Great Plains Drought Area Committee, 308
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 120, 135, 145, 218, 248–49, 266, 353–54, 585; black bear, 249; CCC and, 249, 353; Clingmans Dome, 265; Elkmont Bridge, 249; FDR speech (1940), 502, 502–4; redwood—and sequoia-growing experiment, 552; roads in, 265, 503
Great White Heron NWR, 421, 424
Green, William, 174, 206, 207
Green Mountain National Forest, 59, 429
Grinnell, George Bird, 17, 19, 386
Grinnell College, 136, 284, 315
Griscom, Andrew, 538
Griscom, Ludlow, 537, 537, 538
Groton School, 26, 213; FDR at, 27, 27–31, 32, 33; summer camp, 30
Groves, Leslie R., 539, 571
Guernsey, Raymond, 537
Guthrie, Woody, 314, 315, 415
Hagerman NWR, 366–67
Hailstone NWR, 540
Halfbreed Lake NWR, 540
Harding, Warren G., 86, 89, 90, 107, 120, 164, 200
Harper, Jean Sherwood and Francis, 146, 146–47, 230–31, 234, 235, 236, 352, 443–44, 445, 541, 650n73
Harpers Ferry National Monument, 548
Harriman, E. H., 93
Harriman, Mary Averell, 93
Harriman State Park, 93, 94
Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 317–18, 343, 349
Harvard University, 170, 305; Arnold Arboretum, 7; FDR at, 34, 37, 39–40; FDR friends/family and, 4, 35, 49, 60, 90, 102, 251; Harvard Crimson, 37; Marshall at, 160; Museum of Comparative Zoology, 22, 537
Hassett, William D., 530, 580
Hawaii, 19–20; CCC and forest improvement, 252–53; FDR dedicates Moana Park, 254; FDR trip (1934), 251–54, 253; Kilauea Volcano, 252–53; Kilauea Volcano Observatory, 251, 253; Volcano House, 253–54
Hawaii National Park, 252, 266
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 20
Hawes, Harry B., 141, 183, 225–26
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, 472, 472
Hearst, William Randolph, 148, 241
Henry’s Lake, ID, 514–15
Hetch Hetchy Dam, 74–77
Hewitt Lake NWR, 420
Heyburn State Park, 399
Hickok, Lorena, 254, 256
Highlands Hammock State Park, 243, 244, 583
Highway Beautification Act of 1965, 132
historic sites, 58, 189–91; FDR accomplishments, 1940, 507; FDR’s beliefs about, 191; lack of preservation pre-FDR, 191; National Historic Landmarks Program, 190–91; NPS and, 188–90; private associations and, 191
Historic Sites Act of 1935, 190, 477, 492
Hitler, Adolf, 369
Hoh Rain Forest, 392
Holland, Denny, 295–96
Hoover, Herbert, 85, 120–21, 127, 148, 149, 187, 205, 248, 250, 268, 275, 318, 332, 371, 402, 498, 562, 564; Biological Survey funds, 226; conservation policy, 121, 134–35; Darling and, 270, 271; FDR’s presidential challenge to, 151–53, 154–55; Great Depression and, 128, 134, 151; laissez-faire economics, 134; national forests, 677n67; Rapidan camp, 135, 188, 189, 215, 553; veterans march (1932), 221; weakness as leader, 121
Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 492
Hopkins, Harry, 136, 162, 284, 307–8, 340, 351, 420, 480, 506, 536
Horicon Marsh bird refuge, 293
Hornaday, William Temple, 57, 61, 63, 65, 217, 271, 273, 275, 327, 345–46, 463
Howe, Louis, 70, 72, 96, 97, 107, 109, 116, 144, 181, 215
Hoyt, Burnham, 507–8
Hoyt, Minerva Hamilton, 209–12, 210, 341, 541
Hudson, Henry, 3, 51, 644n5
Hudson, The (Carmer), 427, 695n21
Hudson River, 3, 5, 16, 425; Beacon-Newburgh ferry, 8; FDR and the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, 51; FDR’s childhood and, 5–6; FDR’s connection to, 3; Palisades Interstate Park, 33; pollution, 13, 63, 311, 447, 516; river-keepers, 13; Springwood on, 5
Hudson River Valley, 4–5; architectural style, 427; birds of, 22; Downing’s influence on landscape architecture, 8–9; ER and, 43; FDR and Dutch-style post offices built, 427; FDR and history of, 3, 6; FDR’s identity and, 79–80, 311–12; FDR’s love for, 114, 427; River Families, 9, 23; as sanctified landscape, 4, 26; timber industry and, 63–64; tree planting and, 53; violet growing, 36
Hull, Cordell, 144, 402, 434, 435, 486, 561, 566
Humboldt-Redwoods State Park, 218
hunting: arrests of poachers, 296; bag limits for, 386; banning for non-game birds, 22; banning in bird sanctuaries, 296, 388, 446–47; banning in national parks and monuments, 82, 239, 249, 352–53; banning in the Susquehanna River NWR, 540–41; bighorn sheep and, 460; Burnham and, 457; CCC and, 527; commercial hunting, 271; duck complaints and hunt, 531–32; Duck Stamp Act and, 281–83; “fair chase,” 457; FDR and hunting tax, 383–85; FDR and regulation of, 56, 60; FDR as hunter, 76, 76, 89, 225, 369; FDR excise tax and, 383–85; federal regulations and bans imposed, 276, 281, 282, 298, 303–4, 324, 385–86, 582; Hornaday and, 57, 346; lack of jurisdiction over, 324; lax state laws, 277; over-hunting and wildlife endangerment, 72, 225, 249, 250, 327, 328, 344, 346, 373, 456, 460; public lands and, 249, 383, 700n20; public-private partnerships, 304–5; recreational hunting, 269, 271, 275, 304, 398, 477, 532, 533, 582; revival of duck population and, 470, 471; special interest groups, 472; TR and, 437; USDA wardens, 281; World War II permits, 532; World War II veterans and, 582
Hyde Park, NY, 3, 4, 11, 312; FDR’s state senate election (1910), 53–55’ as model town, FDR’s philosophy and, 26; post office by WPA, 418, 427; Roosevelt family voting in, 505; St. James’ Episcopal Church, 538
Hyde Park estate (Springwood), 4–5, 5, 117, 441; birds of, 18; Brown as manager, 130–31; Christmas tree tradition, 90, 551; Churchill at, 71–72, 539; “Crum Elbow” and, 644n5; death of Sara Roosevelt and fallen oak, 511–12; donated to the NPS, 477, 579, 703n74; Downing’s principles and, 9, 79; ER and, 42; FDR as steward of, 34–37, 40; FDR boyhood at, 5, 5–6, 16–23, 478; FDR expansion of, 9, 48–49; FDR honeymoon at, 43; as FDR “official residence,” 478–79; FDR’s bird collection at, 17, 79, 478, 536; FDR’s conservation beliefs and, 47–48, 154; FDR’s convalescence at, 96, 108; FDR’s funeral and burial, 578, 578–79; as FDR’s lifelong source of solace, 9; FDR’s rules to prevent gullying, 36–37; forest demonstration plot, 169; forestry operations at, 48, 169, 543–44; Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, 434, 477, 551, 581, 584; groundskeeper, 36, 48; hemlocks at, 48, 311; Kromelbooge Woods as virgin forest, 130; pastoral ideal and, 5; planting “historical seeds” at, 25; planting trees at Creek Road Farm, 169; planting violets at, 36; redwood and sequoia growing experiment, 312, 495, 552; renovation (1915), 79; State Parks Council at (1928), 116; tree farm and tree planting, 35, 45, 53, 56, 61, 71, 90. 97, 169, 311, 390, 393, 418, 485, 551, 570; trees protected in perpetuity, 579; wood roads or “fire lanes” at, 71–72
Hyde Park Home Club, 477–78
Ibn Saud, king of Saudi Arabia, 554, 573, 573
Ickes, Anna, 164, 165–66
Ickes, Harold, 62–63, 163–66, 165, 188, 192, 196, 202, 206, 206, 214, 239, 249, 258, 263, 351, 449, 541; Alaskan coastal preserve and, 402; Ansel Adams photographs and, 454; Arizona desert park and, 354, 355; bald eagle and, 498; bighorn sheep and, 327, 328, 459, 460; bill for wilderness areas, 405–6; Brant and, 408, 409; as a “builder to rival Cheops,” 479; CCC and, 171, 181, 308, 461, 522; Channel Islands and, 422, 423; coast of Maine and, 382–83; as curmudgeon, 487; Darling and, 320; Department of Conservation, idea of, 486–89, 493; as Department of the Interior head, 305–6, 317, 352, 354, 387, 486, 487; Department of the Interior headquarters and, 236–37, 336; Dewey rebuttal by, 564; diary of, 581; differences with FDR, 310; Douglas and, 350, 559; on ecological sanctity of national parks, 429–30; as “eco-warrior,” 488–89; elk protection and, 396–97; Executive Order 6166 and, 199; FDR memorial and, 586–88, 587; FDR’s death and, 577, 578, 580; as FDR’s environmental conscience, 244–45, 340–41, 342, 497; FDR’s fight for the Everglades and, 239, 334–35; FDR’s fri
endship and, 244–45, 340–41; FDR’s third term and, 486; FDR trip to Keys and Dry Tortugas and, 386; fight for Kings Canyon, 430–33, 452; first presidential library and, 477; global conservation and, 569, 572; Grand Coulee Dam criticism and, 415; Head Waters estate and, 223, 534; influence of, 393; Isle Royale and, 491; Jackson Hole and, 544, 546, 547; Joshua Tree and, 210–12, 341; logging in the Pacific Northwest and Great Lakes and, 501–2; loyalty to conservationism, 352; on Marshall, 481; Mining World attack on NPS and, 501–2; National Defense and, 517–18; national seashores and, 376; North American Wildlife Conference, 323, 324; NPS and, 250, 265, 266 (see also NPS); Olympic National Park and, 409, 410; opposition to internment of Japanese Americans, 523; Pacific fishing trip with FDR (1935), 320; personal problems (1935), 351; as preservationist, 479; on “pristine condition,” 501; PWA and, 216–17, 308, 480, 425; Quetico-Superior “wilderness sanctuary” and, 246; resignation offered and rescinded, 488–90; responsibilities of, 250; Sanibel Island NWR and, 531; Truman and, 579, 580, 581; trumpeter swan and, 514–15; U.S.-Ecuador collaborative wildlife project, 434–35; on Wallace, 494, 496, 497; Wickard and, 501; wildlife protection issues, 471–72; World War II and public land protection, 519–20; WPA train line electrification and, 479; at Yosemite with Eleanor, 255, 256
Ickes, Jane, 580
Idaho, 259; CCC and, 399–400; FDR tour (1937), 397–400, 692n36; federal irrigation programs, 397; as model for New Deal work-relief projects, 504; national forests, 258, 397–98, 400; national parks, 397; Native American reservations in, 398; New Deal expenditures per capita, 398; POW camp in, 528; state parks, 218; timber industry and, 398; tourism and, 398; voting for FDR, 397; wildlife refuges, 310; work-relief programs, 400; WPA American Guide Series and, 400
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, 165, 398
Inland Waterways Commission, 87
International Deserts Conservation League (IDCL), 209, 211, 341
Iowa: CCC and, 580; conservationists from, 217; Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, 270; Darling and, 269–70; gift to FDR memorial, 580; hybrid corn in, 200; Leopold and, 272; New Deal funds for, 217; Shelterbelt Project in, 292; State Fish and Game Commission, 270; state parks, 217
Iowa State College, 200, 270; Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, 304
Iowa State Conservation Commission, 580
Iran, 553–54, 567, 575
I Remember Hyde Park (ER), 54
Isle Royale National Park, 247–48, 429, 490–91, 507, 519, 585
Izaak Walton League, 98, 121, 174, 226, 239, 270, 307, 425, 458, 500, 516
Jackson, Robert H., 386, 387–88
Jackson Hole, 309, 469, 544, 547
Jackson Hole National Monument, 544–48, 562–63, 564, 585, 714n45
Jagger, Thomas, 251, 252
Jefferson, Thomas, 52, 98, 215, 327
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 492
John James Audubon State Park, 510
Johnson, Lyndon B., 132, 367, 426, 453, 480, 583–84, 584
Johnson, Robert Underwood, 61, 74–76, 246, 648n46
Joint Committee on Recreational Survey of Federal Lands, 119
Joshua Tree National Monument, 209–12, 210, 341, 378, 455, 585
Kansas: agriculture in, 59, 153, 331; bank failures, 331; Black Sunday, 313; CCC and, 331, 332; dust storms, 335; Morton County project, 383; New Deal work-relief and, 331; re-election of FDR (1936) and, 343; reforestation in, 331; SCS camps in, 331; Shelterbelt Project in, 332; soil reclamation practices, 314
Katmai National Monument, 250
Kenai National Moose Range, 517, 708n17
Kennedy, John F., 583, 584–85
Kennedy, Joseph, 240–41, 348
Kentucky, 429, 507, 509–10
Kentucky Dam, 426
Key West NWR, 421
Kings Canyon National Park, 106–7, 430–33, 450–53, 507, 531, 585; Kearsarge Pinnacles, 454; Tehipite and Kings canyons, 453
Kings River, 431, 452
Kisatchie National Forest, 364, 687n8
Knox, Frank, 63, 494
Kofa Game Range, 458, 459, 460–61
Kofa Mountains, 455–56
Kootenai National Forest, 258
labor unions, 173–74, 206, 207, 448, 485
Lacassine NWR, 388, 690n77
Lacey, John, 32
Lacey Act, 32–33
La Follette, Robert M., 63, 152
Lake Erie, 473–74, 500
Lake George Battleground Park, 115
Lake Mead, 205, 571
Lake Placid, 124–25, 126, 318
Lake Roosevelt, 414
Lake Superior, 247–48, 519
Lake Taghkanic (Lake Charlotte), 114–15
Lamesteer NWR, 540, 541
Landon, Alfred, 63, 330–32, 336, 343
Lane, Franklin K., 73–74, 76, 76–77, 81, 82, 188, 263
Latin America: FDR visits Colombia (1934), 252; good neighbor policy, 252
Lawrence, John S., 102, 102–4
Leopold, Aldo, 217, 268, 272, 272–75, 277, 278, 294, 310, 322, 351, 366, 531; chair of Department of Wildlife Management, 475; “Marshland Elegy,” 366; New Deal dams, 414–15; New Deal land management and rehabilitation, 475, 477; NWRC-Denver criticism, 475; FDR’s policies and, 475–76
Leuchtenberg, William E., 479
Lewis, Belden W., 197, 313
Libbey, William, III, 19, 20
Lilienthal, David, 203, 204
Lincoln, Abraham, 168, 387, 576, 577
Lincoln Memorial, 192
Linnaean Society, 19, 20, 23, 29, 640n63, 641n64
Little Missouri River, 469
Lolo National Forest, 400
Los Angeles Aqueduct, 76, 87
Losey, Elizabeth Beard, 300–301
Los Padres National Forest, 523, 524
Lost Pines Forest, TX, 218
Louisiana: CCC and, 364; devastated forests of, 219, 363–64; ecological disaster in, 361, 364; FDR hunting trip (1920), 89–90; Long-Bell Lumber and timber industry in, 364; national forests, 364; New Deal and, 361–65; oaks of, 363, 364; pines of, 364; wildlife refuges, 361, 362, 364–65, 366, 388, 690n77; state parks, 218, 364
MacArthur, Douglas, 521
MacKaye, Benton, 150, 265, 319
Maine: CCC companies in, 668n29; migratory bird refuges, 381; national parks, 82–83, 145, 382–83, 429
Malheur Lake, 275
Mammoth Cave National Park, 135, 429, 507, 509–10, 585
Manhattan Project, 539–40, 571
Marine Research Society, 141
Mark Twain National Forest, 477
Marsh, George Perkins, 7, 78, 86, 234; environmental manifesto, 7, 78
Marshall, George C., 231–32, 536, 549, 555, 559, 577
Marshall, Louis, 159
Marshall, Robert, 159–61, 160, 166, 258, 265, 319, 351, 393, 398, 405–6, 430, 433; Copeland Report and, 161; death of, 452, 480; fight for Kings Canyon and, 433; importance to wilderness preservation, 480–81; vision of, 433
Marshall, Thomas, 80
Maryland: Greenbelt and FDR’s ideal “garden city,” 224; Ickes estate in, 223; national monuments in, 548; New Deal funds for, 223–24; NWRs in, 540–41; Patuxent and, 461–66; RDA in, 223; wildlife refuges, 227, 228, 444, 447. See also Shangri-La
Massachusetts, 382, 540, 541, 584, 668n29
Mather, Stephen T., 80–81, 82, 104, 188, 248, 249
Mattamuskeet bird refuge, 293
McEntee, James, 481, 495, 522
McIlhenny, Edward A., 89, 298
McIntire, Ross T., 333, 365, 489
McIntyre, Marvin, 240, 445
McKellar, Kenneth Douglas, 524–25
McLean House National Monument, 507
McMillan Plan of 1902, 35
Medicine Lake NWR, 301
Mencken, H. L., 210
Mendocino RDA, 223
Merriam, Charles, 214
Merriam, C. Hart, 21, 22
Mesa Land (A. Ickes), 165–66
Mexico, 267, 557
Michig
an, 247–48; Lake Superior archipelago, 490; national forests, 429; national parks, 429, 490–91, 507; NWRs and, 301; state parks, 520, 583; wartime logging in, 519
Migratory Bird Conservation Act (Norbeck-Anderson Act), 126–27, 226
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1929, 303
Miller, George F., 457, 458
Mills, Enos, 406, 407
Mineral Leasing Act, 88
Mingo NWR, 540
mining industry, 6, 8, 51, 341; attacks on NPS, 501; extraction lobby, 358, 459; Isle Royal National Park and, 391; pollution by, 425–26
Minnesota, 260; CCC and, 416; FDR tour (1937), 416; Indian reservations, 416; national forests, 273–74; national monuments, 260, 416; wilderness preservation movement in, 247–49; wildlife refuge sites, 285, 301, 310
Missisquoi River Delta NWR, 540
Mississippi, 219, 362
Mississippi River: Bonnet Carré Spillway, 363; Commission, 78; Darling and, 269; ecological damage, 426; flood prevention, 363; floods, 117, 363, 363, 364; pollution, 362, 516
Missouri: all-black CCC companies, 185; CCC and, 183–86; drought, 134; federal acquisition of land and, 477; flood prevention, 335; national forests, 477; national historic sites, 492; national monuments, 548; NWR, 540; racial prejudice, 184–85; Senator Hawes and, 141; state conservation corps, 582; state parks, 184, 185
Missouri River, 206, 264, 269, 335, 395, 471, 516; FDR protects ecosystem of, 344. See also Fort Peck Dam
Moab, Utah, 499
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shah of Iran, 554
Mojave Desert, 210, 211, 328
Monomoy NWR, 541
Montana, 481; African American CCC companies in, 259; bison and, 467; Blackfoot Reservation, 260–61, 262; Flathead Reservation, 165; drought in, 134; FDR in (1934, 1937), 258, 415–16; fish hatchery, 325; national forests, 258; national monuments, 507; New Deal dam, 206, 216, 264, 344, 395; POW camp in, 528; Red Rock Lakes, 320; wildlife refuges, 285, 301, 310, 343–44, 420, 421, 513, 540
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