Rightful Heritage: The Renewal of America

by Douglas Brinkley

  Rhinebeck, NY, 41; Daisy Suckley and, 97, 536, 552; Grasmere estate, 23, 103, 137; post office by WPA, 137, 312, 427; Rhinebeck Bird Club, 536; Wilderstein estate, 536, 552

  Rice Lake NWR, 301

  Rio Grande River, 557

  river conservation, 206, 216, 424–27; dams and, 258, 414, 415, 424–25, 571; Darling and, 269, 344; deforestation and flooding, 363; Division of River Basin Studies, 468; FDR protects the Missouri River ecosystem, 344; flood-prevention and, 335; laws protecting fish, 425; Mexico and the Rio Grande, 557–58; New Deal flood control, 363; pesticide use and, 234; pollution and, 311, 362, 425–26, 447, 500; waste treatment plants and, 425; WWII and industrial dumping, 515–16. See also pollution; specific rivers

  Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 31, 87

  Rivers of America series, 427, 695n21

  roads and highways, 214; beautification of, 132–33; CCC and, 179–80; critics of FDR’s parkways, 319; Eisenhower and, 417; FDR address of 1935, defense of New Deal parkways, 319; New Deal projects, environmental impact of, 265–66; NPS and, 266; paved roads and Robert Moses, 113; PWA projects, 216; scenic qualities of, 193–94; Utah and, 195, 197; Vermont and, 246; WPA and, 169. See also specific roads

  Roberts, Paul H., 291, 292

  Robertson, A. Willis, 206, 383–84, 385–86

  Rock Creek Park, 425

  Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 145, 361, 564; Grand Teton land and, 545, 545–47, 562, 563

  Rocky Mountain National Park, 179, 406–7

  Rogers, Archibald, 18

  Rogers, Edmond, 6, 25

  Rogers, Edmund B., 396, 397

  Rogers, Lynn, 356

  Rogers, Will, 155, 168, 371

  Roosevelt, Anna (daughter), 48–49, 95, 147, 410, 565–66, 572, 574

  Roosevelt, Anna Rebecca Hall (Eleanor’s mother), 43

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 41–44, 118, 131, 154, 166, 191, 244, 541, 553, 564, 583, 584; campaigning by, 338, 504, 565; on camp life, 254–55; Campobello and, 50, 95; Catskills and, 42; cherry tree controversy and, 449; children born, 48–49, 79; conservation and, 518–19, 565; D-Day and, 555; death of, 583; death of FDR and legacy of, 575, 577, 578, 579; FDR as governor and, 124, 137; FDR’s connection to the Hudson River and, 3; FDR’s greatest public moment, 168; FDR’s polio and, 96; FDR’s third term and, 485, 495–96; first woman to drive the Whiteface Memorial Highway, 194; in Florida with FDR (1923), 101; on the Forest Service, 569–70; at Great Smoky Mountains National Park (1940), 502–3; honeymoon, 43–44; at Hyde Park, 478; Jean Harper and, 443, 445; life in Manhattan, 49; marries FDR, 41, 41–42, 44; “My Day” column, 312, 334, 402, 565, 569–70; national historic sites and, 492–93; New Mexico trip (1912), 62; opportunities for women and, 255–56, 392, 467; pastoralism and, 312; on Pinchot, 66; protection of birds and, 506; relationship with FDR, 43, 56, 438, 439; Shenandoah National Park trip (1936), 340; Tivoli mansion and, 42, 43; as U.S. delegate to the UN, 583; Val-Kill and, 108–9, 312, 495, 583; veterans in the CCC and, 222; victory gardens planted by, 530; at Warm Springs, 109; in Washington DC (1942), 518; western U.S. tours (1934, 1937), 256–64, 394–404, 692n36; WPA and, 428, 428, 429, 696n26; in Yosemite (1934), 254–55, 256

  Roosevelt, Elliott (Eleanor’s father), 42

  Roosevelt, Elliott (FDR’s son), 48–49, 92, 147, 240, 365, 368, 368

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR): appeal of, 148; appearance in adolescence, 27, 28; aristocratic air, 39–40; assassination attempt on, 163; Balmville tree and, 35–36, 106, 449; bird-watching, collecting, lifelong interest in (see birds and ornithology); birth and childhood, 3–26, 20, 24; books read as adult, 437, 554–55; boyhood reading, 28, 531; cars and, 52, 110, 232, 530, 537–38; children of, 48–49, 79, 578; city beautiful movement and, 53; cocktail hour and, 143–44; Daisy Suckley and, 97–98, 110, 311–12, 389–90; death, funeral, and burial, 574–79, 578; Dutch-style architecture and, 418, 427; education of, 6, 26, 27, 27–31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39–41; exotic fish collection, 334; favorite biblical verse, 559; health of, 28, 69, 365, 386, 494, 553, 558, 571–72, 573; as Hudson River romantic, 393; Lucy Mercer and, 77, 565–66; law, banking, and, 37, 49, 56, 90, 98; Linnaean Society and, 19, 20; love of trees, 35–36, 448, 449, 477, 579; “map mind” of, 208, 239, 369, 539; marble monument for, 375, 578–79; marries Eleanor, 41, 41–42; penchant for seeing things firsthand, 123–24; Pine Mountain farming by, 110–11, 231; as a “placed person” of Dutchess County, 26; polio and, 95–97, 100, 101, 109, 110, 123, 136, 144, 149, 365, 451, 454, 651n15; regional food and, 400–401, 412; residences (see Campobello; Hyde Park estate; New York City; Top Cottage; Warm Springs, GA); rustic architecture of, 534; sailing and boats, 14–15, 28, 33, 72, 95, 101–3, 102, 215, 240–41, 436; self-identity of, 79–80, 90, 230, 319, 393, 427, 488; stamps and (see stamps and philately); TR and, 11, 31–32, 54, 61, 106; Val-Kill and, 108; voice of, 148, 411

  —conservation and preservation: accomplishments (1940), 506–7; agriculture and (see agriculture); American Foresters speech, 302; as America’s caring river-keeper, 425; as America’s landscape planner, 207–8; archaeological sites and, 455; belief in preservation of nation’s past and NARA (1934), 374–75; coal mine inspection (1908) and later policy, 51; coastal environments and, 361–66, 388, 402, 418, 421–24; comeback of wildlife and, 385; compared to TR, 344, 622; conservation, negotiating approach, 412; conservation, one-on-one meetings, 541; 562; conservationist thinking, speech of April 16, 1936, 336–37; conservation legacy, 581–85, 594–617; conservation linked with economic recovery, 420; conservation manifesto, 106; conservation philosophy, 32, 69, 272; conservation strategy, Great Depression and, 127–43, 150–51 (see also New Deal); country beautiful ideas, 166; defense of public lands speech, 503–4; Downing’s influence, 9, 54, 178; on ecological sanctity of national parks and monuments, 429; energy policy (see energy); environmental folly, 234; environmentalist ideals, 302; environmental philosophy, 344; environmental restoration and, 37; executive actions (see national monuments; National Wildlife Refuges; specific actions); fish hatcheries, 474; as forest conservationist, 238; as forester in chief, 622; forest management and interest in trees (see forestry; Hyde Park estate); global conservation, 518–19, 560–62, 566–67, 569, 572, 573, 574, 588, 589; grasslands strategy (Shelterbelt), 286–92; historic conservation initiatives, 193, 380; historic sites and, 129–30, 145–47, 190–91, 311, 491–93, 507; as Jeffersonian agrarian, 69, 98, 550; land ethic of, 54, 129–30, 274; land policy of, 310; most environmentally conscious president, 324; national landmarks program, 246; national parks and, 82, 145–46, 190, 195–96, 211–12, 262–63, 604 (see also Everglades National Park; Kings Canyon National Park; Olympic National Park); National Park Service under, 188–93, 195–96, 199, 211–12; national seashores and, 375–80, 381–82; National Wildlife Refuge System, as enduring legacy, 497, 600–609; natural resource protector mantle, 175, 336; nature philosophy, 3, 9, 582; “only God can make a tree” speech, 564; pastoral nationalism, 132; Pinchot’s influence, 39, 56, 64, 65, 65, 66–67, 71, 75; plea to citizenry, National Wild Life Week, 421; policies of habitat acquisition and refuge management, 297; popularizing belief that wildlife mattered, 465; preservationist ethic, 58; recreation (for public) philosophy, 91, 99, 115, 119, 124–25, 161, 162, 171, 178, 208, 214, 217, 222–23, 477; reforestation (see reforestation and tree planting; Hyde Park estate); relationship to God based on nature, 357; reply to van Loon, 344–45; road beautification and, 132–33; road building and, 124, 125–26, 127, 417–18; state park aesthetic, 218–19 (see also state parks); water conservation and, 425; wilderness preservation, 354–57 (see also specific locations; specific parks); wildlife protection, 32, 46, 77, 116, 212, 221, 225–30, 322–26, 421, 455–56, 473 (see also National Wildlife Refuges); wildlife protection, in the face of war, 475–76; wise-use doctrine and, 86, 138–40, 336, 425; world conference on conservation, 560, 566, 569, 572, 589

  —political career: Democratic issues promoted, 69; following TR’s career path, 70; on Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, 51; as NY governor, 65,
116–17, 120–43, 137, 145–46, 149; as NY State Senator, 53–57, 60–61, 61, 64, 65–71; political ambition, 50, 51, 80, 144; politicking style, 79–80; Smith feud with, 121; Smith nominating speech, 107–8; Taconic State Park Commission chair, 114, 118, 218–19; as vice presidential nominee (1920), 86–89; as Wilson’s assistant secretary of the navy, 70–80, 76, 83–84; Wilson’s “new freedom” movement and, 69; World War I and, 83–84; women voters and, 88–89

  —presidency: “court packing” plan, 346–48, 350, 380–81, 429, 447; election (1932), 144–55, 220; election (1936), 330–32, 335, 336, 338–39, 339, 343; election (1940), 474–75, 480, 485–86, 493–96, 499–501, 505–6; election (1944), 558–59, 564, 566; Executive Order 6101 (CCC organization), 173; Executive Order 6166 (NPS reorganization), 190, 192–93, 199, 581, 596–99; Executive Order 6783 (Quetico-Superior Committee), 247; Executive Order 6793 (Shelterbelt), 287; Executive Order 7034 (WPA established), 307; Executive Order 9066 (internment of Japanese Americans), 523; fireside chats and radio addresses, 128, 139, 148, 336, 411, 494; foreign policy, 336, 417, 418, 499, 566; Gridiron Dinner (1936), 337; at “Hobcaw Barony,” 553; “Hundred Days,” 168, 200, 215; inaugural address (1933), 163, 166–68; inauguration (1937), 345; inauguration (1941), 507; inauguration (1945), 571–72; last presidential order, 575; minimum wage/maximum hours stance, 420; national celebration of his fifty-seventh birthday, 451; New Deal and (see New Deal); pastoralizing postwar Germany and, 549–51, 575; policy of handicap accessibility and, 430; presidential retreat (see Shangri-la); presidential yachts, 215, 251, 364, 367, 368, 369, 386; “quarantine speech,” 417; “Roosevelt recession,” 380, 429, 447, 479 “second hundred days,” 221, 225; Secret Service and, 163, 270, 512, 534, 536, 537–38, 552–53; segregation and, 144, 184–85; State of the Union (1938), 420; State of the Union (1941), and “Four Freedoms,” 507; State of the Union (1942), 518; Truman as vice president, 559, 566; Wallace as vice president, 496; World War II and, 494, 505, 506, 509–11, 516–17, 523–24, 526, 530, 553–56, 559–60, 567–69; World War II and public land protection, 517–18, 543; Yalta summit, 569, 572–74, 573

  —travel: boyhood travel, domestic and European, 15–16, 18–19, 20, 25–26; Canada trip (1938), 441; Caribbean fishing trip (1940), 506; Caribbean jaunt (1912), 62; European trip (1901), 37; first presidential visit to South America, 252; in Florida, 101–5, 102, 103, 240–41, 241, 333–34; in Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas, 386–88; Galápagos trip (1938), 434–41, 439, 622–23; Gulf South trip (1937), 362, 364–73, 368; Hawaii trip (1934), 251–54, 253; honeymoon European trip, 43–44; Louisiana hunting trip (1920), 89–90; NY waterways barge trip (1929), 124; Pacific fishing trip (1935), 320; time spent away from Washington, 214–15, 251–54; western U.S. tours (1934, 1937), 256–65, 394–404, 410–17, 691n16, 692n36. See also U.S. Navy

  Roosevelt, Franklin, Jr. (son), 79, 251, 254

  Roosevelt, Hall, 89

  Roosevelt, Helen, 6

  Roosevelt, James (father), 4, 9–10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 24, 24–25, 34

  Roosevelt, James “Rosey” (brother), 4, 23–24

  Roosevelt, James (son), 48–49, 92, 95, 107, 108, 215, 240, 333

  Roosevelt, John (son), 79, 92, 251

  Roosevelt, Kermit (son), 240, 323, 434–35, 435

  Roosevelt, Nicholas, 129

  Roosevelt, Robert Barnwell, 13, 111–12, 639n38

  Roosevelt, Sara Delano (mother), 4, 5, 9, 10–12, 17–18, 19, 34, 37, 41, 41–42, 44, 49, 79, 97, 108, 109, 137, 478; death of and oak falls, 511–12, 703n74; FDR’s third inaugural and, 507; foreword for Crum Elbow Folks, 12

  Roosevelt, Theodore (TR), 11, 12, 21, 31, 37, 62–63, 69, 149, 150, 437, 442, 585; Antiquities Act of 1906 and, 45; buffalo saved by, 457; conservation crusade, 104; conservation ethic, 469; conservationism of, 327, 622; conservationist revolution and, 561; conservation legislation by, 45–46; conservation philosophy, 32; Darling and, 270; Davis Palisades Act, 33; death of, 85; FDR, as teen, emulates, 32; FDR at Sagamore Hill, 31–32; FDR compared to, 344, 622; FDR-Eleanor match and, 42; FDR honoring, 106; FDR influenced by, 11; FDR’s anecdote about, 342–43; first federal bird reservation, 226; governor of NY, 33, 50; Grand Canyon and, 457; hydroelectric power and, 51–52; Linnaean Society and, 19; national forests and, 139; North Dakota and, 469; Olympic National Monument and, 648n46; outdoor friends and FDR, 61; permanent government policy for forests, 305; Pinchot and, 38–39; Pine Knot cabin, 215; public control of waterpower and, 87; Reclamation Act of 1902, 204–5; reelection campaign (1912), 61, 70; romantic view of the West, 60, 86; salmon overfishing and, 401; on trees, 53; White House and, 12; White House conference on conservation (1908), 75; wilderness conservation as public policy, 31, 32, 38–39, 51; wildlife protection and, 225; writing of, 622–23

  Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 88, 90, 335

  Roosevelt Dam, Arizona, 51

  Roosevelt family, 3, 4, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17. See also Sagamore Hill; Hyde Park

  Roosevelt-Jones Conservation Act, 60–61, 67–69

  Roosevelt Recreation Demonstration Area, 469

  Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Sites, 492–93

  Rosenman, Samuel, 143–44, 494, 535

  Rural Electrification Administration, 233–34

  Rural Resettlement Administration, 224, 550

  Rutherfurd, Lucy Mercer, 77, 565–66, 574, 575

  Sabine National Forest, 569

  Sabine NWR, 388, 690n77

  Sackets Harbor Battlefield, 115

  Sacramento Migratory Waterfowl Refuge, 344, 542

  Sagamore Hill, 31–32

  Saguaro National Monument, 356–57, 687n89

  Saint Joseph’s Island, 369

  Saint Marks NWR, 227, 228, 444, 498

  Salazar, Ken, 586

  Salem Maritime National Historic Site, 382

  Salyer, John Clark, II, 293–96, 294, 297, 299, 300–301, 320, 324–25, 540

  Sam Houston National Forest, 569

  San Andres Game Range, 461

  San Antonio, Texas: River Walk, 208, 529; Zoo, 284

  San Diego: Bay, 516; Zoo, 308

  San Francisco: Aquatic Park, 191; Bay Bridge, 216

  Sanibel Island NWR, 531, 581

  San Miguel Island, 422–23

  Santa Ana NWR, 542

  Santee NWR, 295

  Saratoga Battlefield, 191

  Saratoga Springs, New York, 58, 109, 144

  Saudi Arabia, 554, 573, 575

  Save-the-Redwoods League, 16, 74, 192, 567

  Schmitt, Waldo, 435, 435–36, 437, 438, 441–42

  School of Conservation, Branchville, NJ, 583

  Schrank, Gilbert, 640n63, 641n64

  Securities and Exchange Commission, 240–41, 348, 349, 350

  Selway-Bitterroot Primitive Area, 398

  Seney Migratory Waterfowl Refuge, 301

  Sequoia National Park, 82, 106–7, 219, 423, 432, 450

  Shangri-La (future Camp David), 187, 223–24, 529, 533, 533–36, 539, 552–53

  Shawangunk Mountains, 43

  Shea-White Plumage Act, 56

  Shelterbelt Project, 71, 287–92, 332, 335

  Shenandoah National Park, 120, 135, 145, 187–89, 218; Big Meadows CCC camp, FDR meeting at, 206, 206–7; Blue Ridge Parkway, 194; CCC camps in, 176, 206–7; CCC tasks in, 176–77, 339–40; NPS evictions, 178; official dedication, 339, 339–40; Rapidan camp, 135, 187, 188, 189, 215; Skyline Drive, 176, 187, 188–89, 244–45, 340; Thornston Gap, 189

  Shenandoah Valley, 82, 187

  Sierra Club, 62, 81, 74–77, 431–32, 448, 450–53; John Muir Trail, 432–33

  Silcox, Ferdinand A., 170, 288, 319, 322, 341, 394, 433

  Silent Spring (Carson), 468, 585

  Silver Mountain, 52

  silviculture and tree species, 38, 40, 56, 57, 60, 130, 390; American basswood, 519; American chestnut, 48, 390; Asian chestnut, 390; Austrian pine, 289; bald cypress, 146; Clipperton Island species, 436; eastern cottonwood, 35–36; eastern hemlock, 519; FDR calls cutting ancient sequoias “moral crime,
” 430–31; in Great Smokies, 503; Joshua trees, 209, 210, 211; kukui nut tree, 20; live oaks, 362–63; loblolly pine, 364; lodgepole pines, 395, 418; longleaf pine, 219, 231, 364; mountain pine beetle, 179–80; Olympic Peninsula, logging fight, 404–13; Olympic Peninsula species, 406, 409, 412; protection for sugar pine, 409; redwoods, 255, 256, 312, 552, 567, 588–89; remarkable trees at Patuxent, 462; sequoia, 418, 430–31, 552; shortleaf pine, 364; Sitka spruce, 406, 412, 424; slash pine, 364; sugar maple, 519; sweet gum tree, 25; virgin oak, 364; western hemlock, 406, 411, 412; western red cedar, 406, 412; yellow birch, 519

  Sitgreaves National Forest, 291

  Slade NWR, 540

  Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 520

  Smith, Alfred “Al,” 85, 99, 107–8, 113, 116, 120, 121, 139–40, 148, 200

  Smith, Moses, 54–55, 132

  Smithsonian Institution, 22, 423, 434, 435, 441–42

  Smokey Bear Historical Park, 715n61

  Smuts, Jan Christian, 588–89

  Snake River, 429, 454

  Snoqualmie National Forest, 429

  Society for Range Management, 352

  Society for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 191

  Society of American Foresters, 302

  soil, 143; AAA Land Utilization Projects, 315; Bennett and, 201–3; Black Sunday, 313; CCC and, 175, 202; conservation, 36, 37, 38, 51, 55, 66, 71, 116, 118, 121, 122, 123, 129, 133, 154, 312–13; erosion and depletion, 11, 34, 37, 55, 60, 102, 104, 117, 128, 138, 142–43, 149, 153–54, 269, 313–14; in Iran and Saudi Arabia, 553–54; New Deal and, 201–2, 290, 335–36 (see also Shelterbelt Project); reclamation practices, 287–92, 314–15; restoration of, 345; soil experiment stations, 201–2; Taylor Grazing Act of 1935 and, 306

  Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, 337

  Soil Conservation Service (SCS), 71, 143, 169, 201–2, 313, 331, 335, 466, 496

  Sonoran Desert, 355–56, 460

  South Carolina, 295, 300, 424, 553