Dark Matter of the Mind
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beliefs, 103–4. See also religion
Benedict, Ruth, on culture, 66n2
Berent, Iris: on native knowledge of sound systems, 292–304, 294, 294n8, 295; The Phonological Mind, 293–304
Berkeley, George, 53–54; De motu, 53; Essay towards a New Theory of Vision, 53
Bible, 2–3, 175–76, 275, 323; translation of, 262–64. See also God; New Testament; Quran; religion
biology: and culture, 72–73, 78, 290; and innate morality, 305. See also evolution; science; values: biological
“bioprogram” (McNeill), 246
birth, of Pirahã babies, 123–24, 129n11. See also Pirahãs; women
Biven, Lucy, 321–22
blank slate, 12, 42, 52–53, 323. See also Aristotle; mind
blindness, 142, 239, 240. See also gesture(s)
Bloom, Paul, 305; Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil, 305; on morality as instinct, 305–10
Bloomfield, Leonard, 202, 205, 233
blowgun, wooden: Arawan, 134; Banawá, 206, 206n2. See also weapons
Blumberg, Mark S., 291–92, 304, 311, 315
Boas, Franz, 42, 45, 71, 72, 86, 199, 231, 325; compared with Bastian, 56; on culture, 66n2
body/bodies: and culture, 72–74 and figs. 2.1, 2.2; language of, 176–77, 232. See also culture(s); language(s); signs
Bonifacio, Giovanni, L’Arte de’ Cennii, 232
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1n1
brain, 12, 24, 241–42, 246; “additionalist,” 324; as a computer, 99–100, 103; described, 37n6, 102, 323; “reductionist,” 324. See also aphasia; knowing-how; knowing-that; mind
Brandom, Robert B., 16, 273–74
Brazilians: compared with indigenous tribes, 125; compared with Pirahãs, 128
Brazil nuts: harvesting, 188–89; theft of, 182–84, 185, 189, 190, 193. See also Pirahãs
Buddhism/Buddhists, 4–5, 6, 13; on sensations, 319. See also Christianity/Christians; Hinduism/Hindus; religion
Bulwer, John, 232; Chirologia: or the Naturall Language of the Hand, 232
business culture, 106, 170–74. See also culture(s)
caboclos (Brazilian river traders), 185–86
Campbell, Joseph, 45–47
Carey, Susan, 273, 274; The Origin of Concepts, 273
Carruthers, Peter, 286
Cassell, Justine, 252
catchment, 238–39, 246. See also gesture(s)
cause and effect (Hume), 54–55
C-grammar, 91–92, 93, 94, 96. See also grammar; linguistics
Chagnon, Napoleon, 325
channels, 209–11. See also language(s); linguistics; phonemics; phonetics
children, 119; language acquisition by, 131, 255, 256; language acquisition by Pirahãs, 131–34; minds of (Chomsky on), 47, 48; need “solution space,” 316; perception of photos, 144–45; Pirahã, 120–21, 122, 124–25, 127–31; Pirahã, compared with American, 130–31, 161. See also infants; Pirahãs; pregnancy; women
“Chinese room” analogy (Searle), 29n3
Chomsky, Noam, 6, 7, 11, 155, 202, 233, 291; on deep structure, 202–3; on generative grammar, 202–3; vs. Joseph Greenberg, 155–56; on Merge, 155, 156, 157, 216; Science of Language, 291n5; theory of language, 34–35, 36, 45, 47–49, 62, 168–69, 198, 201, 202; theory of language, errors in, 69, 86, 204–5, 206, 253; on universal grammar (UG), 86n5, 156–57, 205, 310–11. See also HCF (Marc Hauser, Noam Chomsky, and Tecumseh Fitch), on recursion; language(s); linguistics; Merge; universal grammar (UG)
Chomsky Hierarchy, 47. See also Chomsky, Noam
Christianity/Christians, 3, 46, 259; on human nature, 318. See also Buddhism/Buddhists; Hinduism/Hindus; human nature; Islam/Muslims; Paul, Apostle; religion
Churchland, Paul, 37, 38, 328
Cicero, on gestures, 232. See also gesture(s)
club, wooden, found among Sateré, 134. See also blowgun, wooden; weapons
cognition: core, 274; dynamic vs. static, 236–41, 236n6; general, 224–25, 325. See also brain; emotion(s); mind
cognitive dissonance, 154
cognitive revolution, 9, 322–26. See also cognition; instinct(s)
cognitive science, 9–10. See also cognition; science
communication, 199, 232, 256, 258; in Arandic languages, 252–53; ethnography of, 222; holistic, 251; static vs. dynamic, 237. See also discourse(s); language(s); linguistics
“Comparative Study of Values in Five Cultures” (Rimrock study), 85–88, 91. See also culture(s)
complaints, dark matter of, 178–93. See also dark matter
complementary distribution, 96
compositionality, 242, 247–48. See also linguistics; recursion
computer(s): brains as, 103; mind as, 10, 58, 99–101, 322; not human, 29n3, 117–18, 120. See also brain; humans; mind(s)
concepts: Brandom on, 273–74; Carey on, 273, 274; Kant’s, 39. See also philosophy; Wittgenstein, Ludwig
conceptual knowledge, 11
conceptual tools, 114–15
confirmation bias, 154. See also anomalies
“consonant-vowel speech,” among Pirahã children, 132. See also children; language(s); Pirahãs
constraints, cultural, 215–22. See also culture(s)
contact, linguistic, 249–50. See also evolution; language(s); linguistics
conventionalization, 247. See also language(s); speech
conventions, 111–13; Millikan on, 112–13. See also norms
conversational maxims, 112; of manner, 273–74; of quality, 272; of quantity, 272; of relation, 272–73. See also discourse(s)
conversations. See discourse(s)
cooperative principle (Grice), 271–74
“core phonological knowledge” (Berent), 303. See also phonological core knowledge
corporations. See business culture
Cosmides, Leda, 286–87
costumes, for dancing, 138–39. See also dance
counter-culture, of hippies, 161–68. See also culture; Wall Street Journal
counterexamples, 156, 218; vs. exceptions, 151, 152–54, 155; pseudo-exceptions, 154, 155. See also anomalies
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 39. See also philosophy
C-syntagmeme (cultural syntagmeme), 93–94
cultural experience, 137–41; American vs. Pirahã, 167–68. See also culture(s)
cultural grammar, 26. See also culture(s)
cultural knowledge, 14. See also culture(s)
cultural learning, 119–20. See also culture(s)
cultural relativity, 89. See also culture(s); Pirahãs
cultural shift, 172–73. See also culture(s)
cultural systematization, 18. See also culture(s)
Culture, 176; as reflected by Rijksmuseum, 97–98. See also culture(s)
culture(s), 8–9, 10, 12, 18, 24, 39, 57, 62, 64–66, 66n2, 66–67, 76–84, 151–60, 172; American vs. Pirahã, Boas on, 45; of business, 170–74; as dark matters, 140–41; effect on language, 198–226; form and meaning in, 201; and gesture, 240–41; importance of fidelity among, 195; and knowledge, 77, 122, 174–76; and language, 72, 122, 198–226, 265, 269–70; from linguistic perspective, 61–116; microcosmic, 8; and perception, 141–50, 143n2; of Pirahãs, 2–4, 265 (see also Pirahãs); popular, 97, 111–12, 114, 118–19, 161–68, 193–96; reflected in texts, 161–70, 212–24; Sapir on, 56, 203; symbiosis with grammar, 214–26; theory of, 66–67. See also cultural experience; Culture; culturing; ethnophonology; gesture(s); grammar(s); knowledge; language(s); metaculture, nature; nurture; Pirahãs; theory
culturing, 117–18, 167, 177. See also culture(s)
Cutler, Anne, Native Listening: Language Experience and the Recognition of Spoken Words, 292
dance: conversation as, 273; among Pirahãs, 138–39; translation as, 270. See also discourse(s); music; translation
D’Andrade, Roy, 86, 92
dark matter, 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23–60, 26, 27, 62, 66, 236, 238, 239, 327; acquiring, 117–35; as “anonymous,” 234, 236; developing, 118–19; and discourse, 169–7
0; effects of, 68; as ego, 44; as emicization, 18; examples of, 107–9, 174–76; gestures control, 233; as hermeneutics, 136–58; indexicals in, 176–77; kinds of, 5; overlapping, 105–6; of procedures and complaints, 178–93; in texts, 161–70, 187–88; and translation, 259–79; treaties and, 67–68. See also culture(s); emicization; gesture(s); knowledge; tacit knowledge
“dark matter of the mind,” 34. See also dark matter
Darwin, Charles, 320. See also evolution
Dascal, Marcelo, 289
Davidson, Donald, 88, 89
Deacon, Terence, 199
death, Pirahã text on, 213–14. See also Pirahãs
deconstruction, of folk ideas (Bastian), 42–43
“deep structure,” 202–3, 331n1. See also Chomsky, Noam; grammar
de Forio, Andrea, 233
delayed auditory feedback (DAF), 239, 240. See also gesture(s)
Deleuze, Gilles, 169
democracy, effect on human height, 72–73, 73
Denisovan hominins, 250. See also humans
de Ruiter, J. P., 240–41
Descartes, René, 36–38, 101, 286, 323; Locke vs., 52. See also dualism; linguistics; philosophy
Descola, Phillippe, 114–15, 276, 277
description: emic vs. etic, 138–39; “thick” vs. “thin,” 138–39. See also discourse(s)
“designer bias,” 306. See also instinct(s)
deviation, 134, 207
Dewey, John, 45, 55
dialects, 75, 91, 168–70, 237; “superstrate,” 170. See also language(s); linguistics
discourse(s), 246; channels of, 209–11; reveal culture, 212; redundant among Pirahãs, 192–93; and sentences, 205, 237, 238; shaped by dark matter, 169–70. See also gesture(s); linguistics; speech
“discrete infinity,” 247
“discreteness filter” (Freyd), 247
dogs: and dark matter, 118; rapport with humans, 250n15; similarities with humans, 117–18. See also humans
Donadio, Rachel, 231
dreams: Pirahãs on, 212–13. See also Pirahãs
Dreyfus, Hubert L., 104
dualism, 36; body/mind, 37, 38; body/soul, 318; Cartesian, 323; religious, 318
“early onset” (Berent), 302–3. See also phonological core knowledge
Edge.org, 68, 70
Efron, David, 231, 231n4, 234, 240, 241; Gesture, Race, and Culture, 231
ego, id, superego, 43–44. See also Freud, Sigmund
Ellwood, Robert, 46
embedding, Pirahã language lacks, 270. See also language; Pirahãs
emblems, 235. See also gesture(s)
Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) (Cassell), 252
emic, 7–8, 7n6, 15, 17–18, 97, 108, 121, 139, 140, 144, 149, 162, 237, 261, 263–64, 265; vs. etic, 7–8, 17, 28, 63, 91, 96–97, 112, 138–39, 142, 150, 154, 155, 260, 261, 327–28. See also emicization; etic, and/vs. emic; linguistics
emicization, 18, 25, 26, 29, 64, 80–81, 93, 121, 122, 151, 155, 161, 233, 247–48, 261; among Pirahãs, 123–35, 142, 190–91. See also culture; dark matter; emic; etic
emotion(s): vs. computers, 100; human, 319, 321–22. See also brain; computers; human nature; mind; physiology
empiricism: Berkeley’s, 53–54; Hume’s, 54–55; initiated by Aristotle, 50–51; Locke on, 53; as passé, 49, 49n9; radical (James), 55; roots of tradition, 51. See also philosophy
enchrony, 135
endocentricity, 290, 290n3
Enfield, Nick J., 135, 199, 223, 224; Relationship Thinking, 135
Enlightenment, spirit of, 39
environment, 285
envy, nonexistent among Pirahãs, 125. See also Pirahãs
EP. See evolutionary psychology
epistemic objectivity, 15
e pluribus unum (out of many, one), 61, 116
equiprimodiality, 241–50. See also gesture(s); language; speech
ethnogrammar, 223–25. See also ethnography; grammar; language(s); linguistics
ethnography, 90–92, 211; of Pirahãs, 92–96, 123–31. See also anthropology; linguistics; Pirahãs; values
ethnophonology, 207–22. See also linguistics; phonology; Pirahãs
ethnosyntax, 198, 223. See also linguistics; Pirahãs; syntax
etic, and/vs. emic, 7–8, 7n6, 17, 28, 63, 80–81, 91, 96–97, 108, 112, 138–39, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 260, 261, 265, 327–28. See also emic; emicization; language(s)
Everett, D., 41, 202, 207–8, 209, 217, 218, 224, 236, 242, 245, 246, 254, 290; Language: The Cultural Tool, 17, 105; refutation of Berent, The Phonological Mind, 296–304; “The Shrinking Chomskyan Corner in Linguistics,” 291. See also Banawá (tribe); Pirahãs
evidentiality, 204, 217, 220. See also semantics
evolution, 13–14, 24, 168; and culture, 24, 225; of humans, 319; and instincts, 284–307, 292n5; of language (McNeill), 231–32, 241–50; of syntax, 248–49. See also culture(s); humans; language(s)
evolutionary psychology (EP), 313–15, 320. See also evolution; instinct(s); universalism
exceptions, vs. counterexamples, 151, 152–54, 156. See also anomalies
experience. See empiricism
family: schema of, 81–82; values and, 82. See also fathers; mothers; nurture
fathers: anthropology of, 64–65; among Brazilian tribes, 134. See also men; mothers; women
Feyerabend, Paul, 168
field programmable gate array (FPGA), 100
fieldwork, 207–8, 211–12, 265, 266, 291, 291n4. See also anthropology; linguistics; translation
first nations, American, 233
formant, 298n10. See also universal sonority sequencing generalization (SSG)
FPJA. See field programmable gate array (FPGA)
Freud, Sigmund, 6, 43–44; and Bastian, 44; on repression, 43. See also psychoanalysis; psychology
Freyd, J. J., 247
functionalism, 203
Gallagher, Tom, 86–87
Gavagai problem (Quine’s), 265–66. See also translation
Geertz, Clifford: on anthropology, 139; on culture, 66n2, 78, 110–11; on “thick description,” 138, 231. See also culture(s)
Gellatly, Angus, 5
generalization, 54, 152
generative grammar, 202–3, 205, 247. See also Chomsky, Noam; grammar
genes, 258, 286; as determinants of human nature, 306–11, 320–21, 325–26. See also evolution; human nature; instinct(s)
gestalt. See structure(s)
gesticulation, 234–35. See also gesture(s)
“gesture-first” hypothesis, 244–46. See also gesture(s); speech
gesture(s): “Americanization” of, 231; analyzed, 238, 246, 248; “anticompositional,” 248; blind people use, 239–40; dynamic, vs. “static” speech/syntax, 237, 248; emic vs. etic, 108; with grammar produce language, 228–30; iconic, 246–47; Italians’, 230–31; language-slotted, 235, 244–45; by machines (Cassell), 252; metaphoric, 246; pioneer researchers in, 231–34, 251–54; research “scientific,” 232; and speech, 230n3, 237–39, 240, 241–43; as universal language, 232, 239–40. See also catchment; dark matter; grammar; language(s); McNeill, David; speech
Giorgolo, Gianluca, 229, 251–52
God: as metaphor (Campbell), 46; in New Testament, 140, 176, 259, 318; Pirahãs can’t comprehend, 276; vs. science, 104. See also Bible; Christianity/Christians; Islam/Muslims; religion
Gold, Joel, 6
Goldin-Meadow, Susan, 227, 255–56, 257–58. See also homesigns (sign language)
Goldsmith, John, 314
Goodenough, Ward, 76; on culture, 66n2
Gopnik, Alison: on childhood development, 120–21; on concept of “innate,” 312–13. See also instinct(s); nativism
Gospels. See Bible; New Testament
GP, 247, 263, 266
grammar, 202–6, 220n7, 226; as activity, 289; Chomskyan, 47–48, 202, 237; construction, 93, 203; core, 192, 215–22; of culture, 78, 91–92, 192; dark matter of, 198–226; Hindu, 105; linguistic, 91–92; OT, 93; photographs as, 138; Pira
hã, 133, 192; relative clauses, 192; symbiosis with culture, 214–26; symbiosis with gestures, 227–58; universal (UG), 7n5, 34–35, 47–48, 156–57, 205, 286, 289, 290, 291, 310–11. See also Chomsky, Noam; culture(s); instinct(s); language(s); linguistics; Pirahãs; recursion; structure(s)
grammaticalization, 293n6, 296, 297–98. See also grammar
Gramsci, Antonio, on culture, 66n2
Greek, ancient. See Koiné
Green, Jennifer, 252–53
Greenberg, Joseph, 156–57. See also Chomsky, Noam; language(s); linguistics; universals
Grice, Paul, 271
Griffiths, Sascha, 242n12
growth point (McNeill), 237, 242, 243
Guattari, Felix, 169
habitus, theory of (Bourdieu), 1n1
Hall, Edward T., “silent language,” 107
harassment, sexual, 261n2. See also sex
Harris, Marvin, definition of culture, 78, 80–82, 83–84
Harris, Zellig, 233
Harrison, George, 13. See also music
HCF (Marc Hauser, Noam Chomsky, and Tecumseh Fitch), on recursion, 215–16. See also recursion
hermeneutics: dark matter as, 136–58; role of culture in, 111; of the world (Descola), 115
hierarchical knowledge, 256–57
Hinduism/Hindus, 13; principles regarding defecation, 83, 105. See also Christianity/Christians; Islam/Muslims; religion
hippies, critique of, by mainstream journalists, 161–68
history: of gestures/speech, 247; of linguistics, 168–69, 231–34, 231n4. See also gesture(s); linguistics; speech
holacracy, 171–73; (non-) 173. See also business culture
homesigns (sign language), 229n2, 233, 235, 244, 254–58, 302. See also language(s); linguistics
homopraxes, 111, 112
Homo sapiens. See humans
Hopfield Nets/Networks, 84
human behavior, 83–84, 236. See also anthropology; family; humans; nurture; psychology
“human computational system (HC1)” (Chomsky) 211–12. See also Chomsky, Noam; linguistics
human evolution, 245. See also evolution; humans
human nature(s), 4, 11, 12, 13–14, 18, 41–42, 317–26; Bastian on, 41–42; Descartes on, 37–38; and flexibility, 24; genetically determined, 284–316; Pinker on, 319; Wilson on, 319. See also humans; self
humans: differences from nonhumans, 225, 256, 323; pre-Homo sapiens, 245, 250; products of evolution, 319; uniqueness of, 117–18, 200; universal sonority sequencing generalization (SSG) innate to, 293–304. See also animals; children; dogs; gesture(s); Pirahãs; speech