The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940-1965

by William Manchester

381. WM/John Martin, 10/23/80; Colville, Fringes, 295; John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 635.

  382. Thompson, 1940, 227.

  383. Public Record Office documents AIR2/5238 and AIR20/2419 indicate that Churchill and the War Cabinet did not know which city would be the target on November 15.

  384. Colville, Fringes, 297.

  385. Cv/2, 1186, 1217–18; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  386. Cv/3, 1163.

  387. Soames, Clementine, 395.

  388. Colville, Fringes, 167; TWY, 96–97.

  389. WSC 2, 576; GILBERT 6, 939.

  390. David Miller, U-Boats (New York, 2000), 126; C&R-TCC, 1:112; Premier (Prime Minister) Papers, Public Record Office, Kew, 3/462/2; Cv/2, 1233.

  391. Roger Chesneau, Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1922–1946 (London, 1980) (HMS Lewes).

  392. Cv/2, 780, 844–45.

  393. Cv/2, 1246.

  394. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 810–11; WCSHCS, 6269.

  395. WSC 2, 556–58; C&R-TCC, 1:102–9.

  396. WSC 2, 558.

  397. C&R-TCC, 1:107–8.

  398. C&R-TCC, 1:107–8; WM/Malcolm MacDonald, 1980.

  399. C&R-TCC, 1:107–8.

  400. WSC 2, 567–69.

  401. GILBERT 6, 694.

  402. Colville, Fringes, 309, 321; WSC 2, 570.

  403. Colville, Fringes, 314.

  404. C&R-TCC, 1:86.

  405. WSC 2, 530.

  406. WSC 3, 568–69.

  407. Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step, 1936–1939 (New York, 1959), 137.

  408. WSC 2, 497, 523; Dilks, Diaries, 329.

  409. C&R-TCC, 1:74.

  410. Time Capsule 1940: A History of the Year Condensed from the Pages of Time, edited by Henry R. Luce (New York, 1968).

  411. Time Capsule 1940.

  412. C&R-TCC, 1:65–66; Churchill, Early Life, 33 (from Manchester, The Last Lion, vol. 1, and Cowles, Churchill).

  413. Celia Sandys, Chasing Churchill (New York, 2005), 138; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 782–83.

  414. Collier, War in the Desert, 26–33.

  415. Collier, War in the Desert, 27–28; Colville, Fringes, 308–9.

  416. Collier, War in the Desert, 29.

  417. GILBERT 6, 935; Colville, Fringes, 309; Mark Mayo Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II (New York, 1999), 602.

  418. GILBERT 6, 935; Collier, War in the Desert, 29.

  419. Cv/2, 1204.

  420. Mosley, Battle of Britain, 149.

  421. Leonard Mosley, Marshall: Hero for Our Times (New York, 1982), 150–51.

  422. NYT, 12/30/41; TWY, 132; Klingaman, 1941, 16.

  423. FDR broadcast, 12/29/40, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum.

  424. FDR broadcast, 12/29/40, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum; Colville, Fringes, 321; C&R-TCC, 1:122–23.

  425. WSC 2, 628–29.

  The Rapids

  1. C&R-TCC, 1:120; John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955 (New York, 1985), 326–27.

  2. WSC 3, 540; Noel Annan, “How Wrong Was Churchill?” New York Review of Books, 4/8/93.

  3. William K. Klingaman, 1941: Our Lives in a World on the Edge (New York, 1989), 24, 92–93; ChP 20/36; ChP 20/21.

  4. Klingaman, 1941, 24–25; ChP 20/36; ChP 20/21.

  5. Colville, Fringes, 145.

  6. C&R-TCC, 1:121–22; Colville, Fringes, 327.

  7. John Colville, The Churchillians (London, 1981), 162; Colville, Fringes, 653; Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, The Reckoning: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (New York, 1965), 168, 215.

  8. Lewis Broad, Anthony Eden, The Chronicle of a Career (New York, 1955), 4–8; Eden, The Reckoning, 435; W&C-TPL, 408.

  9. Martin Gilbert, Churchill’s War Leadership (New York, 2004), 72; Mark Mayo Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II (New York, 1999), 18–19, 372–73; Colville, Churchillians, 156–57.

  10. ChP 2/416; Colville, Fringes, 326; Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 380.

  11. Klingaman, 1941, 90–91.

  12. Klingaman, 1941, 92; WM/Malcolm Muggeridge, 11/25/80.

  13. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York, 1948), 9; Carlos D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York, 1995), 390–91.

  14. Klingaman, 1941, 43.

  15. Charles de Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle (New York, 1964), 84.

  16. Klingaman, 1941, 44.

  17. Klingaman, 1941, 48; Brian Gardner, Churchill in Power: As Seen by His Contemporaries (Boston, 1970), 96; Charles Eade, ed., Churchill by His Contemporaries (New York, 1954), 140; William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary (The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent 1934–1941) (New York, 1941), 481.

  18. George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950 (New York, 1967), 130; Klingaman, 1941, 18; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 448–49, 459.

  19. C&R-TCC, 1:147; CAB 65/18 (to Halifax).

  20. Mollie Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 1939–1945 (London, 1972), 122–23, 139–40; Klingaman, 1941, 14.

  21. Klingaman, 1941, 89–90.

  22. Klingaman, 1941, 89–90.

  23. Klingaman, 1941, 90; GILBERT 6, 895; ChP 20/36.

  24. TWY, 136–37.

  25. Leonard Mosley, Battle of Britain (New York, 1980), 136–37.

  26. TWY, 136–37; ChP 20/36.

  27. WSC 3, 4.

  28. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 813, 816.

  29. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; Cv/3, 39, 973.

  30. Colville, Fringes, 419.

  31. Cv/3, 43.

  32. Cv/3, 44; Eden, The Reckoning, 270–72.

  33. Kennan, Memoirs; Cv/3, 44.

  34. Cv/3, 165.

  35. Cv/3, 430; Colville, Fringes, 209 (Operation Razzle); Cv/3, 430.

  36. Cv/3, 173.

  37. Cv/3, 165.

  38. Margery Allingham, The Oaken Heart (London, 1991), 169–89.

  39. ChP 20/36; WM/Lord Butler, 1980; WM/Viscount Antony Head, 1980.

  40. Eden, The Reckoning, 203–4.

  41. C&R-TCC, 1:115.

  42. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), l, 14, 15, 234.

  43. Arthur Conan Doyle, The Great Boer War (Charlestown, SC, 2006); Colville, Fringes, 330; Cv/3, 29.

  44. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 1/6/41.

  45. H. L. Mencken, The American Language, Supplement Two (New York, 1962), 784–85 (derivation of “Jeep”).

  46. WSCHCS, 6328.

  47. WSCHCS, 6328; Times, 1/10/41; David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 342; Cv/2, 1268.

  48. Colville, Fringes, 332.

  49. John Rupert Colville, Footprints in Time (London, 1976), 153.

  50. James Conant, My Several Lives: Memoirs of a Social Inventor (Boston, 1970), 229–31.

  51. Conant, My Several Lives, 231.

  52. WM/Sir Robert Boothby, 10/16/80 (“cool and yella”).

  53. TWY, 114; WSCHCS, 6529.

  54. TWY, 136–37; Mosley, Battle of Britain; Cv/3, 825; Cv/2, 1314.

  55. WSCHCC, 6451.

  56. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 779; Cv/2, 1243.

  57. Eade, Churchill, 141.

  58. Colville, Fringes, 305.

  59. Walter H. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill (New York, 1953), 220; WSC 3, 5; Colville, Fringes, 341.

  60. WSC 3, 38.

  61. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 134.

  62. Klingaman, 1941, 88.

  63. Klingaman, 1941, 127; Time, 3/14/41, 25; WSC 3, 112, 122.

  64. Colville, Fringes, 358.

  65. Roger Chesneau, Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1922–1946 (London, 1980), 244; WSC 3, 122.

  66. Laurence Thompson, 1940 (New York, 1966), 234–35; Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945 Nemesis (New York, 2000), 334; WSC 3, 12–13.

  67. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 806; Kershaw, Hitler, 342–44; Adolf Hitler, Me
in Kampf, edited by John Chamberlain et al. (New York, 1939), 959–61.

  68. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 459–65.

  69. Colville, Fringes, 148–49.

  70. Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London, 1985), 296.

  71. Colville, Fringes, 196; Hugh Dalton, Memoirs 1931–1945: The Fateful Years (London, 1957), 365–67.

  72. Pimlott, Hugh Dalton, 301.

  73. Pimlott, Hugh Dalton, 312.

  74. Martin Gilbert, The Second World War: A Complete History (London, 1989), 161.

  75. Klingaman, 1941, 47; NYT, 7/21/41.

  76. Colville, Fringes, 441.

  77. Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London, 1954), 270–71.

  78. WM/A. J. P. Taylor, 1980.

  79. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 108; Time, 1/6/41.

  80. Colville, Fringes, 331–33.

  81. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 203.

  82. Robert E. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins: An Intimate History (London, 1948).

  83. Sherwood, White House Papers.

  84. Colville, Fringes, 334–35; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  85. Colville, Fringes, 334–35; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  86. Colville, Fringes, 334–35; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  87. Colville, Fringes, 334–35; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  88. Colville, Fringes, 334–35; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  89. GILBERT 6, 986; WSCHCS, 7235.

  90. Colville, Fringes, 333–34.

  91. GILBERT 6, 986–87 (Lyttelton recollection).

  92. Colville, Fringes, 331–34.

  93. Colville, Fringes, 334–35; GILBERT 6, 987.

  94. GILBERT 6, 988–89; Sherwood, White House Papers, 1:239–40.

  95. GILBERT 6, 988–89; Sherwood, White House Papers, 1:239–40.

  96. GILBERT 5, 990; Lord Moran, Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran (Boston, 1966), 6–7; WSCHCS, 6329.

  97. Moran, Diaries, 6–7.

  98. WSC 3, 5.

  99. Richard Collier, The War in the Desert (New York, 1980), 26–33; John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989); ChP 20/14.

  100. ChP 20/49 (cable to Wavell); Colville, Fringes, 329.

  101. WSC to Wavell, 1/11/41, ChP 20/49.

  102. William Manchester, The Last Lion (Boston, 1983), 1:522.

  103. GILBERT 6, 988–89.

  104. Collier, War in the Desert, 30–33.

  105. WSCHCS, 6346.

  106. Keegan, Second World War, 328; Collier, War in the Desert, 32–33.

  107. Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (London, 1960), 190; Keegan, Second World War, 328; Collier, War in the Desert, 33.

  108. Keegan, Second World War, 147–48, 328.

  109. Ismay, Memoirs, 195.

  110. B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York, 1971), 118.

  111. WSC 3, 757; Ismay, Memoirs, 270.

  112. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 513–14.

  113. Keegan, Second World War, 322–24.

  114. Keegan, Second World War, 322–24.

  115. Keegan, Second World War, 323.

  116. WSC 3, 26–27; Time, 10/16/44.

  117. TWY, 198; Conant, My Several Lives, 231.

  118. Colville, Fringes, 773; Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing (London, 1981), 96.

  119. Colville, Footprints, 153–55; WM/Averell Harriman and Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; GILBERT 6, 1019.

  120. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 157.

  121. WSCHCS, 6347; F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (New York, 1974), 99–100.

  122. WSCHCS, 6346–51.

  123. Dilks, Diaries, 353.

  124. WSCHCS, 6346.

  125. WSCHCS, 6346.

  126. Cv/3, 395–97.

  127. ChP 69/2; ChP 20/49.

  128. Conant, My Several Lives, 254.

  129. ChP 20/13.

  130. Scott Berg, Lindbergh (New York, 1999), 414–15.

  131. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 108.

  132. Conant, My Several Lives, 232.

  133. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 389.

  134. Eric Sevareid, Not So Wild a Dream, 177, 193.

  135. Cv/3, 321.

  136. Colville, Fringes, 350; PFR/Alexander Balas (Iron Guard), 12/08.

  137. Time, 2/3/41.

  138. Colville, Fringes, 312–13, 403.

  139. Cv/3, 204; TWY, 144–45, 186–87.

  140. WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.

  141. Time, 6/9/41 (Eden address on war aims), 26; Colville, Fringes, 329.

  142. Colville, Fringes, 329; ChP 20/36; ChP 20/30.

  143. Cv/3, 974.

  144. Cv/3, 974.

  145. Cv/3, 977.

  146. Cv/3, 320–21.

  147. Cv/3, 320–21.

  148. Conant, My Several Lives, 276.

  149. Conant, My Several Lives, 274, 277–78.

  150. Conant, My Several Lives, 274, 277–78.

  151. Colville, Fringes, 736.

  152. Cv/3, 320–21.

  153. WSCHCS, 6386.

  154. Cv/3, 302.

  155. WM/Viscount Antony Head, 1980; Colville, Churchillians, 136.

  156. C&R-TCC, 1:145; Klingaman, 1941, 127–30.

  157. WM/George Thomson, 1980.

  158. Klingaman, 1941, 98–99; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  159. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80; TWY, 189.

  160. TWY, 140–41.

  161. Time, 1/20/41.

  162. Conant, My Several Lives, 254–55.

  163. Conant, My Several Lives, 254–55; Keegan, Second World War, 538.

  164. NYT, 3/12/41.

  165. NYT, 3/12/41.

  166. NYT, 3/12/41; WSCHCS, 6360, 6505; CAB 115/436; Colville, Fringes, 343.

  167. ChP 23/9; Keegan, Second World War, 104–6.

  168. WSC 3, 111–14; Keegan, Second World War, 104–6.

  169. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, v–vi; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 269.

  170. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 206.

  171. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  172. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  173. WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.

  174. Eden, The Reckoning, 248, 251, 253; Colville, Fringes, 360–61.

  175. C&R–TCC, 1:144–45 (3/10/41 cable to FDR).

  176. C&R–TCC, 1:144–45 (3/10/41 cable to FDR); Cv/3, 329.

  177. Cv/3 (cable to Eden re Italians), 432; John Keegan, Winston Churchill (New York, 2002), 138–39.

  178. Colville, Fringes, 369; Klingaman, 1941, 194–95.

  179. Dilks, Diaries, 365; Colville, Fringes, 337, 366; GILBERT 6, 1042–43.

  180. Colville, Fringes, 367; Pimlott, Hugh Dalton, 309; Dilks, Diaries, 366.

  181. Colville, Fringes, 367.

  182. Keegan, Second World War, 328–29; ChP 20/49; Ismay, Memoirs, 201; Colville, Fringes, 135.

  183. ChP 20/37.

  184. John Keegan, Who’s Who in World War II (London, 1995), 175.

  185. Colville, Fringes, 369–70.

  186. Dilks, Diaries, 367–68.

  187. Cv/3, 426–28.

  188. Colville, Fringes, 368; Cv/3, 427–28.

  189. Cv/3, 447.

  190. WSCHCS, 5818.

  191. GILBERT 6, 1050–51; Cv/3, 447–48.

  192. Winterbotham, Ultra Secret, 100–101.

  193. Keegan, Second World War, 152–54; Eden, The Reckoning, 247.

  194. Cv/3, 439.

  195. Cv/3, 445.

  196. Cv/3, 439.

  197. Collier, War in the Desert, 65–67.

  198. Keegan, Second World War, 328–29; Collier, War in the Desert, 65–67.

  199. Colville, Fringes, 371; Cv/3, 448–49.

  200. Cv/3, 448–49; Colville, Fringes, 371.

  201. WSC 3, 211.

  202. Colville, Fringes, 369–70.

  203. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 4–5; WSC 3, 175.

  204. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 4–6.
/>   205. Keegan, Second World War, 157–59.

  206. CAB 65/22.

  207. Cv/3, 517–18.

  208. Cv/3, 521.

  209. David Irving, Hitler’s War (New York, 1977), 1:246–47.

  210. Keegan, Second World War, 157.

  211. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 239.

  212. Collier, War in the Desert, 67–68.

  213. ChP 69/2; Cv/3, 445.

  214. Berg, Lindbergh, 418–19.

  215. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 824.

  216. Basil Collier, The Second World War: A Military History from Munich to Hiroshima (New York, 1967), 186–87.

  217. Time, 5/5/41.

  218. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  219. Cv/3, 360.

  220. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 141; Colville, Fringes, 374–75.

  221. Dilks, Diaries, 372; Colville, Fringes, 375; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  222. Broad, Anthony Eden, 170; John Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day: Working with Churchill (London, 1968), 77; Colville, Fringes, 128.

  223. Colville, Fringes, 443–45.

  224. Eden, The Reckoning, 295; WSCHCS, 6378.

  225. Eden, The Reckoning, 295; WSCHCS, 6378; Winterbotham, Ultra Secret, 101.

  226. WSCHCS, 6378.

  227. WSCHCS, 6378.

  228. C&R-TCC, 1:322.

  229. George Orwell, “Reflections on Gandhi” (1949), in The Orwell Reader (New York, 1984); WSCHCS, 6378.

  230. Orwell, “Reflections”; WSCHCS, 6378.

  231. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 16–17; GILBERT 6, 1018.

  232. Cv/3, 560 (Wavell cable).

  233. GILBERT 6, 1072; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 140.

  234. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 154; ChP 120/10.

  235. ChP 120/10.

  236. ChP 120/10.

  237. Colville, Fringes, 391.

  238. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook (London, 1966), 178–79.

  239. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 145.

  240. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 123.

  241. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 123, 138; Hansard 5/29/41 Oral answers (Cv/3, 735).

  242. Dilks, Diaries, 375.

  243. WSC 3, 254, 255, 265; John Keegan, ed., Churchill’s Generals (New York, 1991).

  244. Time, 6/2/41, 24; WSC 3, 264–66.

  245. Cv/3, 560.

  246. Keegan, Second World War, 161.

  247. C&R-TCC, 1:176.

  248. Keegan, Second World War, 161.

  249. C&R-TCC, 1:172–74.

  250. C&R-TCC, 1:172–74; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 31.

  251. Colville, Fringes, 381–82.

  252. C&R-TCC, 1:181–82.

  253. WSC 3, 53–55; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 293–94; Time, 12/27/43, 73; Time, 12/27/43, 73 (MacNeice).