Moon, Franklin, 93, 131
Moosehorn Migratory Bird Refuge, 381, 388
More Game Birds in America Foundation (Ducks Unlimited), 228, 235, 277
Morgenthau, Elinor, 118, 132
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 117–19, 119, 131, 144, 349, 420, 494, 575, 581; diary, 581; Federal Farm Board, 200; Fishkill Farms, 118–19, 131; Hewitt Reforestation Amendment, 138; New Deal and, 162; NY Conservation Commission, 119, 132–33; TERA program, 151
Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 117
Moses, Robert, 113, 114
Mount Desert National Park, 429
Mount Greylock, Bascom Lodge, 582
Mount Hood National Forest, 402
Mount Rushmore, 272, 341–42, 492
Mount Tamalpais: Mountain Theatre, 588; observation tower, 582. See also Muir Woods National Monument
Mount Vernon, 214, 221; Ladies Association, 191
Muir, John, 31, 62, 63, 74, 76, 93, 104, 164, 166, 234, 316, 406, 432, 453, 475, 479, 480, 488
Muir Woods National Monument, 45; Cathedral Grove, 587–89; FDR memorial, 587, 587–89
Muleshoe NWR, 366, 367
Mustang Island Waterfowl Sanctuary, 369–70
My Boy Franklin (Sara Roosevelt), 17–18
Nashua River, 26, 28, 29
Natchez Trace Parkway, 194, 392
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 374–75
National Bison Range, 467
National Capital Forest, 84
national forests, 39, 195, 219, 258, 364, 564, 582; CCC and, 233, 394, 400; establishment of, and modification of boundaries, by FDR, 429, 612–23; FDR and naming of, 429; forest fire protection, 525–26, 568–69; Leopold and, 273–74; presidential proclamations to create, 288, 677n67; reclamation in, 397–98; regulating commercial access to, 392; rehabilitating, 233
National Highway System, 417–18
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 168, 194, 201, 215, 379; forestland purchase, 219; grasslands purchase, 286–87
national monuments: creation of, after FDR, 548; desert ecosystems and, 455; federal acquisition of land and, 547, 548; list of, established by FDR, 610; presidential proclamations and, 195, 196, 341, 355, 422–23, 449, 473, 497, 546–47, 548, 562, 695n12. See also specific monuments
national parks, 104, 194, 339, 507; approval process, 196, 556; automobile tourism and, 238, 396; Downing’s influence, 178; east coast lacking in, 30, 82, 245–46, 429; ecological sanctity, 429–30; FDR advocacy, 145–46, 211–12, 340, 429 (see also specific parks); FDR aesthetic, 218–19; FDR commitment to, 190; FDR declares as “birthrights,” 337, 430; federal acquisition of land and, 246, 248, 379, 418–19, 490; first park in the east, 82–83; gateway towns, 82, 469; handicap accessibility, 430; Hetch Hetchy dam and, 74–77; as icons of the American west, 119; indigenous local styles and materials, 191; list of, established by FDR, 610; logging banned in, 405; naming of, 212; photographs by Ansel Adams, 454; presidential proclamations to expand, 429; “pure wilderness” and, 430, 431, 432, 491; regulations (U1 and U2), 398; road building in, 391; Rockefeller financing of, 145; tourism and animal attractions in, 249; Wilson and, 20; WPA and, 308; Year of the National Park, 238–67. See also National Park Service; specific parks
National Parks Association, 104, 238, 242, 431
National Park Service (NPS): Albright heads, 81, 187–88, 192, 199; Blue Ridge Parkway and, 194; Brant as activist for, 407; Cammerer heads, 192, 266; “camp beautiful” ideal, 178; Cathedral Grove FDR memorial, 587–89; CCC and, 449–50; Drury heads, 500; establishment of, 80–81, 263; Executive Order 6166 (reorganization and new jurisdictions), 190, 192–93, 199, 596–99; expansion of, 188, 192, 393, 404, 429, 431, 507, 581; FDR’s “country beautiful” ideas, 166; FDR’s Glacier National Park speech, 262–63; FDR’s “master plan” for, 581; FDR vision for, 266; Forest Service conflicts and, 392, 394, 405, 409, 405; Great Depression and, 188; Great Lakes properties and, 248; Historic American Buildings Survey, 192; historic and heritage sites consolidated under, 188, 189–90, 192, 491–93; Historic Sites Act of 1935 and, 190, 477, 492; Hyde Park and, 477, 579, 697n74; Ickes and, 250, 265, 581 (see also U.S. Department of the Interior); Lane’s three principles, 263; Mather heads, 104, 188; Mount Rushmore and, 342; National Seashores and, 375–80, 382; New England and, 245–46; opposition in Pacific Northwest, 392, 404; outline of purposes, 82; Park Science, 687n89; Park Structures and Facilities, 178; preservation vs. wise use, 392; protection of old growth forests, 129; recreation areas and, 222; regional headquarters for, 266; reorganization of 1933, 581, 596–99; Smokey the Bear, 568, 568–69, 715n61; Southern Appalachian National Park Commission, 135; state parks and, 217–18, 378, 471; in urban areas, 193; wealthy patrons, 145
National Park Service Organic Act, 81, 263
National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), 213–14, 520; Land Planning Committee, 214
National Seashores, 375–80, 381, 584
National Wilderness Preservation System, 421
National Wildlife Federation (NWF), 305, 458
National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs), 276, 281, 298–301, 317–18, 325, 329, 341, 343–44, 349, 351–53, 361–67, 373, 420–21, 582, 705–6n43; Blue Goose insignia, 298–300, 299; for coastal environments, 423; FDR uses executive orders to create, 343–44, 420, 421, 423, 447, 497, 540, 692n77, 701n45, 702n50, 705–7n43; gateway towns, 361, 364–65; list of, by state, established by FDR, 600–609; maintenance problems, 542; regulation and oversight of, 497, 705–6n43; species of waterfowl and, 301; success of, 532; wartime sanctuaries, 540–42. See also specific NWRs
National Wildlife Refuge System, 497
National Wildlife Research Center, Denver, 476
National Youth Administration (NYA), 255, 451, 520, 522, 525
Native Americans, 165, 165–66, 203, 239–40; in the CCC, 261, 332, 398, 413, 416–17, 455; Flathead Reservation, 165; Grand Coulee Dam and, 414; in Idaho, 398; Indians at Work periodical, 261; Navajo, 203; Papago Reservation, 356; Pipestone National Monument and, 260, 416; Quinault Reservation, 413, 418; the Roosevelts visit the Blackfoot Reservation, 260–61, 262; salmon fishing, 401; Wheeler-Howard Act of 1934, 260–61
Nebraska, 126, 142, 285, 289, 313, 331
Nebraska National Forest, 139
Nevada, 208, 327–29, 467, 517
Newburgh, NY, 4, 5, 10; Balmville tree, 35–36, 106, 449; George Washington site in, 35
New Deal: “alphabet soup” programs, 168–69, 215–16, 224, 255, 307 (see also specific programs); American West, benefits and modernization, 504; CCC and, 131, 150–51, 152, 161, 167, 170–86; conservation accomplishments, 564; conservation work, 140, 159–62, 298–307, 322–26, 337, 376, 428, 434; criticism by conservationists, 265, 475; dam building, 413–15, 424–25; defunding of, 509, 520–21; drought relief, 285, 287–92, 308; ecological destruction by, 234, 426; ecosystems of the Southwest and, 326–29, 341; environmental philosophy, 344; extraction industries oppose, 428; farming strategy, 200, 201–2, 337–38, 468; FDR introduces term, 150; FDR’s progressive governorship as precursor, 137; federal acquisition of land and, 214, 219, 226, 228, 229, 283, 296, 297, 299–300, 301, 305, 308–9, 310, 317; flood control, 363; forest preservation and riverkeeping, 431; funding for recreation systems, 217; infrastructure projects, 104, 171, 179, 193, 194, 198, 208, 216, 233, 246, 526–27, 528; labor unions and, 448; land administration agencies, 228; land policy, 310; land rehabilitation projects, 477; Native American policies, 203, 239–40, 260–61, 398; NRPB and, 213–14; per capita payments, 504; Republican opposition, 379; road building, 179–80, 194, 195, 216, 319; rustic architecture of, 218–19; soil conservation and, 201, 312–13 (see also Shelterbelt Project); stalling of (1938), 447, 448; state park motto, 208; state parks and, 178, 180, 181, 184, 217, 218, 222–23; Supreme Court and, 347, 348; water resources and, 335, 402; wilderness preservation, 354–56 (see also national parks); wildlife protection and restoration, 221, 225–30, 249–51, 268–85, 295, 297–310, 325, 420–21; women and, 244, 255–56, 300–301, 338, 392
, 467; Woodlot Forestry themes in, 71; work-relief programs, 151, 154–55, 161, 162, 167, 246, 289, 291, 308, 331, 400, 420, 428, 428, 445, 480, 504, 521, 529. See also Civilian Conservation Corps; specific agencies
Newlands Reclamation Act, 87
New Mexico: bighorn sheep sanctuaries, 461; Black Sunday, 313; Camp Cabeza de Vaca (Company 843) in, 224; fish hatchery, 325; Land Utilization Projects, 315; Mills project, 383; POW camp, 528
New Orleans, 362–63; FDR visit (1937), 362, 363; “Roosevelt Mall,” 362–63
New York City, 11; Bronx Zoo, 56, 63, 326, 345; Central Park Zoo, 216, 308, 479; Frederic Delano and, 194; Great Depression and, 127; national historic sites, 492; Old Croton Aqueduct, 13–14; Riverside Park, 92; Robert Moses and, 113; Roosevelt town house, 49, 79–80, 166; water contamination and, 13, 92, 98; WPA and, 308
New York Conservation Commission, 71, 119, 132–33
New York State, 80, 117, 120, 122; Agricultural Advisory Committee, 131; Bank of the US failure, 140; CCC and, 180, 318–19; city and upstate split, 54; Conservation Commission, 130; Davis Palisades Act, 33; FDR and state parks, 72, 90–91; FDR and state reclamation of farmland, 122–23, 137, 138 ; FDR as governor, 65, 120, 121, 122–43, 137, 145–46, 149; FDR’s expansion of upstate woodlands, 99; FDR’s gubernatorial campaign, 116–17; FDR’s land policy, 122–23; FDR’s linchpins, 121, 122; FDR’s popularity, 85; FDR’s progressive social programs, 127–28; FDR’s tree-planting projects, 133, 140; FDR vs. Moses, outlooks of, 113–14; FDR vs. preservationists in, 124–26; fish hatcheries, 13; forest preserves, 7, 52, 65; “forever wild” legislation, 7, 99, 125; Great Depression and, 127–28, 140; Hewitt Reforestation Amendment, 138–40, 150; historic sites and preservation, 58, 115, 492; hydroelectric power, 128–29; outdoor recreation opportunities, 112, 113, 115; park regions of, 115; paved roads, 113; Power Authority Act, 128; Progressive conservation movement in, 121; protection of the Adirondacks and Catskills, 33; protection of wildlife, 22, 56; seedling program, 123; Shea-White Plumage Act, 56; Smith as governor, 85, 99–100; state parks, 90–91, 93, 112, 180, 218, 311; Taconic Parkway, 115, 124; Taconic State Park Commission, 114; TERA program, 135–36, 151; timber industry and, 63–64, 65; TR as governor, 33, 50; wildlife restoration in, 384. See also specific parks
New York State College of Forestry (now SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry), 57, 123, 130, 131, 159, 160, 273; Roosevelt Wild Life Station, 106, 273
New York State Forestry Association, 80, 123
New York State Senate: FDR chairs Agricultural Committee, 70; FDR elected to, 55–56; FDR on Forest, Fish, and Game Committee, 55, 56, 68; FDR’s conservation legislation, 60–61, 67–69, 71
Norris, George W., 63, 152, 204–5, 487
Norris Dam, 426
North American Wildlife Conference, 305, 322–26, 361, 513; “conservation reliance” coined at, 325
North Carolina, 248; Cape Hatteras and national seashores, 251–52, 375–81; CCC and, 377, 378, 382; FDR visit (1937), 381–82; Outer Banks, 377, 378–79, 382; Roanoke Island, 381; wildlife refuges, 126, 227, 285, 293, 300, 444
North Dakota: CCC and, 470–71, 475; conservation-agriculture partnership, 469; drought, 264, 470; Dust Bowl, 254; environmental tourism, 469; FDR saves, 470; FDR tour (1934), 264, 265; federal tree nurseries, 292; habitat purchases, 294; Limited-Interest Program, 468–69, 475; national parks, 469; Patuxent and, 463, 469–70; POW camp, 528; RDAs, 223; Souris River Basin region, 295; state parks, 471; stone post offices and durable city halls, 470; wildlife refuges, 285, 295, 299, 471, 468, 469–70, 540, 701n45, 702n50; WPA work-relief projects, 470, 479
North Higgins Lake State Park, 583
Oak Openings State Park, 218
Obama, Barack, 558, 586
Ocmulgee National Monument, Art Moderne visitor center, 582
Ohio, 218, 284, 473, 499–500
Ohio River, 363, 364, 426, 516
Ohio State University, Stone Laboratory, 473, 474
Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, 146, 146–47, 230–31, 234–36, 309, 352, 443–44, 585, 656n73; Chesser Island, 443, 444, 446; fire towers for, 233; revival of fish in, 445
Oklahoma: bison reintroduced, 326; Black Sunday, 313; CCC and, 208–9; Cimarron project, 383; dam building in, 425; dust storms, 335; FDR’s vision for Chickasaw NRA, 208; federal grassland parks, 216; Shelterbelt Project in, 290, 292; soil depletion, 142; state parks, 208, 218
Old Customs House National Historic Site, 492
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 25, 35, 89, 118, 178, 191, 207, 218, 378
Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 241–42, 353
Olympic National Forest, 46, 404, 408, 410, 419
Olympic National Monument, 409, 419, 648n46
Olympic National Park, 406, 408, 410–13, 418, 429–30, 453, 471, 501, 517, 540; acres added, 1940, 507; Roosevelt elk and, 410, 649n46
Oregon: Cape Meares, 375, 423–24; CCC and, 403–4; FDR tour (1937), 402–3; federal acquisition of land, 309; national forests, 402, 568; New Deal dams for, 216, 256–57, 257, 258, 395, 402; Pioneer Bridle Trail, 403; wildlife refuges, 310, 317–18, 343, 349, 424
Organic Act of 1916, 381
Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, 354–56, 355, 455
Ottawa National Forest, 429
Ouachita National Forest, 429
Owyhee Dam, 402, 403
Ozarks, 134, 184, 477
Pack, Charles Lathrop, 151, 152–53
Palisades Interstate Park, 33; Franklin D. Roosevelt Conservation Camps, 99
Palm Springs, CA, 209, 210
Panama Canal, 62, 440, 443
Parker River NWR, 540
Patuxent River, 570
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 461–66, 475, 498, 700n19, 700n20; CCC and, 462, 465; DDT experiments, 570, 571; North Dakota and, 469–70; predator conservation philosophy, 463; saving endangered species, 465, 466, 467
Paul J. Rainey Wild Life Sanctuary, 362
Peabody, Endicott, 26, 27–28, 42
Peabody, George Foster, 109, 112
Peabody Academy of Science, 29
Pea Island NWR, 300
Pelican Island NWR, 497
Pennsylvania: CCC and, 180–81; conservation-reforestation programs, 170; national historic sites, 492; Pinchot as governor, 65, 100, 138; RDAs in, 223; state parks, 181, 218; utility companies, 100; wildlife restoration, 384
Perkins, Frances, 135–36, 171, 214, 255, 357, 485, 580; CCC and, 171–72, 173
pesticides, 143, 234, 570–71
Petrified Forest National Monument, 407, 580
Phoenix, AZ, South Mountain Park, 509
Pickwick Landing Dam, 426
Piedmont NWR, 353
Pinchot, Cornelia, 572, 575
Pinchot, Gifford, 38–39, 56, 63, 64, 73, 142, 273, 290, 319, 380, 433, 434; address to NY State legislature, 66; Adirondacks study, 60–61, 65; autobiography, 581; books by, 39, 63–64; CCC and, 180–82; death of, 581; FDR and, 64, 65, 65, 66–67, 68, 71, 75, 139, 151, 343, 486–87, 493, 560, 567, 572; FDR’s death and, 575–76, 577; FDR’s presidential campaign and, 152–53; global conservation and, 561, 566, 567, 569, 572, 574; Grey Towers home, 39, 584; national forests and, 582; New Deal and, 159, 161, 162; as Pennsylvania governor, 65, 100, 138; utilitarian conservation (wise use), 39, 66, 86, 130, 140, 180, 336, 364, 392, 501, 543; world conference on conservation and, 560, 569, 589; World War II and, 560
Pine Mountain State Park, 231, 444
Pipestone National Monument, 260, 416
Pittman, Key, 327, 328, 383–84
Pittman-Robertson Act (Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration), 383–85, 533
Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 510–11
Platte River, 532
Platt National Park, 208
Plog, William, 36, 48, 551, 578
Point Reyes National Seashore, 584
Porcupine Mountain Wilderness State Park, 519–20
Port Angeles, WA, 410–11, 412
Porter, Fred, 124, 125
Potlatch Lumber Company,
398
Potomac River, 145–46, 425, 426
Pottker, Jan, 11, 512
Poughkeepsie, NY, 3, 12, 90; post office by WPA, 427
Pratt, George Dupont, 98–99, 101
Princeton University, 305; Elizabeth Marsh Museum, 19
Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party), 62, 63, 70, 88, 121, 153, 163, 321, 505
Prohibition, 121, 168, 265
Public Works Administration (PWA), 169, 215–17, 250, 308, 351; accomplishments by 1939, 479; as antithesis of conservation, 216–17, 264; dam building by, 216, 264; disbanding of (1939), 480; downsizing of, 479; famous structures built by, 216; FDR’s favorite project, 479; Ickes heads, 216–17, 308, 479; infrastructure projects, 216; new Interior Department Building, 336; Patuxent and, 462; in Texas, 371; waste treatment plants and, 425, 447
Puerto Rico, 176
Pulitzer, Joseph, 303–4
Rayburn, Sam, 556, 562–63
Reclamation Act of 1902, 204
reclamation practices, 59–60, 314–15; Shelterbelt Project, 71, 287–92
Recreational Demonstration Areas (RDAs), 222–23, 563
Red Hook on the Hudson, 530
Redington, Paul, 227, 280
Red Rocks Amphitheater, 507–8, 508
Red Rocks Lake NWR, 513–15
reforestation and tree planting, 37, 45, 53, 56, 78, 79, 117, 131, 139, 140; Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act and, 383; Brazil, 588; CCC and, 174, 175–76, 184, 205, 301, 364, 392, 474, 508; CCC and, number of trees planted, 527, 622; FDR as governor and, 161; FDR as national voice for, 79, 123; FDR’s demand for a federal program, 291; FDR’s federal plan for, 150, 151, 162; FDR’s suggestions for Iran and Saudi Arabia, 553–54; FDR’s youth work relief program, 138; global conservation and, 573, 575; Hewitt Reforestation Amendment, 138–40, 150; largest human-planted forest in North America and, 138–39; New Deal programs for, 392–93; in NY State, 291; public lands and, 7; Shelterbelt Project, 287–92; Tree Army (see Civilian Conservation Corps); Tree Farm System, 569–70
Reorganization Act of 1933, 477
Republican Party: “big timber” interests of, 99; conservation and, 60, 68, 331; Delanos and, 8; Hoover and, 120–21; isolationist wing, 494; opposition to “federal land grab,” 547; Oyster Bay Roosevelts and, 11; Pinchot as governor and, 100; presidential win (1920), 86; presidential win (1928), 120; Progressives in, 153; Wendell Wilkie’s candidacy, 498–99, 505–6
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