Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America

by Douglas Brinkley

  97.FDR, “Radio Address from Two Medicine Chalet, Glacier National Park,” August 5, 1934. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14733.

  98.Ibid.

  99.Ibid.

  100.Ibid.

  101.Cornebise, The CCC Chronicles, pp. 105–6.

  102.Reisner, Cadillac Desert, p. 158.

  103.Lois Lonnquist, Fifty Cents an Hour: The Builders and Boomtowns of Fort Peck Dam (Helena, MT: MTSKY, 2006), pp. 78–83; “The Building of the Fort Peck Dam,” Life, November 23, 1936.

  104.Marc Johnson, “Fort Peck: Symbol of American Power,” May 9, 2011. (Blog.)

  105.“Roosevelt Hailed as ‘Rain-Maker,’” New York Times, August 9, 1934.

  106.Glover, A Wilderness Original: The Life of Bob Marshall, p. 192.

  107.B. S. Yard to C. F. Truitt, January 1, 1938, Robert Marshall Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California–Berkeley.

  108.Marshall quoted in Michael Frome, Foreword, in Harvey Broome, Out Under the Sky of the Great Smokies (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001), p. xx.

  109.Newton B. Drury, “The National Park Service: The First Thirty Years,” in Harlean James, ed., American Planning and Civic Annual (1941), p. 34.

  110.“New Park for Big Bend Region,” New York Times, November 24, 1935, p. xxx.

  111.John Jameson, The Story of Big Bend National Park (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010), p. 76.

  CHAPTER 11: “A DUCK FOR EVERY PUDDLE”

  1.“So This Is Washington! Ducks, Geese and Other Wild Birds Play a Part in Congressional Side Shows; Bootleggers, Too; Remember Them?” Washington Post, January 7, 1934, p. 2.

  2.Curt Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), pp. 314–19.

  3.Ray Benson, “The President’s Committee on Wildlife Restoration,” Literary Digest, January 27, 1934.

  4.Memorandum—FDR to Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, October 18, 1933, quoted in Allen, Guardian of the Wild, p. 26.

  5.Lendt, Ding, pp. 6–12.

  6.Jay Norwood Darling to Paul Errington, January 4, 1958, Darling Papers, Special Collections Department, University of Iowa Library, Iowa City.

  7.Jay Norwood Darling to Juanita Lines, February 9, 1959, Darling Papers, Special Collections Department, University of Iowa Library, Iowa City.

  8.Harber, “How You Gonna Keep ’Em Down on the Farm?” p. 294.

  9.John M. Henry, “A Treasury of Ding,” Palimpsest, Vol. 53 (March 1972), pp. 82–83.

  10.Lendt, Ding, pp. 48–50.

  11.Harber, “How You Gonna Keep ’Em Down on the Farm?,” p. 294.

  12.Eric Jay Dolin and Bob Dumaine, The Duck Stamp Story: Art, Conservation, History (Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2000), p. 31.

  13.Vernon Van Ness, “Rod and Gun,” New York Times, January 23, 1934.

  14.FDR to Jay N. Darling, May 9, 1935, FDRL.

  15.Aldo Leopold, “Thinking Like a Mountain,” in A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949).

  16.Ibid., p. 130.

  17.Meine, Aldo Leopold, pp. 107–9.

  18.Ibid., p. 116.

  19.Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River (New York: Ballantine, 1990), p. 13.

  20.Dolin, Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges, p. 87.

  21.Aldo Leopold, Game Management (New York: Scribner, 1933; reprinted, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986).

  22.Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, Foreword, p. xix.

  23.Meine, Aldo Leopold, p. 319.

  24.Jennifer Kobylecky, “Connecting the Starker Leopold’s Legacy,” Leopold Outlook, Vol. 12, no. 2 (Winter 2012), pp. 24–25.

  25.Marc Cioc, The Game of Conservation: International Treaties to Protect the World’s Migratory Animals (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009), pp. 97–99.

  26.Civilian Conservation Corps, The CCC and Wildlife (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938).

  27.“‘Duck for Every Puddle’ Goal in Game Restoration,” New York Times, January 7, 1934.

  28.Meine, Aldo Leopold, p. 315.

  29.Worster, The Dust Bowl, p. 12.

  30.Van Ness, “Rod and Gun.”

  31.Ding Darling to Clarence Cottam, June 25, 1959, Ding Darling Papers, Special Collections Department, University of Iowa Library, Iowa City.

  32.Ibid.

  33.Jay N. Darling, “The Story of the Wildlife Refuge Program, Part 1,” National Parks Magazine (February–March 1954), pp. 6–10, 43–46.

  34.Thomas Beck quoted in Meine, Aldo Leopold, p. 316.

  35.Aldo Leopold quoted ibid., pp. 316–17.

  36.Luna Leopold quoted ibid.

  37.“Wild-Life Project Calls for U.S. Aid,” New York Times, January 24, 1934.

  38.Report of President’s Committee on Wildlife Restoration, February 8, 1934, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, WV.

  39.Allen, Guardian of the Wild, p. 26.

  40.Van Ness, “Rod and Gun.”

  41.“Montezuma Wetlands Complex,” Friends of Montezuma Wetlands Complex, http://friendsofmontezuma.org/index.html.

  42.Dolin, Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges, p. 88.

  43.Giese, “A Federal Foundation for Wildlife Conservation,” p. 139.

  44.“The Reminiscences of Henry Agard Wallace,” Columbia University oral history, p. 320.

  45.Ding Darling to Clarence Cottam, June 25, 1959, Ding Darling Papers, Special Collections Department, University of Iowa Library, Iowa City.

  46.Dolin and Dumaine, The Duck Stamp Story, p. 43.

  47.Allen, Guardian of the Wild, p. 29.

  48.Dolin, Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges, pp. 87–91.

  49.Albert M. Day, “Don’t Make My Duck Pond a Refuge,” Sports Afield (February 1946).

  50.Dolin and Dumaine, The Duck Stamp Story, p. 47.

  51.Ibid., p. 48.

  52.Dolin, Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges, p. 90.

  53.George Laycock, The Sign of the Flying Goose: A Guide to the National Wildlife Refuges (Garden City, NY: American Museum of Natural History Press, 1965), p. 224.

  54.FDR to Henry Wallace, May 24, 1934, FDRL.

  55.Lendt, Ding, pp. 74–76. See also Frank J. Rader, “Harry L. Hopkins, the Ambitious Crusader,” Annals of Iowa, Vol. 44 (Fall 1977), pp. 85–102.

  56.Duck Stamps and Wildlife Refuges (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955), p. 5.

  57.More Birds in America, Small Refuges for Waterfowl (New York: More Birds in America, 1933), pp. 35–36.

  58.Giese, “A Federal Foundation for Wildlife Conservation,” pp. 133–43.

  59.Worster, The Dust Bowl, p. 13.

  60.Timothy Egan, The Worst Hard Time, p. 7.

  61.Ian Frazier, Great Plains (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989), p. 197.

  62.Russell Lord, Miscellaneous Publication No. 321: To Hold This Soil (Washington, DC: Soil Conservation Service, 1938), pp. 72–73.

  63.Craig Rupp, “History of National Grasslands,” paper presented by Deputy Regional Forester Craig Rupp at National Grasslands Conference, December 10, 1975, Arlington, TX, p. 2.

  64.Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, p. 107.

  65.Wilmon H. Droze, Trees, Prairies, and People: A History of Tree Planting in the Plain States (Denton: Texas Woman’s University, 1977), p. xxii.

  66.FDR, February 10, 1937. See also Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 3–6.

  67.F. A. Silcox quoted in R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1942,” Lecture at Kansas State University, July 1995. Online at http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~jsherow/hurt2.htm.

  68.Nicolet National Forest, established by Herbert Hoover on March 2, 1933, in Presidential Proclamation 2036, 47 Stat. 2561; Chequamegon National Forest, established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt on November 13, 1933, in Presidential Proclamation 2061, 48 Stat. 1716.

  69.Ra
phael Zon to Ovid Butler, July 18, 1934.

  70.Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, p. 108.

  71.Droze, Trees, Prairies, and People, pp. 63–65.

  72.Joel Orth, “The Shelterbelt Project: Cooperative Conservation in 1930s America,” Agricultural History, Vol. 81, no. 3 (Summer 2007), pp. 333–55.

  73.FDR to James V. Allred, February 23, 1937, FDRL.

  74.Amarillo Globe, July 22, 1934.

  75.Orth, “The Shelterbelt Project.”

  76.Ibid.

  77.M. G. Kains, Five Acres and Independence: A Practical Guide to the Selection and Management of the Small Farm (New York: Greenberg, 1935), p. 52.

  78.Russell Peterson, The Pine Tree Book (New York: Central Park Conservancy, 1980), pp. 116–17.

  79.Raphael Zon, “Shelterbelts—Futile Dream or Workable Plan,” Science, Vol. 81 (April 26, 1935), p. 394.

  80.James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Boone and Crockett Club, 1975), pp. 235–36.

  81.Paul B. Sears, “The Great American Shelterbelt,” Ecology, Vol. 17 (October 1936), pp. 683–84.

  82.FDR to Henry Wallace, January 23, 1937, FDRL.

  83.“Paul Henley Roberts 1890–1871,” Nebraska State Historical Society, last updated July 2011, http://nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/family/paul-roberts.htm.

  84.Agricultural Department Appropriation Bill for 1936: Hearing Before the Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations, United States House of Representatives, 74th Congress (1936), pp. 320–21.

  85.Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife, pp. 234–35.

  86.“‘Ding’ Finds Capital a Great Buck-Passer,” New York Times, April 18, 1935.

  87.Ann Vileisis, Discovering the Unknown Landscape: A History of America’s Wetlands (Washington, DC: Island, 1997), p. 179.

  88.Laycock, The Sign of the Flying Goose, p. 227.

  89.Ibid., pp. 225–27.

  90.Des Lacs: FDR, Executive Order 7154-A, August 22, 1935. Lower Souris: FDR, Executive Order 7170, September 4, 1935. Upper Souris: FDR, Executive Order 7161, August 27, 1935.

  91.Author interview with Denny Holland, March 31, 2013.

  92.Lendt, Ding, p. 72.

  93.W. L. McAtee, Local Bird Refuges (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942), pp. 1–17.

  94.Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York: Viking, 1959), p. 220.

  95.Giese, “A Federal Foundation for Wildlife Conservation,” pp. 142–45.

  96.J. C. Salyer, “Practical Waterfowl Management,” in Wildlife Restoration and Conservation; Proceedings of the North American Wildlife Conference Called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Connecting Wing Auditorium and the Mayflower Hotel, Washington, DC, February 3–7, 1936 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1936), p. 584.

  CHAPTER 12: “SOONER OR LATER, YOU ARE LIKELY TO MEET THE SIGN OF THE FLYING GOOSE”

  1.Scott Slavik, “The Blue Goose: Mythical Creature or Enduring Symbol?” Refuge Notebook, Peninsula Clarion, November 12, 2004.

  2.Vanez T. Wilson and Rachel L. Carson, Bear River: A National Wildlife Refuge (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1950), p. 1.

  3.E. A. McIlhenny, “The Blue Goose in Its Winter Home,” Auk, Vol. 49, no. 3 (July 1934), pp. 279–306.

  4.Ira N. Gabrielson, “The Problem of Duck Conservation,” speech at Illinois Sportsmen’s Association, Chicago, June 29, 1936, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, WV.

  5.Rachel Carson, Introduction to “Conservation in Action” series, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1947.

  6.Upper Souris CCC Camp Boxes, NCTS-USFWS, Shepherdstown, WV.

  7.“Delivering Hope: FDR and Stamps of the Great Depression,” http://postalmuseum.si.edu/deliveringhope/object_0_209045_13.html#1.

  8.Tracy Casselman, “Elizabeth Beard Losey, First Female Member of the Wildlife Society,” Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 34, no. 2 (2006), p. 558.

  9.Mark Madison and George Gentry, interview with Elizabeth Losey, March 15, 2003, library.fws.gov/OH/losey.elizabeth.031503.pdf.

  10.Franklin S. Henika, “Sand-Hill Cranes in Wisconsin and Other Lake States,” in Wildlife Restoration and Conservation; Proceedings of the North American Wildlife Conference called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Connecting Wing Auditorium and the Mayflower Hotel, Washington, DC, February 3–7, 1936 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1936).

  11.Tracy Casselman, Seney National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan, 2009 (Seney, MI: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009).

  12.FDR to Henry Wallace and Harold Ickes, February 8, 1935, FDRL.

  13.FDR to Henry Wallace, February 8, 1935, FDRL.

  14.FDR, Address to Congress, January 24, 1935, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1.

  15.FDR, Speech to the Society of American Foresters, January 29, 1935, FDRL.

  16.Ibid.

  17.Ding Darling to FDR, “Confidential Memorandum for the President and the Secretary of Agriculture; Taylor Grazing Act and Wildlife,” February 4, 1935, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, p. 315.

  18.Skip Farrington, The Ducks Came Back: The Story of Ducks Unlimited (New York: Coward-McCann, 1945), pp. 3–5.

  19.FDR to Joseph Pulitzer, April 19, 1935, letter 346 in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1.

  20.Jay N. Darling, “Wildlife Areas and National Land Planning,” in James, American Planning and Civic Annual, p. 38.

  21.Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife, p. 225.

  22.Ibid., p. 269.

  23.J. N. Darling to FDR, February 4, 1935, FDRL.

  24.“Livestock Men Meet to Discuss Program,” Bend (Oregon) Bulletin, January 13, 1936.

  25.Carl D. Shoemaker to FDR, March 6, 1935, FDRL.

  26.FDRto John H. Baker, May 29, 1935, FDRL.

  27.Ding Darling to Henry Wallace, June 8, 1935, FDRL.

  28.FDR to Henry Wallace, June 17, 1935, FDRL.

  29.Jason Scott Smith, Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1935–1956 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 102–3.

  30.Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, pp. 10–22.

  31.Darling, “Wildlife Areas and National Land Planning,” pp. 38–40.

  32.Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 323.

  33.J. N. Darling to FDR, July 26, 1935, FDRL.

  34.Ibid.

  35.FDR to J. N. Darling, July 29, 1935. FDRL.

  36.USDA, BBS, Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey, 1935 (Washington, DC: U.S. GPO, 1935), p. 23.

  37.Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1943), p. 182.

  38.Tugwell quoted in Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, p. 136.

  39.FDR quoted in Pyne, Fire in America, p. 322.

  40.FDR to Samuel N. Spring, June 6, 1934, FDRL.

  41.Asbell, The F.D.R. Memoirs, p. 413.

  42.Davis and Davis, Our Mark on This Land, p. 147.

  43.FDR to Scott Lord Smith, June 11, 1935, FDRL.

  44.Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom, p. 4.

  45.Margaret Suckley to FDR, August 3, 1935, in Ward, Closest Companion, p. 28.

  46.Margaret Suckley to FDR, August 20, 1935, ibid., pp. 30–31.

  47.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” June 6, 1938.

  48.Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1971), p. 305.

  49.Lewis, “A CCC Guy’s Diary,” entry for Saturday April 13, 1935.

  50.Worster, The Dust Bowl, p. 28.

  51.Douglas Brinkley and Johnny Depp, Introduction, in Woody Guthrie, House of Earth (Los Angeles and New York: InfinitumNihil/HarperCollins, 2013), p. xx.

  52.See R. Douglas Hurt, “Federal Land Reclamation in the Dust Bowl,” Great Plains Quarterly, Vol. 6 (Spring 1
986), pp. 94–106.

  53.Woody Guthrie, Seeds of Man (New York: Dutton, 1976), p. 122.

  54.Mike Cox, Big Bend Tales (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011), pp. 136–37.

  55.Jameson, The Story of Big Bend National Park, p. 30.

  56.FDR to Congressman R. Ewing Thomason, August 9, 1939, FDRL.

  57.Jameson, The Story of Big Bend, p. xiv.

  58.Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary, Vol. 1, The First Thousand Days (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953), pp. 385–86, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Administrative Files, Box 7.

  59.William Finley to FDR, December 14, 1935.

  60.Kathy Durbin, “Restoring a Refuge: Cows Depart, but Can Antelope Recover?” High Country News, November 24, 1997.

  61.William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (New York: Doubleday, 1960), p. 74.

  62.Business Week, May 4, 1935.

  63.FDR, “Remarks at the Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of State Conservation at Lake Placid,” September 14, 1935, Lake Placid, NY. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14936.

  64.FDR, “Remarks at the Dedication of the White Face Memorial Highway,” September 14, 1935. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14934.

  65.Benton MacKaye, “Flankline vs. Skyline,” Appalachia, Vol. 20 (1934), pp. 104–8. See also Sutter, Driven Wild, p. 187.

  66.Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), p. 210.

  67.Harold Ickes, “Twelve Years with F. D. R.,” Saturday Evening Post (July 24, 1948), pp. 88–90.

  68.Jay Norwood Darling to John Clark Salyer, November 8, 1935, Darling Papers.

  69.Harold Ickes to Jay Norwood Darling, November 13, 1935, Darling Papers.

  70.J. Clark Salyer and Ira N. Gabrielson, “J. Norwood Darling, 1876–1962,” Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 27 (July 1963), pp. 499–502.

  71.Ira N. Gabrielson, “The Problem of Duck Conservation,” speech at Illinois Sportsmen’s Association, Chicago, June 29, 1936, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, WV.

  72.Ira N. Gabrielson, unpublished memoir, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, WV.

  73.Henry M. Reeves and David B. Marshall, “In Memoriam: Ira Noel Gabrielson,” Auk, Vol. 102 (October 1981), pp. 865–68.