The Third Reich at War

by Richard J. Evans

  65 Quoted in Ibid., 216-17.

  66 Quoted in Manoschek (ed.), ‘Es gibt nur eines’, 39 (Lt. P. G., 29 July 1941).

  67 . Quoted in Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 216.

  68 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/I. 478 (24 September 1941).

  69 . Quoted in Browning, The Origins, 338.

  70 Longerich, Politik, 458-9; quotation in Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 222.

  71 . Quoted in ibid., 227; for the Gypsies, see ibid., 233, and especially Karola Fings et al., ‘. . . einziges Land, in dem Judenfrage und Zigeunerfrage gel̈st’: Die Verfolgung der Roma im faschistisch besetzten Jugoslawien 1941-1945 (Cologne, n.d.).

  72 . Quoted in Glenny, The Balkans, 503.

  73 . Browning, The Origins, 341.

  74 . Quoted in Walter Manoschek, ‘ “Gehst mit Juden erschiessen?” Die Vernichtung der Juden in Serbien’, in Heer and Naumann (eds.), Vernichtungskrieg, 39-56, at 46.

  75 Walter Manoschek, ‘Serbien ist judenfrei’: Miliẗrische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42 (Munich, 1993), 155-8.

  76 . Manfred Messerschmidt, ‘Partisanenkrieg auf dem Balkan, Ziele, Methoden, “Rechtfertigung” ’, in Loukia Droulia and Hagen Fleischer (eds.), Von Lidice bis Kalavryta: Widerstand und Besatzungsterror: Studien zur Repressalienpraxis im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Berlin, 1999), 65-91; Walter Manoschek, ‘Krajevo - Kragujevac - Kalavryta: Die Massaker der 717. Infanteriedivision bzw. 117. J̈gerdivision am Balnak’, in ibid., 93-104; idem, ‘Partisanenkrieg und Genozid: Die Wehrmacht in Serbien 1941’, in idem (ed.), Die Wehrmacht im Rassenkrieg: Der Vernichtungskrieg hinter der Front (Vienna, 1996), 142-67.

  77 . Longerich, Politik, 405-10; Hannes Heer, ‘Killing Fields: Die Wehrmacht und der Holocaust’, in idem and Naumann (eds.), Vernichtungskrieg, 57-77.

  78 . Longerich, Politik, 418.

  79 Browning, The Origins, 309-11.

  80 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 107-11.

  81 Werner Jochmann (ed.), Monologe im F̈hrerhauptquartier 1941-44: Die Aufzeichnungen Heinrich Heims (Hamburg, 1980), 106-8; see also Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 114-15.

  82 . Browning, The Origins, 312; Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 112.

  83 . Ibid., 112.

  84 Weinberg, A World at Arms, 153-61; Saul Friedl̈nder, Prelude to Downfall: Hitler and the United States, 1939-1941 (London, 1967); David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War (Chicago, 2001); idem, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937-1941: A Study in Competitive Co-operation (London, 1981).

  85 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 201; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 406-7.

  86 . Weinberg, A World at Arms, 243-5.

  87 . Ibid., 245-63.

  88 . Domarus (ed.), Hitler, IV. 1,731. For details on the lack of Jewish influence on American policy at this time, see Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 79-82.

  89 . Ibid., 84-5.

  90 . Ibid., 98-104.

  91 . Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/I. 32-5 (9 July 1941; the first dictated entry).

  92 . Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 105.

  93 . Ibid., 106-7, 281-3 (I have slightly adjusted Herf’s figures since some of the headlines he cites do not mention Jews).

  94 . Ibid., 28-31.

  95 . A. N., 23 June 1941, quoted in Manoschek (ed.), ‘Es gibt nur eines’, 28.

  96 . Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 282.

  97 . Ibid., illustration, between 166 and 167.

  98 . Quoted in ibid., 113.

  99 . Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 202-7; Wolfgang Benz, ‘Judenvernichtung aus Notwehr? Die Legenden um Theodore N. Kaufman’, VfZ 29 (1981), 615-30; more generally, Philipp Gassert, Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung 1933-1941 (Stuttgart, 1997) esp. ch. 7, and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, ‘Die Sowjetunion in der Propaganda des Dritten Reiches: Das Beispiel der Wochenschau’, Miliẗrgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 46 (1989), 79-120.

  100 . Cited in Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 108; for The Reich, see ibid., 20-21.

  101 . Longerich, Politik, 421-3 and 696 nn. 3, 5, 8; good discussion in Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 78-9 n. 160.

  102 Kershaw, Hitler, II. 410-12.

  103 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/I. 269 (19 August 1941); see also Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 113 - 14.

  104 . See in particular Gerhard Botz, Wohnungspolitik und Judendeportation in Wien 1938 bis 1945: Zur Funktion des Antisemitismus als Ersatz nationalsozialistischer Sozialpolitik (Vienna, 1975) 57-65.

  105 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 238-9.

  106 . Longerich and Pohl, Ermordung, 157; see also idem, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 114, and more generally, Politik, 421-34 (among other things, emphasizing the intensification of antisemitic propaganda at this time).

  107 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 115. The argument of Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 264, that Stalin would not have been impressed is beside the point; the point was to impress the German population at home.

  108 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/I. 480-81 (24 September 1941); see also Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 116-17.

  109 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/I. 481 (24 September 1941).

  110 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 115-17.

  111 Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness, 374-98 (23 June-1 July 1941).

  112 . Klemperer, To the Bitter End, 37 (12 April 1942).

  113 Ibid., 33 (31 March 1942), 37 (18 April 1942), 41-2 (23 and 26 April 1942).

  114 . Ibid., 65 (6 June 1942).

  115 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 228.

  116 . Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness, 414-15 (18, 19 and 20 September 1941), also 424 (9 November 1941).

  117 . Ibid., 422 (31 October 1941).

  118 . Klemperer, To the Bitter End, 11 (6 February 1942).

  119 Ibid., 62-3 (2 June 1942).

  120 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 289.

  121 . Ibid., 368.

  122 Klemperer, To the Bitter End, 50-53 (18-19 May 1942).

  123 Longerich, Politik, 446-8.

  124 . Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 121.

  125 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 255-6.

  126 Wolf Gruner, Judenverfolgung in Berlin 1933-1945: Eine Chronologie der Beḧrdenmassnahmen in der Reichshauptstadt (Berlin, 1996), 84.

  127 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 266-7, gives slightly varying figures; see also Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 117-18. For the mechanics of deportation, and numerous stories of individual deportees, see the extraordinary study by Hans Georg Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch: Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland (T̈bingen, 1974).

  128 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/II.340-41 (22 November 1941).

  129 . See Stadtarchiv München (ed.), ‘. . . verzogen, unbekannt wohin’: Die erste Deportation von M̈nchner Juden im November 1941 (Zurich, 2000); Dina Porat, ‘The Legend of the Struggle of Jews from the Third Reich in the Ninth Fort Near Kovno, 1941-1942’, Tel Aviver Jahrbuch f̈r deutsche Geschichte, 20 (1991), 363-92.

  130 . Klemperer, To the Bitter End, 6 (1 January 1942).

  131 . Ibid., 13 (15 February 1942).

  132 . Ibid., 17 (21 February-6 March 1942).

  133 Ibid., 25-7 (9-16 March 1942).

  134 Ibid., 54-6 (23 May 1942).

  135 . Ibid., 81 (24 June 1942) (italics in original).

  136 . Ibid., 58 (27 May 1942).

  137 . Solmitz, Tagebuch, 652, 655, 679 (22 May 1941, 3 June 1941, 13 September 1941).

  138 See the general discussion in Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 263-7.

  139 . Quoted in Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 119.

  140 . Quoted in ibid., 118.

  141 Hillgruber (ed.), Staatsm̈nner und Diplomaten, I. 664.

  142 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher II/II. 222 (2 November 1941).

  143 . Avraham Tory, S
urviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary (Cambridge, 1990).

  144 Ibid., 43-60; and Corni, Hitler’s Ghettos, 35.

  145 Ibid., 31-7.

  146 . Thus the persuasive argument of Pohl, Von der ‘Judenpolitik’ zum Judenmord, 179; for a survey of the endless debate over the exact dating of a supposed order, see Christopher R. Browning, ‘The Decision-Making Process’, in Dan Stone (ed.), The Historiography of the Holocaust (London, 2004), 173-96.

  147 . Quoted in Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 23-4.

  148 . Christian Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weissrussland 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg, 1999), esp. 683-743, and 1,131-6; for the mentally ill and handicapped, see ibid., 1,067-74.

  149 . Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 124-7. The speech was subsequently published as a pamphlet, The Iron Heart.

  150 . Quoted in Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 139; see also J̈rgen Hagemann, Die Presselenkung im Dritten Reich (Bonn, 1970), 125, 146 n. 67.

  151 Dieter Pohl, ‘Schauplatz Ukraine: Der Massenmord an den Juden im Miliẗrverwaltungsgebiet und im Reichskommissariat 1941-1945’, in Norbert Frei et al. (eds.), Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, ̈ffentlichkeit: Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik (Munich, 2000), 135-73. See also Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and the Ukraine, 1941-44 (New York, 2000); and Shmuel Spector, The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews: 1941-1944 (Jerusalem, 1990).

  152 Rudolf Ḧss, Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Ḧss (London, 1959 [1951]), 165.

  153 . Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 68.

  154 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 122-3.

  155 . Quoted in Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 69.

  156 . Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington, Ind., 1999 [1987]), 10-11; Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 123; idem, Politik, 441-2; further details in Beer, ‘Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen’; killings of mental patients enumerated in Longerich, Politik, 403-4.

  157 . Peter Witte et al. (eds.), Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers 1941/42 (Hamburg, 1999), 233-4 (13 October 1941 and note 35). Plans were also drawn up for the construction of killing centres in Riga and Mogilev, though they were never actually built.

  158 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 122-3.

  159 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 314-18; Grojanowski managed to escape, and told his story to Ringelblum in Warsaw, where he arrived in January 1942. See also Gilbert, The Holocaust, 502.

  160 . Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 123; idem, Politik, 443.

  161 Quoted in Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 72-4.

  162 . Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 228-34; also Menachem Schelach, ‘Sajmiste - an Extermination Camp in Serbia’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2 (1987), 243-60; further details in Glenny, The Balkans, 504-6, and Browning, The Origins, 344-6, 421-3.

  163 . Mark Roseman, The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution: A Reconsideration (New York, 2002), 81; Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 728-31 n. 193.

  164 . Christian Gerlach, ‘Die Wannsee-Konferenz, das Schicksal der deutschen Juden und Hitlers politische Grundsatzentscheidung, alle Juden Europas zu ermorden’, Werkstatt Geschichte, 18 (1997), 7-44; Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 86.

  165 . Ibid., 86.

  166 . Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/II. 498-9 (13 December 1941); see also Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 138.

  167 . Cited in ibid., 139.

  168 . Ibid., 140-42.

  169 . Pr̈g and Jacobmeyer (eds.), Das Diensttagebuch, 457 (16 December 1941).

  170 . Ibid., 458.

  171 . Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 133; idem, Politik, 461-5; Richard J. Evans, Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial (London, 2002), 84-8.

  172 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 122-37.

  173 . Witte et al. (eds.), Der Dienstkalender, 294.

  174 Cited in Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 169-70.

  175 Longerich, Politik, 447-8, stresses the existence by October 1941 of the intention but not a plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe; more generally, on the mass killings in the Wartheland and Lublin district see ibid., 450-58.

  176 . Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 157-62, reprinting the original minutes of the meeting, usually known as ‘The Wannsee Protocol’. Eberhard J̈ckel, ‘On the Purpose of the Wannsee Conference’, in James S. Pacy and Alan P. Wertheimer (eds.), Perspectives on the Holocaust: Essays in Honor of Raul Hilberg (Boulder, Colo., 1995), 39-49, argues that the purpose of the meeting was to convince the participants that Hitler had personally commissioned Heydrich to carry out the genocide, a hypothesis for which there is no convincing evidence.

  177 . Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 163-4.

  178 . Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 165-72. For the details of the discussions and decisions on ‘mixed-race’ people, see Beate Meyer, ‘J̈dische Mischlinge’: Rassenpolitik und Verfolgungserfahrung 1933-1945 (Hamburg, 1999), 99-101; and Peter Longerich and Dieter Pohl (eds.), Die Ermordung der europ̈ischen Juden: Eine umfassende Dokumentation des Holocaust 1941-1945 (Munich, 1989), 167-9.

  179 . Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 476.

  180 . Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 136-40.

  181 . Longerich, Politik, 476-82; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 531-3.

  182 . Eichmann trial, 26 June 1961, 24 July 1961, quoted in Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 144. For the view that the reference to road construction schemes was metaphorical, standing for slave labour of all kinds, see Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination , 342.

  183 Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 136-40.

  184 Ibid., 144-5, 148.

  185 Ibid., 149-50.

  186 . Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 143 - 8.

  187 Domarus (ed.), Hitler, IV. 1,828-9 (30 January 1942).

  188 Jochmann (ed.), Adolf Hitler, 227-9.

  189 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 138-42.

  190 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/III. 320-21 (15 February 1942).

  191 . Ibid. II/III. 561 (27 March 1942).

  192 . Ibid.

  193 . Domarus (ed.), Hitler, IV. 1,869.

  194 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/IV. 184 (27 April 1942). For the so-called ‘Schlegelberger Note’, an undated memorandum reporting Hitler’s repeated insistence to Lammers that the Jewish problem would only be solved after the war, see Evans, Telling Lies, 89-94. If, as the document’s place in the file suggests, the memorandum dated from the spring of 1942, then it either referred to the specific problem of ‘mixed-race’ people and ‘half-Jews’ or it expressed Hitler’s belief that the completion of the ‘final solution’ would only occur after the end of the war, an event which at this time was still expected within the year.

  195 . Quoted in Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 155.

  196 Fr̈hlich (ed.), Die Tageb̈cher, II/IV. 350 (24 May 1942).

  197 . Ibid., 355.

  198 . Ibid., 406 (30 May 1942).

  199 Roseman, The Wannsee Conference, 152-5.

  200 . Quoted in Berenstein et al. (eds.), Faschismus, 296; cf. also Evans, Telling Lies, 96.

  201 . Wolf Gruner, Widerstand in der Rosenstrasse: Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Verfolgung der Mischehen 1943 (Frankfurt am Main, 2005); idem, ‘Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Ereignisse in der Berliner Rosenstrasse: Fakten und Fiktionen um den 27. Februar 1943’, Jahrbuch f̈r Antisemitismusforschung, 11 (2002), 137-77. For the legend in its classical version, see Nathan Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany (New York, 1996), 209-58 (relying heavily on oral history interviews).

  202 Jochen Klepper, Unter dem Schatten deiner Fl̈gel: Aus den Tageb̈chern der Jahre 1932-1942 (Stuttgart, 1955), 798 (3 September 1939); idem, Briefwechsel 1925-1942 (ed. Ernst G. Riemschneider, Stuttgart, 1973), 227-30 (e
xchange of letters with Frick).

  203 . Quoted in Klepper, Unter dem Schatten, 1,130 (8 December 1942).

  204 Ibid., 1,130-31 (8 December 1942).

  205 . Ibid., 1,133 (10 December 1942).

  206 . Christian Goeschel, ‘Suicide in Weimar and Nazi Germany’ (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2006), 135-59.

  207 Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 151-2.

  208 Ibid., 149-6, 170-73. For a list of the deportations, see idem, Politik, 483-93.

  209 Ḧhne, The Order of the Death’s Head, 455-6; Detlev Brandes, Die Tschechen unter deutschem Protektorat, I: Besatzungspolitik, Kollaboration und Widerstand im Protektorat B̈hmen und M̈hren bis Heydrichs Tod, 1939-1942 (Munich, 1969); Miroslav K’rny, ‘ “Heydrichiaden”: Widerstand und Terror im Protektorat B̈hmen und M̈hren’, in Droulia and Fleischer (eds.), Von Lidice bis Kalavryta, 51-63.

  210 Charles Whiting, Heydrich: Henchman of Death (London, 1999), 141-7.

  211 Ḧhne, The Order of the Death’s Head, 455-7; Kershaw, Hitler, II. 518-19; still useful for details: Charles Wighton, Heydrich: Hitler’s Most Evil Henchman (London, 1962), 270-76; recent account using testimony of the surgeons in Mario R. Dederichs, Heydrich: Das Gesicht des B̈sen (Munich, 2005), 185-212.

  212 Cited in G̈nther Deschner, ‘Reinhard Heydrich: Security Technocrat’, in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.), The Nazi Elite (London, 1993 [1989]), 85-97, at 87; idem, Reinhard Heydrich - Statthalter der totalen Macht (Munich, 1978).

  213 . Hitler, Hitler’s Table Talk, 4 June 1942.

  214 Ḧhne, The Order of the Death’s Head, 149-50; Fest, The Face of the Third Reich, 152-70.

  215 . As reported later by his widow; see ibid., 161.

  216 Felix Kersten, The Kersten Memoirs 1940-1945 (London, 1956), 90-99.

  217 Carl J. Burckhardt, Meine Danziger Mission 1937-1939 (Munich, 1960), 55.

  218 . Ibid., 57.

  219 . Hitler, Hitler’s Table Talk, 4 June 1942.

  220 . Ibid., 4 July 1942.

  221 J̈rgen Tampke, Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe from Bohemia to the EU (London, 2003), 67-9; Ren’ Kupper, ‘Karl Hermann Frank als Deutscher Staatsminister f̈r B̈hmen und M̈hren’, in Monika Glettler et al. (eds.), Geteilt, Besetzt, Beherrscht: Die Tschechoslowakei 1938-1945: Reichsgau Sudetenland, Protektorat B̈hmen und M̈hren, Slowakei (Essen, 2004), 31-52.