Helen of Troy

by Jack Lindsay

  [86] Lorimer 364-8, 370ff.

  [87] Date: Webster (1) ch. 7 in relation to Geom. art, Iliad not long before 759. Lorimer, second half of ninth century; Schefold 134; Kirk (1) 282-7; Huxley (4) 124f, Cantarella (date before colonies of eight to sixth centuries).

  [88] Il. vi 146; Pind. Nem. ii 1ff; GT (3) 550; Huxley (4) 48-50, 97, 191. Homer descendant of Atlas: Wade-Gery 91. Name: Ionic form of Homaros which is found in inscriptions from Crete to Thessaly: GDI 1033, SIG 1059 1, 3. Blindness: Chadwick Growth iii 619. Area: Kirk (2) 191f; Webster (1) 160ff.

  [89] GT (3) 561; Hell. 122; GT 568.

  [90] Muhl especially 699; Folktale aspect: Becker 21; (3) 277; R. Carpenter. Lesky (1) 149 inclines to two poets, cf. Heubeck; Page (3) 149 thinks two poets in different areas. Lines: W. Diehl; Webster (1) 276ff. Hexameter: Porter 27. Homer invents hexameter: E. Bichel. Also WM (2) ch. 18; E. Schwartz (2) Text: first Homeric specialist was Theagenes of Rhegion; Orphics (Orpheus of Kroton and Zopiros of Herakleion) contributed to Peisistrad ascension: Cantarella.

  In general: C. Robert (1) iii 2; Bethe (3) ii; Sev. (2). Separation of the poems in time: Sev. (3); SS 1 i 195ff. Writing goes back to ninth century; Nestor cup of Pithekousa (last quarter eighth century) has two hexameters of Homeric type.

  [91] Delos: GT (3) 55i; JL (2) 314f. Proverb: Zen. ii 37.

  [92] Huxley (4) especially 123ff; Allen (2) 51-60; M. Sicherl Gnomon (1956), 210 n1; Stinton 57; Bethe (3) ii 200ff, 213ff, 282, 288; Wilson (1) 335ff. Huxley (4) for summary of other cycles. Episodic character of Troy cycle: Aristot. Poet. xxiii 5; Hor. AP 140. Stasinos: Jouan 23. When cyclic poems collected: Bethe (3) 288, 291; SS 196f, Sev. (3) 174ff; Schwartz (2) 5. Dates: generally seventh century: WM (2) 428; Rzach (3) 2396; Sev. (3) 179; SS 210; Lesky 100. Allen links the poems, esp. Cypria and Aithiopis, with colonizing by Miletos in Black Sea, 69, 76.

  [93] Thetis: Volum. Hercul. ii 8, 105; Cheiron with spear-gift: Sch. Il. xvii 140.

  [94] Pind. Isth. viii 58, 70; Aisch. Prom. 767; Hyg. Fab. 54 etc. Another version: Il. xxiv 60; AR iv 793.

  [95] JH (4) 482f; Od. ii 68f; Il. xx 4-6. Equal feast: Il. xv 97-95; JH (4) 145-57. Overpopulation: Sch. Il. i 5.

  [96] Kullmann accepts Thetis reading, 182. Thetis and Nemesis: Untersteiner 152f; del Grande 34; prophetic, JH (4) 480ff. Also Plat. Rep. ii 379c; Kullmann 181; Il. ii 69, xx.

  [97] Plat. Euth. Iza; G. M. Bolling CP xxiii (1928), 63f is not convincing.

  [98] GK 28; Philostr. ep. 21. The verb mōmaomai, to blame, occurs in the Od.

  [99] Hes. Theog. 211ff; Kullmann 180, 184; Welcker (2) 86f doubts Momos motif; Soph. fr. ii 77 (Pearson) fr. 419-24.

  [100] In later versions Eris acts in annoyance at no invitation: Hyg. Fab. 92; Kollouthos 38ff. She is in Soph. fr. 1 139f (P)?; Aisch. Ag. 698 is unclear (Fraenkel). Her role on vases: Stinton 7 n2. For Cypria fr. I K: sch. Il. i 5; Cramer Anecd. iv 406. Eur. (Hel. 39f; Or. 1641f) suggests glory of Achilles as alternative motive. Note Catullus’ epyllion on marriage of Thetis with its fate-song. Ap. epit. iii Tzet. Lyk. 93 keep to glorification of Helen and exalting of race of heroes as Zeus’ motive. Folktales: Frazer (1) ii app. x.

  [101] Cf. Coman 34. Spirit of age: 228f.

  [102] Mireaux (2) 399; Jouan (1) 48; Il. ii 3f, iii 156-8; vi 357f; xiii 348; Munro JHS v (1884); Welcker (2) 86; Jouan (1) 48. Commentators: sch. AD Il. i 5; Ibykos (Page fr. 1, 4) recalls Cypria. End: Jouan (1) 5o, with contingent Chance, Tychē.

  [103] Sidon, also Il.. xxiii 743; Od. xiii 285. Menelaos: Eur. IA 76, Tro. 943. Jouan (1) 180f; Wüst 1505 (Kranae); Sophokles may have set satyric marriage of Helen on Kranae: Pearson i 126-9; Hdt. ii 117. Kastor etc.: Clem. Alex. Protr. ii 30, 5; Sch. Il. iii 242; Plout. Thes. xxxi-xxxii; sch. Pind. Nem. x 114; Philodemos On Piety says Idas killed Kastor with spear. I do not go into side question of Aineias as companion of Paris; for vases, GK no. 23, no 132.

  [104] C. Robert (1) 1078.

  [105] See Bethe (3) ii 239; SS i 1209 n6; Sev. (2) 34. Sacrifice: Laurentian sch. on Soph. Elek. 157, says Homer gives Agamemnon three daughters, Cypria four, distinguishing Iphigeneia and Iphianassa. Eust. 119, 4, Chryseis has gone to Asiatic Thebes to sacrifice to Artemis.

  [106] Sch. Eur. Andr. 898; Frazer (1) ii 28 n2.

  [107] Chadwick Growth iii 126f. Nemesis many-shaped: Carmen Virt. Herb., H (1) 2362. Associates: D. 157; Comedy Nemesis by Kratinos. Seal-demons: Fontenrose 106, 540; shape-changing, 433, 580f. Combined myths: H (1) 2342-6, Ap. iii 10, 7; sch. Kallim. Hymn Art. 232; sch. Lyk. 88; Hyg. PA ii 8 etc. Kratinos, Athen. ix 373a, Nemesis gives egg to Leda to hatch; swan visits Leda, Eur. Hel. 17ff etc. Helen as Okeanid: Hesiod fr. 92; sch. Pind. Nem. x 150 with Rzach’s note; R. Bohme 136; H. Hymn Dem. 5; Orphic h. xxix To. Swan-women are common in folktales, especially in shamanist northern areas: PA (4) 116; S. Reinach (1) ii 55, etc.

  [108] Ap. iii 10, 7; 11, 1-3. Births: in art we find births of Athena, Dionysos, Korē; creation of Pandora; birth of Aphrodite on base of Olympia temple of Zeus.

  [109] Od. vi 188; Pind. Is. v (iv) 52; Pyth. v 85; Plat. Rep. 373d. Food: Od. ix 449; Hdt. i 78; Aristoph. Birds 159 etc; A. R. ii 504f. Same root in OHG neman (take); Avesta ndmah (loan); Lith. nuoma (rent or usury). Nemesis: Isok. ix 17; Philod. Rh. ii 125S etc. Occupied land: Mounichia, IG (2nd) 894, cf. 462. For dike see n18 of ch. 2 above; Palmer makes the suggestion of boundary. It has been suggested that *dē(i) in Demeter means divide or distribute: Van Windekens. But see Hemp on possible relation of *Posei-das, *Da-mater. Reorganization of cults in the Ionian cities, after migrations across the sea (plus trade as solvent of old bases), must have done much to help the growth of the Olympian system, to the detriment of earth-powers — though ancient Anatolian elements complicated things by affecting or entering the cities.

  [110] (1) 2342; Brunnhofer thinks otherwise, 54; see also Furtwängler (3) II; 160; GK 28. Fore-shadowing: Coman 34.

  [111] Hodge; Dinsmoor 181f: Plommer BSA 1950, 66f; the marble was not used elsewhere. Personal goddess: Hes. Works 200, Theog. 223; but see F (1) ii 489f cf. (2) 81; D. XX 157f.

  [112] Paus. i 23, 7f; Str. ix 396; Plin. xxxvi 17; H (1) 2348f, 2351; Pollitt (1) 78-80. Relief: C. Robert (5); Kjellberg; H. 2351; Picard (7) ii 2, 538ff, Lippold (2) 188; Richter (2.) figs. 633, 635. Agorakritos: Buschor (2.) 115-20; Andren; Schefold (5) 147, 164, 242; (6).

  [113] Refs. Frazer (1) ii 23 n7, 25 n1; Char. (2); Twins: Eustath. on Il.xxiii 638 (1442, 39). Dead Leda: Lact. i 21. It is from fourth century that Leda grows prominent. See in general H. 2.342-6. Double paternity; Rendel Harris (2) 303-6.

  [114] Paus. iii 16, 1; Louk. Dial. Gods xxvi 1. Suitors: Sev. (2) 275 thinks there was the marriage, but not the oath; Bethe (3) ii 229-31 thinks there was the oath; also Becker 37. Note the girl rapt away in the tale of the Twins. An early Lakonian sacred law states: ‘They shall not...nor shall they weave into the garments anything which the Polianomos has not prescribed. No unmarried woman shall hold the priesthood of the community of Arkali[a] nor serve as Polos...’ Date, early fifth or late sixth century; goddess may be Demeter, but Artemis or the Leukippides are more likely. Polianomos is a Dorian title, not previously known in Sparta, but see Plato cp. xiii 363c, Syracuse; Kyrene, Doc. ant. dell’ Africa Ital. ii 127; Herakelia, IG xiv no 645, I. 104 etc. For ritual weaving of garments, cf. wearing of plain white at Thesmophoria, mumming (transvestite), ritual dedication of garments. At Phaistos in Crete a rite Ekdysis was associated with the god Leukippos and involved the undressing of brides and incubatio in a temple: Nilsson (2) 370f; here the ref. is to weaving of garments for the goddess at public charge, or less probably to weaving of them by women privately for dedication to her. Ritual bathing and clothing of effigy were common to most if not all Greek goddesses connected with childbirth and fertility. In the cult of the Spartan Leukippides there was official weaving of garments (Paus. iii 16, 2). The aim of the law is to prevent impiety or pollution. Note gynaikonomos dealing with dress and behaviour of women at the Adanian Mysteries: IG v (1) no 1390. For the law, D. A. J. Beattie CQ 1951 46-58.<
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  [115] Frazer (2) ii 30 for refs. Twins’ accomplice: Steph. ad Arist. Rhet. ii 23; Aristot. 1401 b36. The Twins: Pind. Pyth. i 66 (126); Eur. lost Antiope & Phoin. 606; S. Wide 331ff; CZ i 442. Inscr., Cauer (2) 17 no 36; Collitz iii 2, 40ff, no 44-99. Stesichoros fr. 79 ‘with white horses’. Demeter: Paus. viii 25, 4; 22, 1. Melanippe: Rendel Harris (2) 309f. Horse and springs: Guthrie (1) 95f; Spring Polydeukeia near Therapne, Paus. iii 20, 1.

  [116] Ep. iii 1-3.

  [117] Athen. xv 68DF.

  [118] For drawings on Proklos: SS i 1, 200 & 207, nn1 & 3; Sev. (3) 174, (2) 357; Becker 40f fails to distinguish Arktinos and Lesches. For Proklos: Sev. (2) 334; Brunnhofer 13; Welcker (2) ii 194; Howald 55. Art: Boardman (3) fig. 47; Paus. i 23, 7f; x 9, 12 (date 548 or 414).

  [119] Breasts: GK 32. Another Aithra (cloudless sky): Paus. x 10, 6-8 (oracle). Chest: Paus. x 25, 8. Okeanid: see above.

  [120] Frazer (1) ii 224-5 for refs.; also 38-41.

  [121] Sch. Eur. Or. 249, citing also Stesichoros. Strife: Works 11-26; Paus. ix 31, 4. Hesiod’s date: West 43f; Huxley (4) 125.

  [122] Il. xiii 20-2; for sense of outrage, Psalms lxxii 1-19; Dodds 17f, 26 n109; WM (9) i 353ff; Verdenius.

  [123] Oath: Rzach (2nd) fr. 94-6; Evelyn White fr. 68; Berlin pap. 3739 & 10560; Paus. iii 24, 10; Eur. IA; Ap. iii 10, 9, 1; Hyg. Fab. 78; Isok. Hel. 40. (Ap. and Hyg. attribute idea to Odysseus; Isok. to the suitors.)

  [124] Possibly start of a second book, possibly of Eoiai (poem with each section starting e oiai); Paus. ix 31, 5; Athen. x 428b. Somewhere in fragments a son of Zeus (? Apollo) comes in; goes on to image of snake.

  [125] Sch. Il. iii 175; sch. EHD Od. iv I 1; Dindorf (1) i 147ff, iii 171; Jouan 162f; Sev (2) 380f, Hes. fr. 99; Kinaithon fr. 3K; Lysimachos fr. 12 Jac.; Ap.1; sch. MNOA Androm. 898; Huxley (4) 88f, 198.

  [126] Paus. i 43, 1; Stesichoros in his Oresteia; Hdt. iv 103.

  [127] Paus. ii 22, 8; Bowra (1) 96f; Ap. iii 10, 7; Hellanikos fr. 4F, 134 Jacoby. Enodiē used especially of Hekate, also of Persephone; daimon enodia IG xiv 1390; Hermes, Theok. xxv 4.

  [128] Paus. v 17, 5ff; von Massow; Cap. (1) 130; Pollux 50. Theseus: Séchan (2); Wolgensinger; Herter (2), (3), (4); Johansen; Dugas; GK 305-12. Attic hero: Herter (3); Plout. Thes. xxix 3; he took over Ionic legends, Wolgensinger 9ff. Also Webster (7).

  [129] Myths: Kunze (2) 128f; Radermacher 245.

  [130] Il. xiii 626f, iii 139f, cf. vii 392f; Sev. (2) 271f.

  [131] Chap. (1) 130ff. Homer: Kunze (2) 132, Robert (1) 699, GK 306.

  [132] Sch. AD Gen. Il. iii 242; Sev. (2) 273; Allen (3) v 121. Alkman fr. 3 (Bergk 4th ed.); Stesichoros fr. 13 Edmonds; SS i I, 477 n9; Pind. fr. 242, 258 Snell (Paus. i 41, 5); Hdt. ix 73. Aphidnos: GK 308, Plout. Thes. 33. E. Mauss saw him as oldest ravisher of Helen and equated his name (the Unsparing) with Hades; see also Krappe (3) 124; Becker 150.

  [133] GK 309-12; Blinkenberg; Johansen (2) 143; CVA Louvre fasc. 8, iii Ca, pl. 14, 1-3; GK pl. C; Payne (3) 13, 21, pl. 10, 1; Hampe (4) 8o n1 (seeing Paris there); Kunze (2) 133; Matz (5) i pl. 147a; Schefold (7) 41 n4; Schweitzer esp. 111, fig. 2.

  [134] Paus. iii 18, 15; Kunze (2) 133 n2; also Buschor (3); Lane 15, 157; Furtwängler (2) i 177; Beazley (3) 115 no. 34. More examples of type: GK 311f.

  [135] M. Mayer 6; A. M. Dale p. xxiii for error. Accepting the reading: Seeliger 8 n2; Premerstein 634-8; WM (10) 141 n1; Becker 70; SS i 1, 483 n4. Also GK 286f; Grégoire 34 n2. Sceptics: Pisani 477; Delebecque (2) 327, 332; J. Schwartz 552; Goosens (2) 571. Think it possible, Robert 1086; Pohlenz ii 159; Clota (1) 381; Bowra (2) 89; Lykophron, Alex. 112-14, 131, 820-4, 850f; Becker 72f; GK 286f; Holzinger 290.

  [136] Webster (1) 178f; Simpson 175 n108f.

  [137] Paus. Iii 20, 8f. Oath-object: Crawley (2), Naga: J. Butler J. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal xliv (1) (1875) 316. Methana: N(15) on circuits in Greece. Army: N (2) 404; Hdt. vii 59, 3; Ap. iii 13, 7 with Frazer’s note; Speke Journal of Discovery of the Sources of the Nile (Everyman) 448f. Jugum: Warde Fowler 70ff; Rose (5) 96ff, cf. Janus-gate and dokana. Spelled princess is cut in half to be made whole: Arne-Thompson 507a. The king as a bull making a breach in a town’s wall appears on the Narmer pallette: Budge (1) 70.

  [138] Knight (2) 102 n11; F. Muller (2), (1); Plout. Rom. xviif; Krappe (2).

  [139] Knight (1) 113f, 132; F. Muller. Verb eilein (roll up, wind, turn about) is cognate. Tablets, Muller 15 citing Bohl, Weidner, Hommel. Humbaba drawings in continuous line (entrails): JL (3) 12, 21f; similar mask designs in temple of Orthia: Dawkins pls. lviii—lxii: probably apotropaic. See ch. xi.

  [140] Klausen ii 829-33, though he does not accept the link with Troy.

  [141] Knight 61ff; Hdt. ii 148; Plin. xxxvi 84f; Philochoros (Plout. Thes. xvi) says Cretans saw the maze merely as a complicated prison. Perachora: Payne (4) figs. 3, 4. Egypt: Flinders Petrie Medum 189 pl. iv; Royal Tombs of Earliest Dynasties 1901 ii 11, pl. lxi; placque, Buttons and Designs (1925), pl. iv, nos. 238, 237 & p. 7; Deedes 5-11. Sed: Lauer (1) pl. 1, (2) pls. ii, iii, v. Gates: Budge (1) 106. Note Homer knew of the winding river Maiandros of Karia. Eilmann 90 notes that dances, designs, big buildings, caves were all labyrinths. Enfilading: Lethaby 99; H. A. Giles Civilisation of China (1911). Indian tale of men in constructed elephant: P. Max Müller Chips from German Workshop iv (1880), i56f.

  [142] Dionys. of Halik. Comp. xvii; Bowra (2) 20. For aristocrats in Archaic age: PAL Greenhalgh, G. and R. (1972) 190-207, esp. 201 (Theognis).

  [143] Bowra (2) 186-9; Page (1) 126-30 etc.

  [144] EM 822, 39; Philod. On Piety xlii Gomperz.

  [145] Edmonds (1) i 210f; Page (1) 58-62; PSI 123; P. Oxy. 1231 fr. 1, 2289 fr. 9; the restoration making it a dream is unlikely. WM NJb xxxiii 228 takes lines 11-16 to refer to founding of a ritual, cf. Aly RE i A2371; Mazzarino Athenaeum (1943), 64f; Deubner Abh. d. preuss. Akad. d. Kiss. (1943), 7, pp. 3ff.

  [146] Page (1) 138f; P. Oxy. 1231; Edmonds (1) i 215.

  [147] Berl. Klassikertexte P9722; Lobel (1) 80; Edmonds 247; Ovid Ep. xv 15; Page (1) 52-7; Oxy. 1231 fr. 1; SS i 1 325ff; Domseiff 3ff, 78ff; Otterlo Mnem. (1939-40) 149ff; Fraenkel on Aisch. Ag. ii 407f; GK 36-8; W. Schubart 314; Lobel (1) 2; E. Diehl; Theander 70 (seeing contrast of Helen’s beauty and spiritual deformity); Lobel (3); T. Reinach.

  [148] Page (1) 275-83, 152ff; Edmonds (1) i 392-5; Bowra (2) 178ff; SS i 1, 413 n2; Jurenka. Wien. St. xxxvi 229f. Troad: Hdt. v 95; Str. 599f; Diogenes i 74; Souda sv Pittakos. Another poem on Thetis and Achilles, Page 281-3; also fr. to Achilles as lord of Skythia (ie the white island); he was later called ruler of Pontos. Escher RE i 223f; Fleischer Myth. Les. i 56ff. Our poem was not written following a praise of Helen, as Jurenka thinks.

  [149] Alkman (Doric: Ionian Alkmeon): Page (6) 167-70; Paus. iii 15, 1-3. Aphidna: Paus. i 41, 5; Hesych; Paus. iii 26,sch. Eur. Tro. 210; Prisc. Metr. Ter. 3, 428 Keil; sch. Bern. Verg. George. iii 89; Horsemen, Herodian P. Schem. 61. Blessed: Hephaist. HB of Metre 3; talking horse, Ailian HA xii 3; Leda; sch. AR i 146; Edmonds (1) iii 423: ? Helen of the glancing eye. Dys-Paris: Bowra (2) 22; sch. Il. iii 29; GK 39; Plin. xxi 15 (71), 118; 25 (96), 168f.

  [150] Page (6); Bowra (2) 38ff; Wide; WM Hermes (1897), 251.

  [151] Page (6) 26-32. Daughters of Porkos, 38-40; ref. to Graces and House of Zeus? Graces: Paus. iii 18, 6; Athen. 13913; sch. Eur. Or. 62.6; Paus. ix 35, 1; Wide 211ff; Paus. iii 14, 6 (Pind. Nem. x 38); Paus. iii 18, 8f, Throne of Amyklai; Robert (1) i 314. Limits: Bowra (2) 42.

  [152] Athen. xi 782; Hesych. sv kleinoi. Agela: WM (12) 432-9; Pind. fr. 101 Bo. Cretans: Str. 483.

  [153] Page 74ff; Bowra 51ff; Theok. xviii 26-8.

  [154] Pōloi: Bowra 53; Wide 331; IG v I, 594.2; 1444a; Eur. Hel. 1465-7. Race of girls at Olympian Heraia: Paus. v 16, 2, cf. iii 13, 7, Lakonia; Hesych. sv endriōnas, Lakonia.

  [155] Bowra 54f. Robe: Il. vi 90ff; Athena’s peplos at Panathenaia; Artemis as Chitonē (Kall. Hymn iii 225; Steph. Byz. sv Chitonē); clothes of women who died in childbirth at Brauron to Iphigeneia: Eur. IT 1464ff. Hesych. sv boupharon; EM 175, 36. Lyk
. 154 uses pháros as pharynx. Phosphoros, light-bringer, is epithet of Artemis: Eur. IT 21; Kall. Hymn iii II, 204 (linked with Oupis). Dromos: Paus. iii 14, 6; 15, 3; Theok. xviii 39f.

  [156] Englemann; Robert (1) iii 1086ff; Pisani; Chap. (1) 145; Bowra (1) 107ff, (2) 74ff; Seeliger; von Premerstein; Preuss; M. Mayer; Vürtheim; Mancuso: GK 285-90; Souda sv; Bergk P.L.G. (4th ed.). Grégoire thinks the whole thing a fake about time of outbreak of Peloponnesian War. Vallet on originality; Monturo & M. Napoli, effects on archaic art. The lyric poets: Garzya & E. Lapore.

  [157] Simonides fr. 61; Antipatr. AP viii 75; Dion. Kass. ii 33; Hor. Carm. iv 9.8. Steph. Zyz. sv Metauros. Himera: Plato, Plout., Aristotle, Himeros, Paus., Ailian, Souda, cf. Vib. Seq. Flum. xi Oberl. Hesiod: Cic. Rep. ii 20, Tzet. Life Hes. 18; Souda. Paus. iii 19, 13; Plat. Phaid. 243 a; Plat. Letters iii 319e. Cf. Pindar Nem. vii 40ff and Paian vi 113ff; Olymp. i 58; in general SS i 1, 471 n6. Not one poem as seems from Isok. Hel. 64.