May 3, 1896, 1.
CHAPTER 13: ARGONAUT
1Scientific American Supplement, January 30, 1897, 175–85.
2Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 179.
3Ibid., 179–80.
4Ibid., 181.
5John J. Poluhowich, Argonaut: The Submarine Legacy of Simon Lake (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1999), 54.
6Ibid.
7The Cyclopedic Review of Current History, 1897 (Boston: New England Publishing Company, 1898), 102.
8San Francisco Call, December 17, 1897, 1.
9New York Times, January 2, 1898, 37.
10Ibid., January 6, 1898, 1.
11Washington Evening Times, January 7, 1898, 5.
12Baltimore Herald, February 18,1898, 4.
13Simon Lake, Submarine: The Autobiography of Simon Lake (New York: Appleton-Century, 1935), 110.
14Poluhowich. 57.
15New York Sun, September 30, 1898, 3.
16New York Times, September 29, 1898, 7.
17Lake, Autobiography, 117.
CHAPTER 14: THE PLUNGE
1Cable, 104. The identity of the investor or how the money had been obtained was never detailed.
2New York Tribune, May 18, 1897, 4.
3Thus, Lake, who had begun the Argonaut before Holland started his new boat, was technically the first to employ an Otto engine, but only by a matter of weeks.
4Cable, 112.
5Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 164.
6Harper’s Round Table 17 (1896), 237.
7New York Tribune, May 18, 1897, 4.
8New York Sun, August 8, 1897, 1.
9Lake, Submarine in War and Peace, 138.
CHAPTER 15: SHEDDING BALLAST
1Morris, 82.
2New York Times, March 20, 1898, 2.
3See, for example, San Francisco Call, March 20, 1898, 1.
4New York Times, March 22, 1898, 3.
5New York Times, May 22, 1898, 3.
6Brooklyn Daily Eagle, March 28, 1898, p. 5.
7New York Times, March 27, 1898, 2.
8Morris, 86.
9Cable, 115.
10Numerous sources, for example, Pulohowich, 73–74.
11Morris, 86.
12San Francisco Call, April 24, 1898, 17 (first page of Sunday Supplement).
13Cable, 110.
14Morris, 88.
15New York Sun, May 27, 1898, 1.
16For example, Anaconda Standard, August 7, 1898, 18; Meriden Daily Republican, August 6, 1898, 6; The Morning Post (Raleigh), August 12, 1898, 6.
17Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 12, 1898, 13.
18New York Sun, December 1, 1898, 6.
19Cable, 125.
20Field, 232.
CHAPTER 16: KING’S GAMBIT ACCEPTED
1North American Review, January 1883, 52.
2American Chess Bulletin, December 1915, 264–65.
3Joseph Slade, “Bringing Invention to the Marketplace,” Invention & Technology Magazine (Spring 1987), http://www.kcstudio.com/electrobat.html.
4Economist, December 30, 1893, 1565.
5New York Times, September 6, 1893, 4.
6Slade, http://www.kcstudio.com/electrobat.html.
7New York Times, June 13, 1894, 1.
8John Niven and Courtlandt Canby, ed., Dynamic America: A History of General Dynamics Corporation and Its Predecessor Companies (New York: Doubleday; General Dynamics Corporation, 1960), 27.
9Charles Brady King, Personal Side Lights of America’s First Automobile Race (New York: Privately printed by Super-power printing company, 1945), 19.
10Rock Island Argus, November 29, 1895, 1.
11Nivin, 27.
12New York Times, March 7, 1897, 10.
13The charging station was a marvel of logistics and engineering. For more details, see this author’s Drive! Henry Ford, George Selden, and the Race to Invent the Auto Age, chapter 10.
14The Whitney group proceeded to run the company into the ground and thereby doomed electric automobile technology for a century.
15New York Times, August 5,1900, 22.
16Electrical World and Engineer, December 2, 1899, pp. 870–71.
17Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 15, 1899, 1.
CHAPTER 17: A NEW SKIPPER
1Roger Franklin, The Defender: The Story of General Dynamics (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), 22.
2New York Times, March 16, 1899, 2.
3Morris, 94.
4New York Times, May 7, 1899, 6.
5Franklin, 22.
6Morris, 99.
7Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 26, 1899, 8.
8Morris, 101.
CHAPTER 18: JOINING THE NAVY
1Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 28, 1899, 11.
2Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Steam-Engineering to the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1900), 102
3New York Times August 20, 1899, 3.
4E. W. Jolie, “A Brief History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development.” NUSC Technical Document 543615 (Weapons Systems Department, September 1978), 13.
5Engineering Magazine, July 15, 1898, 90.
6Electrical World and Engineer, November 4, 1899, 697–98.
7Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 31, 1899, 8.
8Cable, 134.
9Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 11, 1899, 2.
10New York Times, October 12, 1899, 2.
11Brooklyn Daily Eagle, October 7, 1899, 7.
12New York Times, November 7, 1899, 4.
13Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 6, 1899, 7.
14Washington Evening Times, November 17, 1899, 1.
15Ibid., November 18, 1899, 2.
16For example, Salt Lake Herald, November 23, 1899, 6.
17For example, Kansas City Journal, November 24, 1899, 1.
18Burgoyne, volume 2, 64.
19United States
Congressional Serial Set 4414, 199.
20Burgoyne, volume 2, 106.
21Niven and Canby, 72.
22New York Sun, September 26, 1900, 1.
23Morris, 115.
CHAPTER 19: BOTTOM FISHING
1Poluhowich, 69.
2Congressional Serial Set 5227, 60th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 911.
3Lake, Autobiography, 151.
4Ibid., 128.
5Illinois True Republican, September 27, 1899, 2.
6Los Angeles Herald, October 18, 1899, 4.
7Lake, Autobiography, 131.
8Ibid.
9Ibid., 134.
10New York Tribune, June 18, 1901, 5.
11Ibid.
12Poluhowich, 83. Italics in the original.
13New York Tribune, June 18, 1901, 5.
CHAPTER 20: DISPLACEMENT
1Cable, 171.
2Ibid., 171–72.
3Lake, Autobiography, 150.
4Ibid., 149–50.
5Transactions—The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (U.S.) (New York : Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1902), 335–36.
6Morris, 117.
7Robert Hatfield Barnes, United States Submarines (New Haven, CT: H. F. Morse Associates, 1944), 25.
8Cable, 174.
9Ibid., 175.
10New York Tribune, November 25, 1901, p. 1.
11New York Tribune, November 25, 1901, 1.
12Washington Evening Star, April 25, 1902, 2.
13New York Tribune, July 13, 1902, 18.
CHAPTER 21: COUNTERSTRIKE
1Lake, Autobiography, 156.
2Congressional Serial Set 5227, 191.
3Ibid., 190.
4Lake, Autobiography, 159–60.
5Ibid.
6United States Congressional Serial Set 4414. All the uncited hearing notes that follow are from this set, pp. 1-217. Others are marked.
7Nelson would later command three submarines, as well as two destroyers and a cruiser. He would remain in the navy until 1933, and retire as rear admiral. A destroyer, the USS Nelson, was named for him and fought in World War II.
CHAPTER 22: PROXY WAR
1New York Times, October 4, 1902, 4.
2New York World, January 22, 1903, 1.
3Congressional Set 5227, 527.
4New York World, January 25, 1903, p. 1; January 26, 1903, 1.
5Boston Evening Transcript, March 10, 1903, 1.
6New York Times, April 20, 1903, 1.
7For a full account, see this author’s Drive: Henry Ford, George Selden, and the Race to Create the Auto Age.”
CHAPTER 23: SKEWED COMPETITION
1Salvage was a business with diminishing returns. There were only so many wrecks that could be located in the geographical radius accessible to Lake’s Connecticut base. In addition, his obsession with the navy caused a steady and significant drain on his resources.
Going Deep Page 38
