Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America

by Douglas Brinkley

  37.Scott C. Yaich and Greg Kernohan, “Water, Ducks, and People,” Ducks Unlimited (November–December 2013), p. 99.

  38.Mares, Fishing with the Presidents, pp. 78–79.

  39.James O. Stevenson, “Will Bugles Blow No More?” Audubon (May/June 1993), p. 134; Porter Allen, On the Trail of Vanishing Birds (New York: National Audubon Society), p. 35.

  40.“Aransas National Wildlife Refuge,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, February 2005.

  41.James O. Stevenson and Richard E. Griffith, “Winter Life of the Whooping Crane,” Condor, Vol. 48, no. 4 (July–August 1946), pp. 160–78.

  42.R. D. W. Connor, “FDR Visits the National Archives,” American Archivist, Vol. 12, no. 4 (January–October 1949).

  43.“It’s My Baby!” Prologue, Vol. 44, no. 2 (Summer 2012).

  44.Nan Robertson, “Memorial Is Dedicated to Roosevelt in Capital,” New York Times, April 13, 1965.

  45.FDR to Daniel Beard, July 28, 1937, FDRL.

  46.Irving Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt (Flagstaff, AZ: Northland, 1989), pp. 48–49.

  47.Ibid.

  48.Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, pp. 380–81.

  49.Hugh B. Autrey (Associate Recreational Planner) to George H. Copeland, New York Times, June 29, 1939, Records of National Park Service, Central Classification Files, 1936, Entry 81, Box 48, File Number 0–35, 1952.

  50.“First National Seashore Park,” Washington Post, August 6, 1939, p. 48.

  51.Toll quoted in Cameron Binkley, The Creation and Establishment of Cape Hatteras National Seashore—The Great Depression Through Mission 66 (Atlanta, GA: National Park Service, Southeastern Regional Office, 2007), p. 13.

  52.Douglas Caldwell, “NPS Biographical Vignette: Conrad L. Wirth,” last modified December 1, 2000, http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sontag/wirt h.htm.

  53.“Park Service Gets New Plane,” New York Times, September 16, 1936.

  54.“House Flouts Roosevelt on CCC,” New York Times, May 12, 1937.

  55.Delaware Federal Writers’ Project, Delaware: A Guide to the First State (New York: Viking Press, 1938), pp. 14-16.

  56.Rachel Carson, Parker River: A National Wildlife Refuge (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), p. 10.

  57.Binkley, The Creation and Establishment of Cape Hatteras National Seashore, p. 1.

  58.Hamilton Gray, “First Federal Beach Mapped: North Carolina ‘Banks,’ Including Cape,” New York Times, September 5, 1937.

  59.Binkley, The Creation and Establishment of Cape Hatteras National Seashore.

  60.Gray, “First Federal Beach Mapped.” On June 29, 1940, Congress changed the name from Cape Hatteras National Seashore to Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area.

  61.Pauline Chase-Harrell et al., Administrative History of the Salem Maritime National Historic Site (Boston: Boston Affiliates, 1993), pp. 3–44.

  62.Ickes, The Secret Diary, pp. 199–204.

  63.Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937 (Public Law 75-210), July 22, 1937, p. 12.

  64.R. Douglas Hurt, “The National Grasslands Origin and Development in the Dust Bowl,” Agricultural History, Vol. 59 (April 1985), pp. 246–59.

  65.“Pittman an Enemy of Dictatorship,” New York Times, November 11, 1940.

  66.Lonnie L. Williamson, “Evolution of a Landmark Law,” in Harmon Kallman, ed., Restoring America’s Wildlife, 1937–1987: The First Fifty Years of the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration (Pittman-Robertson Act) (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1987), pp. 1–20.

  67.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey, Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938), pp. 26–42.

  68.Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife, p. 409.

  69.Walcott quoted in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 122–23.

  70.FDR to Frederic C. Walcott, September 8, 1937, FDRL.

  71.Eric Bolan, Wildlife Ecology and Management (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003), pp. 201–24.

  72.FDR to A. Willis Robertson, August 23, 1937, FDRL.

  73.“Gibraltar of America, Now National Monument,” New York Times, January 22, 1935, p. 3.

  74.Quoted in Barry Mackintosh, “Harold L. Ickes and the National Park Service,” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 29, no. 2 (April 1985), pp. 78–84.

  75.Robert H. Jackson, That Man: An Insider’s Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).

  76.Ibid., pp. 147–48.

  77.See Executive Order 7764, December 6, 1937, and 2 FR 3183, December 9, 1937; Executive Order 7780, December 30, 1937; and Executive Order 7784, December 31, 1937, in Franklin Delano Roosevelt Executive Order Disposition Tables, 1937, National Archives, http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1937.html. In 2004 Roosevelt’s Sabine and Lacassine National Wildlife Refuges became part of a larger Southwest Louisiana National Wildlife complex that also included Cameron Prairie and Shell Keys.

  78.Ted Williams, “Taking a Stand,” Audubon (July–August 2013), pp. 26–34.

  79.John O. Reilly, “Wildlife Abounds in Aransas Refuge,” Washington Post, December 12, 1948.

  CHAPTER 15: “I HOPE THE SON-OF-A-BITCH WHO LOGGED THAT IS ROASTING IN HELL”

  1.See Ward, Closest Companion.

  2.FDR, “Speech to the Roosevelt Home Club, Val-Kill Farm, Hyde Park,” September 11, 1937, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 125–26.

  3.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, p. 22.

  4.FDR to Nelson C. Brown, June 29, 1937, FDRL.

  5.Nelson C. Brown to FDR, May 22, 1937, FDRL.

  6.Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 25–26.

  7.William Atherton DuPuy, “Forest Service Growing Thousands of Seedlings,” Washington Post, February 27, 1938.

  8.Elmo R. Richardson, “Olympic National Park: 20 Years of Controversy,” Forest History, Vol. 12, no. 1 (April 1968), pp. 6–15.

  9.Smith quoted in Susan Ware, Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 114.

  10.James G. K. McClure to FDR, March 3, 1937, FDRL.

  11.FDR to James G. K. McClure, March 11, 1937, FDRL.

  12.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, p. 22.

  13.Elmo R. Richardson, “Olympic National Park: 20 Years of Controversy,” Forest History, Vol. 12, no. 1 (April 1968), p. 7.

  14.Doug Scott, The Enduring Wilderness (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004), pp. 44–47.

  15.FDR to Nelson C. Brown, June 29, 1937, FDRL.

  16.“Roosevelt Retains Popularity in Northwest, but Voters Still Oppose His Court Plan,” Washington Post, September 26, 1938, p. B4. The Washington Post published a map of the United States showing the many communities the president planned to visit.

  17.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” September 25, 1937.

  18.“Workers Start Razing Old Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel,” Helena Independent, August 20, 1936; and Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, pp. 90–91.

  19.Robert V. Goss, “Yellowstone Hotels and Lodges: Mammoth Hot Springs National Hotel and Mammoth Lodge,” accessed June 29, 2014, http://geyserbob.org/hot-mhs.html.

  20.Emergency Conservation Work (Yellowstone), “Memorandum for the Press, Release for Sunday Papers,” March 18, 1936, CCC Press Releases, FDRL.

  21.Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, pp. 90–91.

  22.Franklyn Waltman, “West Puzzles as Roosevelt Hides Trip’s Real Purpose,” New York Times, September 26, 1937, p. 1.

  23.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” September 27, 1937.

  24.Ibid.

  25.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” September 28, 1937.

  26.Ken Robinson, Defending Idaho’s Natural Heritage (privately published), pp. 90–114.

  27.Calvin Gower, “The CCC Indian Division: Aid for Depressed Americans, 1933–1942,” Minnesota History (Spring 1972), pp. 1–13.r />
  28.Nick Taylor, American Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA (New York: Bantam, 2008), p. 352.

  29.FDR, Remarks at Boise, ID, September 27, 1937.

  30.Mike McKinley, “The Civilian Conservation Corps and Heyburn State Park Experience, 1934–1942,” CCC in Idaho, http://idahoptv.org/outdoors/shows/ccc/idaho/cccheyburn.html.

  31.Elizabeth Smith, A History of the Salmon National Forest (Washington DC: U.S. Forest Service, 1973), n.p.

  32.Ibid.

  33.Kenneth Hart quoted in McKinley, “The Civilian Conservation Corps and Heyburn State Park Experience, 1934–1942.”

  34.Vardis Fisher and Idaho Federal Writers’ Project, Idaho: A Guide in Word and Picture (Caldwell, ID: Caxton, 1937).

  35.Elers Koch, “The Passing of the Lolo Trail,” Journal of Forestry (February 1935), pp. 98–104.

  36.FDR, Remarks at Boise, ID, September 27, 1937. Eleanor Roosevelt, in coming months, traveled to Moscow, ID, to plant a Douglas fir in the Presidential Grove in front of the University of Idaho’s administration building. University of Idaho Special Collections Library Assistant Julie Monroe to Douglas Brinkley, October 7, 2013.

  37.Henrietta Nesbitt, White House Diary (New York: Doubleday, 1948), p. 71.

  38.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” January 23, 1937.

  39.FDR to R. Walton Moore, November 21, 1937, FDRL.

  40.FDR to Cordell Hull, November 22, 1937, in Elliott Roosevelt, ed., F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, Vol. 1, p. 728.

  41.Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” September 29, 1937.

  42.John Harrison, “Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose,” Northwest Power and Conservation Council, last modified October 31, 2008, accessed May 21, 2013, http://www.nwcouncil.org/history/grandcouleehistory.

  43.Victoria Grieve, The Federal Art Project and the Creation of Middlebrow Culture (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), p. 138.

  44.FDR, Address at Timberline Lodge, September 28, 1937, in Sam Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 392.

  45.The Pony Express 150th Anniversary Year (Salt Lake City, UT: National Park Service, 2011), pp. 20–21.

  46.Otis, The Forest Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps, pp. 68–69.

  47.Richardson, “Olympic National Park: 20 Years of Controversy,” pp. 6–15.

  48.Doug Scott to Douglas Brinkley, October 9, 2014.

  49.Scott, The Enduring Wilderness, p. 46.

  50.Clark N. Bainbridge, “The Origins of Rosalie Edge’s Emergency Conservation Committee, 1930–1962: A Historical Analysis,” PhD dissertation, University of Idaho, December 2002, pp. 152–53.

  51.Runte, National Parks, p. 127.

  52.Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, p. 34.

  53.“Biographical Note,” finding aid for Irving Brant Papers, University of Iowa Libraries; “Biographical Note,” finding aid for Irving Brant Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

  54.“Irving Brant, 91, Writer, Expert on Constitution,” Washington Post, September 21, 1976.

  55.Brant, Adventures in Conservation with Franklin D. Roosevelt, pp. 2–3.

  56.Bainbridge, “The Origins of Rosalie Edge’s Emergency Conservation Committee, 1930–1962,” pp. 158–62.

  57.Irving Brant, “Protection for Petrified Forests,” Saturday Evening Post (June 26, 1926).

  58.Bainbridge, “The Origins of Rosalie Edge’s Emergency Conservation Committee, 1930–1962,” pp. 166–70.

  59.FDR to Albert Z. Gray, n.d., FDRL.

  60.Clifford Roloff and Edwin Roloff, “The Mount Olympus National Monument,” Washington Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25, no. 3 (July 1934), pp. 214–28.

  61.Homer Cummings to FDR, May 22, 1936, FDRL.

  62.FDR to Henry Wallace, February 18, 1936, FDRL.

  63.Ibid.

  64.Henry Wallace to FDR, March 13, 1936, FDRL.

  65.FDR, Executive Order 7716, September 29, 1937, Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day Project, entry for September 30, 1937, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/september-30th-1937/.

  66.Mary Lou Hanify, “Roosevelt Tours Olympic Peninsula,” Seattle Times Magazine, July 14, 1968.

  67.Ibid.

  68.Ibid.

  69.Owen A. Tomlinson to Arno B. Cammerer, October 6, 1937, RG 79, Central Classified Files, NARA, Washington, DC.

  70.Richardson, “Olympic National Park: 20 Years of Controversy.”

  71.Irving Brant to A. E. Demaray, October 5, 1937, Record Group 79, Central Classified Files, National Archives, Washington, DC.

  72.FDR, “Remarks at Grand Coulee Dam,” October 2, 1937.

  73.William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man: The Early Years—The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 211.

  74.National Park Service, “Places: Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area,” last updated December 10, 2013, http://www.nps.gov/laro/historyculture/old-kettle-falls.htm.

  75.Aldo Leopold, “Engineering and Conservation,” in Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott, eds., The River of the Mother of God (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), p. 254.

  76.Ed Cray, Ramblin’ Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 209.

  77.FDR, speech, October 4, 1937, Saint Paul, MN, FDRL, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Master Speech File, 1898–1945, Ser. 2, Box 2–7.

  78.Donald L. Parman, “The Indian and the Civilian Conservation Corps,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 40, no. 1 (February 1971), pp. 39–56.

  79.Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 148.

  80.FDR, “Quarantine Speech,” October 5, 1937, Chicago, IL, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3310.

  81.Earl Swift, The Big Roads: The Untold Story of the Engineers, Visionaries, and Trailblazers Who Created the American Superhighway (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), p. 7.

  82.FDR, Press Conference, October 26, 1937, FDRL.

  83.Richardson, “Olympic National Park: 20 Years of Controversy.”

  84.FDR to Harold Ickes, December 10, 1938, FDRL.

  85.Harold Ickes, diary entry, August 6, 1938, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

  86.“Last Frontier Now Olympic National Park; President Signs Bill Saving Coast Wilds,” New York Times, June 30, 1938; Richardson, “Olympic National Park: 20 Year Controversy,” pp. 6–15.

  CHAPTER 16: “PERPETUATED FOR POSTERITY”

  1.FDR, “Annual Message to Congress,” January 3, 1938. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15517.

  2.Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 2, pp. 176–77.

  3.FDR to Representative J. Mark Wilcox, January 22, 1938, FDRL.

  4.“Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service: Lower Florida Keys Refuges, Monroe County, FL,” Federal Register, Vol. 73, no. 101 (May 23, 2008), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-05-23/html/E8-11617.htm.

  5.United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service; State of Florida Department of Natural Resources, “Management Agreement for Backcountry Portions of Key West National Wildlife Refuge Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge and National Key Deer Refuge Monroe County, Florida,” September 1992, p. 2, http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/review/documents/backcountryplan.pdf.

  6.T. D. A. Cockerell, “Recollections of a Naturalist: The California Islands,” Bios, Vol. 10, no. 2 (May 1939), pp. 99–106.

  7.Harold Ickes, “Should Congress Vest Ownership of the Tidelands in the States?” Congressional Digest (October 1, 1948), p. 255.

  8.T. D. A. Cockerell, “The Botany of the California Islands,” Torreya, Vol. 37, no. 6 (1937), pp. 117–23.

  9.Richard M. Bond, “Banding Records of California Brown Pelicans,” Condor, Vol. 44 (May 1942), p. 116.

  10.FDR, Proclamation 2281, 52 Stat. 1541, April 26, 1938, quoted in National Park Service, “Establishing Chann
el Islands National Park,” http://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/park-history.htm.

  11.Eivind T. Scoyen to Arno B. Cammerer, May 7, 1941.

  12.Harry S. Truman, Proclamation 2825, Enlarging the Channel Islands National Monument, California, February 9, 1949. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=87189.

  13.Jimmy Carter, National Parks and Recreation Act Amendments Statement on Signing H.R. 3757 into Law, March 5, 1980. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33104. Also Jimmy Carter, Channel Islands Marine Sanctuary Statement by the President, September 21, 1980. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=45099.

  14.Cape Meares National Wildlife Refuge, Executive Order 7957, August 19, 1938.

  15.Kevin Hays, “History of Oregon’s Shortest Lighthouse and the Legend of the Octopus Tree,” Salem News, January 30, 2007.

  16.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Tybee National Wildlife Refuge,” http://www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=41624.

  17.Stegner, Where the Bluebird Sings at the Lemonade Springs, pp. 89–92.

  18.“Ickes Will Seek Purification of Potomac River,” Washington Post, July 24, 1938, p. M6.

  19.“$160,000 Will Go to Purify Potomac,” Washington Post, October 13, 1933, p. X28.

  20.FDR, “Address at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,” July 9, 1938. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15675.

  21.Barbara Bryant, “‘Rivers of America’: Library Celebrates 60th Anniversary of Landmark Series,” Library of Congress Information Bulletin, Vol. 56, no. 10 (June 1997). Each title in the series, which began in 1937 with the publication of Kennebec: Cradle of Americans by Robert P. Tristram Coffin and ultimately produced sixty-five volumes by 1974, was written from a literary—rather than scientific or historical—perspective and contained illustrations from top talents in the field. Carmer’s volume The Hudson (illustrated by Stow Wengenroth) was published in 1939 and was later joined by such popular entries as The Brandywine (by Henry Seidel Canby with illustrations by Andrew Wyeth), The Sangamon (by Edgar Lee Masters with illustrations by Lynd Ward), and The Everglades: River of Grass (by Marjory Stoneman Douglas with illustrations by Robert Fink).