Five Thousand Years of Slavery

by Marjorie Gann

  Maciness, Peter. Bittersweet: The Story of Sugar. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 2002.

  Nishida, Mieko. "Brazil: Northeastern Brazil." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 125 -126. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Paley, Ruth. "After Somerset: Mansfield, Slavery, and the Law in England, 1772-1830." In Law, Crime and English Society 1660-1830, edited by Norma Landau, pp. 46-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

  Phillips, Ulrich B. "A Jamaica Slave Plantation." American Historical Review, vol. 19, no. 3, April 1914, pp. 543-558.

  Pierre, Roland. "Caribbean Religion: The Voodoo Case." Sociological Analysis, vol. 38, no. 1, 1977, pp. 25-36.

  Scarano, Francisco A. "Caribbean Region: Spanish Colonies." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 163-167. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Walvin, James. Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Short Illustrated History. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1983.

  ___ . The Slave Trade. Stroud, UK: Sutton Pocket Histories, 1999.

  Warner, Judith Ann. "The Proslavery Argument in Latin America." In Chronology of World Slavery, edited by Junius P. Rodriguez, pp. 154-155. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999.

  Websites

  Documenting the American South, under North American Slave Narratives, houses online versions of the Biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua and The History of Mary Prince.

  The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database documents more than 25,000 slaving voyages from 1501 to 1866.

  The quote by the Scottish observer is from The Journal of a Lady of Quality; Being the Narrative of a Journey from Scotland to the West Indies, North Carolina, and Portugal, in the Years 1774 to 1776, by Janet Schaw, which is also on the Documenting the American South website.

  Report of the Lords of the Committee of the Council appointed for the consideration of all matters relating to Trade and Foreign Plantation, London, 1789, describes a British study of obeah.

  Chapter 8, "The Monster Is Dead!": British Abolition

  Major Sources

  Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

  Hochschild, Adam. Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005.

  Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2005.

  Walvin, James. A Short History of Slavery. London: Penguin, 2007.

  Other Sources

  Blackburn, Robin. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery: 1776-1848. Verso: London, 1988.

  Equiano, Olaudah. "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African." In The Classic Slave Narratives, edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr., pp. 15-247. New York: Signet, 2002. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Finkelman, Paul. "Abolition and Antislavery Movements: Meaning of the Terms." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller pp. 1-3. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Patterson, Orlando. "Paul, Slavery and Freedom." Semeia, vol. 83/84, 1998, pp. 263-279.

  Temperley, Howard R. "Abolition and Antislavery Movements: Great Britain." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, eds., pp. 7-10. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Walvin, James. "Abolition and Antislavery Movements: Introduction and Overview." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 3-4. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Websites

  The online Library and Quaker Centre at the Quakers in Britain website, www.quaker.org.uk, provides articles, documents, and pictures related to the group's work against slavery. Links to the articles "Early colonial Quakers protest against slavery" and "Quaker protests against slavery in the 17th century" appear under Quakers and the Abolition of the Slave Trade.

  The biographies of many British abolitionists are on the Abolition Project website at http://abolition.e2bn.org/people.html. Excerpts from Thomas Clarkson's diary can be found under "Sources" at this site.

  Thomas Clarkson's "An Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, particularly the African" can be found on the Online Library of Liberty website.

  Documenting the American South, under North American Slave Narratives, houses the Narrative of the Enslavement of Ottobah Cugoano, a Native of Africa; published by himself, in the Year 1787 and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African.

  Chapter 9, In the Land of Liberty: North America

  Major Sources

  Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998.

  Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

  Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll. The World the Slaves Made. New York: Random House, 1974.

  Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and the Making of America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

  Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Written by Herself. Edited by Jean Fagan Yellin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard College, 1987. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Lester, Julius. To Be a Slave. New York: Dial Books, 1968.

  Northup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup a Citizen of New-York, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841, and Rescued in 1853, From a Cotton Plantation near the Red River in Louisiana. Auburn: Derby and Miller, 1853. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Smith, Venture. A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa, But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America. Related by Himself. New-London: C. Holt, 1798. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Stewart, James Brewer. Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996.

  Wilkins, Roger. Jefferson's Pillow: The Founding Fathers and the Dilemma of Black Patriotism. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001.

  Other Sources

  Ball, Charles. Fifty Years in Chains; or, The Life of an American Slave. New York: H. Dayton, 1850. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Berlin, Ira, Marc Favreau, and Steven F. Miller, eds. Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Freedom. New York: New Press, 1998.

  Berlin, Ira, and Leslie M. Harris. Slavery in New York. New York: The New Press, 2005.

  Brown, William Wells. Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Written By Himself. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1847. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Clinton, Catherine. Fanny Kemble's Civil Wars. New York: Simon 8 Schuster, 2000.

  Desrochers, Robert E., Jr. "'Not Fade Away': The Narrative of Venture Smith, an African American in the Early Republic." Journal of American History, vol. 84, no. 1, June 1997, pp. 40-66.

  Dickinson, John. Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies. New York: Outlook Company, 1903.

  Douglass, Frederick. The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself: His early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and his complete history. Edited by Rayford W. Logan. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003. (Originally published 1892.) Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Hartz, Louis. "Otis and Anti-Slavery Doctrine." New England Quarterly, vol. 12 no. 4, December 1939, pp. 745-747.

  Kemble, Frances Anne. Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation, 1838-1839. Available online at the Project Gutenberg website.

  "Sarah Kemble Knight: Remarks on 'this whole
Colony of Connecticut.'" From the National Humanities Center Resources Toolbox. First published in 1825 as The Journal of Madam Knight, ed. Thomas Dwight.

  Lowance, Mason I. Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader. New York: Penguin, 2000.

  Reid, Ira De A. "The John Canoe Festival: A New World Africanism." Phylon (1940-1956), vol. 3, no. 4, fourth quarter, 1942, pp. 349-346.

  Roberts, James. The Narrative of James Roberts, a Soldier Under Gen. Washington in the Revolutionary War, and Under Gen. Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, in the War of 1812. Chicago: Author, 1858. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2005.

  Sterling, Dorothy, ed. We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.

  Steward, Austin. Twenty-two Years a Slave and Forty Years a Freeman. Rochester, NY: William Alling, 1857. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Stewart, James. "Abolition and Antislavery Movements: United States." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 11-19. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Thornton, John K. "African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion." American Historical Review, vol. 96, no. 4, October 1991, pp. 1101-1113.

  Walvin, James. A Short History of Slavery. New York: Penguin, 2007.

  Waters, John J. The Otis Family in Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

  Wax, Darold D. "'The Great Risque We Run': The Aftermath of Slave Rebellion at Stono, South Carolina, 1739-1745." Journal of Negro History, vol. 67, no. 2, summer 1982, pp. 136-147.

  White, Shane. "'It Was a Proud Day': African Americans, Festivals, and Parades in the North, 1741-1834." Journal of American History, vol. 81, no. 1, June 1994, pp. 13-50.

  Websites

  The Africans in America website offers a survey of African-American history from 1450 to the end of the Civil War.

  Documenting the American South, under North American Slave Narratives, houses the first-person accounts by Charles Ball, William Wells Brown, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, Solomon Northup, James Roberts, Venture Smith (Broteer), and Austin Steward.

  "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project 1936-1938," a Library of Congress website, provides insight into slaves' lives through its slave narratives, offered in audio recordings and print transcripts.

  The Massachusetts Historical Society provides information on the case of Elizabeth Freeman at its site African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts.

  The South Carolina Slave Code is online.

  U.S. National Archives provides the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and other founding documents.

  Chapter 10, Civil War, Civil Rights: The United States

  Major Sources

  Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

  Douglass, Frederick. The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself: His early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and his complete history. Edited by Rayford W. Logan. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003. (Originally published 1892.) Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and the Making of America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

  Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Written by Herself. Edited by Jean Fagan Yellin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard College, 1987. Also see Documenting the American South under Websites, below.

  Lester, Julius. To Be a Slave. New York: Dial Books, 1968.

  Stewart, James Brewer. Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery. New York: Hill and Wang, 1996.

  Other Sources

  Berlin, Ira, and Leslie M. Harris. Slavery in New York. New York: The New Press, 2005.

  Chowder, Ken. "The Father of American Terrorism." American Heritage Magazine, vol. 51, no. 1, February/March 2000. Available online at www.americanheritage.com.

  Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss, Jr. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro America, Sixth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

  Frost, Karolyn Smardz. I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad. Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2007.

  "The Hero of the Planter," The New York Times, Oct. 3, 1862.

  Lowance, Mason I. Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader. New York: Penguin, 2000.

  McFeely, William S. Frederick Douglass. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.

  Oakes, James. The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.

  Rose, Willie Lee, ed. A Documentary History of Slavery in North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.

  Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2005.

  "The Steamer Planter and Her Captor," Harpers Weekly, June 14, 1862.

  Sterling, Dorothy, ed. We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.

  Stewart, James. "Abolition and Antislavery Movements: United States." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 11-19. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: Modern Library, 1996.

  Williams, Carolyn. "The Female Antislavery Movement: Fighting against Racial Prejudice and Promoting Women's Rights in Antebellum America." In The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women's Political Culture in Antebellum America, edited by Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. Van Horne, pp. 159-177. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.

  Wills, Garry. Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America. New York: Simon 8 Schuster, 1992.

  Winship, Michael, "Uncle Tom's Cabin: History of the Book in the 19th-Century United States," at http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/interpret/exhibits/winship/winship.html.

  Woodward, C. Vann, ed. Mary Chesnut's Civil War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.

  Websites

  The Africans in America website at www.pbs.org offers a survey of African-American history from 1450 to the end of the Civil War.

  The African-American Mosaic, a website of the Library of Congress, posts the resource guide accompanying a July 5, 2005 exhibit. It includes background information on slavery and abolition and narratives by former slaves.

  Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project 1936-1938, a Library of Congress website, provides insight into slaves' lives through its slave narratives, offered in audio recordings and print transcripts.

  The article "Black Dispatches: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence During the Civil War" appears on the website of the Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S. government.

  Documenting the American South, under North American Slave Narratives, houses the slave narratives for Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs.

  Famous American Trials: Amistad Trials, 1839-1840 provides primary documents, including contemporary newspaper accounts, of the Amistad case. The article "Stamped With Glory: Lewis Tappan and the Africans of the Amistad," an account of the trial by Doug Linder, lacks complete citations (a note says footnotes are a "work in progress"), but it provides extensive detail and a useful chronology.

  Excerpts from William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper The Liberator and summaries of many articles can be consulted at The Liberator Files website, compiled by Horace Seldon.

  The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History offers background information on the antislavery movement.

  The U.S. National Archives provides information on the Emancipation Proclamation and the U.S. Constitution.

  Chapter 11, Blackbirders, Coolies, and Slave Girls: Asia and
the Southern Pacific

  Major Sources

  Chakravarti, Uma. "Of Dasas and Karmakaras: Servile Labour in Ancient India." In Chains of Servitude: Bondage and Slavery in India, edited by Utsa Patnaik and Manjari Dingwaney, pp. 35-69. Madras, India: Sangam Books: 1985.

  Chanana, Dev Raj. Slavery in Ancient India, as Depicted in Pali and Sanskrit Texts. New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1960.

  Chatterjee, Indrani. "Indian Subcontinent." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 425-427. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.

  Horne, Gerald. White Pacific: U.S. Imperialism and Black Slavery in the South Seas after the Civil War. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.

  Jaschok, Maria. Concubines and Bondservants: A Social History. London; [Atlantic Highlands,] NJ: Zed Books, 1988.

  Jaschok, Maria, and Suzanne Miers, eds. Women and Chinese Patriarchy: Submission, Servitude and Escape. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1994.

  Jones. Life and Adventure in the South Pacific by a Roving Printer. New York: Harper 8 Brothers, 1861. Available online from Google Books.

  Jones, Eric A. "Fugitive Women: Slavery and Social Change in Early Modern Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, June 1, 2007.

  Lim, Janet. Sold for Silver, an Autobiography. London: Collins, 1958.

  Margulis, Jennifer. "Slavery in Southeast Asia." Chronology of World Slavery, edited by Junius P. Rodriguez, pp. 97-98. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1999.

  Milner, Murray, Jr. "Caste Systems." In Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, edited by Paul Finkelman and Joseph C. Miller, pp. 168-169. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1998.