The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940-1965

by William Manchester

  133. Brown, Suez to Singapore, 373; Cooper, Old Men, 305; PFR/Michael Browning, 7/04.

  134. GILBERT 7, 47, 57; ChP 20/67.

  135. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945 (London, 2003), 336–37; Time, 3/2/42, 21; C&R-TCC, 1:381; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 231.

  136. WSC 3, 581.

  137. John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989), 261.

  138. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 81, 83.

  139. WSC 3, 680; TWY, 212; Hansard 2/17/42.

  140. WSC 4, 72, 113; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 206–7; WSCHCS, 6615 (“simpletons and dunderheads”).

  141. WSC 4, 81; WM/Lord Geoffrey Lloyd, 1980.

  142. WM/Malcolm Muggeridge, 11/25/80; WM/Lord Geoffrey Lloyd, 1980; WSC 4, 81; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 713.

  143. WSC 4, 75; W&C-TPL, 464.

  144. Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (London, 2011), 685.

  145. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 205.

  146. Klingaman, 1941, 215.

  147. WSCHCS, 6427.

  148. WSCHCS, 6527.

  149. Dilks, Diaries, 433.

  150. WSC 4, 155–56.

  151. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 93–97.

  152. Soames, Clementine, 415; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 93–97; Time, 3/9/42.

  153. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 98, 100.

  154. Jablonski, Airwar, 41–42.

  155. WSC 4, 160; Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, 108–9.

  156. For a study of the Bengal famine, see Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlements and Deprivation (New York, 1982).

  157. Tuchman, Stilwell, 347; WSC 4, 170.

  158. Tuchman, Stilwell, 361, 371.

  159. Tuchman, Stilwell, 361, 371; C&R-TCC, 1:391, 423, 438, 458.

  160. TWY, 221; Dilks, Diaries, 438.

  161. C&R-TCC, 1:421–22.

  162. Colville, Fringes, 382.

  163. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 438.

  164. WSC 4, 121–22.

  165. WSC 4, 184.

  166. C&R-TCC, 1:382–83, 443; Samuel Eliot Morison, The Battle of the Atlantic: September 1939–May 1943(Edison, NJ, 2001), 168; Bryant, Tide, 244.

  167. C&R-TCC, 1:382–83, 453, 459; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 167; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 290.

  168. C&R-TCC, 1:390, 452–54.

  169. WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80.

  170. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 142.

  171. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 141; Hiroyuki Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral (Tokyo, 1979), 73, 177.

  172. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 141; Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, 140–41; C&R-TCC, 1:466.

  173. WSC 4, 188.

  174. C&R-TCC, 1:383, 391, 392, 441.

  175. WSC 4, 217; George Orwell, “Reflections on Gandhi” (1949), in The Orwell Reader (New York, 1984).

  176. C&R-TCC, 1:446–47; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 131.

  177. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 530–31.

  178. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 131; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; WSC 4, 209; Time, 9/14/42, 29.

  179. C&R-TCC, 2:449; WM/Lord Christopher Soames, 1980.

  180. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 177.

  181. WSC 4, 204–5.

  182. C&R-TCC, 1:484, 491.

  183. WSC 4, 219.

  184. C&R-TCC, 1:441; GILBERT 7, 117.

  185. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 247, 249.

  186. C&R-TCC, 1:458.

  187. Mosley, Marshall, 204–5.

  188. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 1999, 305.

  189. C&R-TCC, 1:460.

  190. C&R-TCC, 1:494.

  191. David Miller, U-Boats (New York, 2000), 127; WSC 4, 109; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 108.

  192. WSC 4, 112, 118, 123; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 544; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 169.

  193. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 264.

  194. Miller, U-Boats, 117–18, 134, 174–75.

  195. Miller, U-Boats, 117–18, 134, 174–75; Dilks, Diaries, 433.

  196. WSC 4, 112, 118, 125.

  197. C&R-TCC, 1:528.

  198. WSC 4, 296.

  199. WSC 3, 702–3; Bryant, Tide, 357.

  200. Ismay, Memoirs, 273.

  201. Cv/3, 160; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 189–90; NYT, 4/2/08.

  202. WSC 3, 702.

  203. WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 187.

  204. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 130, 135

  205. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 189; Harold Lee Hitchens, America Goes to War (Chicago, 1942), 66; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 348.

  206. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 179; PFR/Alexander Balas, 12/06; Time, 2/1/43, 33.

  207. C&R-TCC, 1:382.

  208. Time, 5/11/42, 17.

  209. Collier, Second World War, 296; John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989), 221–22; WSC 4, 343.

  210. Keegan, Second World War, 222–23.

  211. John Keegan, The Mask of Command (New York, 1987), 255, 286.

  212. Gardner, Churchill in Power, 131.

  213. C&R-TCC, 1:503.

  214. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 138.

  215. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 136.

  216. C&R-TCC, 1:441; WSC 4, 314, 327, 341–42; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 136.

  217. WSC 4, 336–37.

  218. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 100.

  219. Collier, War in the Desert, 90–91.

  220. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 154; WM/John Martin, 10/23/80.

  221. Colville, Fringes, 412; Kew, British Archives, Cabinet Minutes (electric chair); see George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language” (1946) in A Collection of Essays by George Orwell (Orlando, FL, 1970).

  222. WSC 4, 334–35.

  223. Colville, Fringes, 412; Keegan, Mask, 282–283.

  224. Time, 8/17/42, 24; GILBERT 7, 75; GILBERT 6, 1205; NYT, 6/1/42.

  225. Time, 7/13/42, 92; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 155.

  226. Arthur Harris, Bomber Offensive (London, 1947), 52, 310; Time, 6/8/42.

  227. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 226; Time, 6/12/42, 32.

  228. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 229.

  229. David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service (London, 2000), 280; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 991.

  230. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 991–92.

  231. Time, 6/12/42; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 147–48.

  232. Stafford, Secret Service, 281.

  233. WSCHCS, 6475.

  234. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 140.

  235. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 150–51.

  236. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 155–61.

  237. C&R-TCC, 1:510.

  238. Keegan, Atlas, 64–65.

  239. C&R-TCC, 2:510.

  240. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 266; WSC 4, 375.

  241. Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (New York, 1946), 24; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 266; WSC 4, 376.

  242. Collier, War in the Desert, 92.

  243. WSC 4, 381, 382; GILBERT 7, 426.

  244. WSC 4, 383–84.

  245. Collier, War in the Desert, 92–93.

  246. Richard Collier, Duce! (New York, 1971), 184–85.

  247. WSC 4, 386.

  248. WSC 4, 386.

  249. WSC 4, 386; Bryant, Tide, 333.

  250. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 144; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 232.

  251. Butcher, Eisenhower, 13, 24.

  252. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 233, 234, 235, 238.

  253. WSC 4, 392.

  254. WSC 4, 386.

  255. TWY, 231; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 234.

  256. WSC 4, 398.

  257. WSC 4, 400; Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 462.

  258. TWY, 232.

  259. Butcher, Eisenhower, 5, 12, 22, 28.

  260. TWY, 235.

  261. WSC 4, 447; Eisenhower, Crusade, 69; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80.
>
  262. WSC 5, 72; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 224.

  263. Eisenhower, Crusade, 68; Time, 7/13/42, 20–21; Butcher, Eisenhower, 23.

  264. WSC 4, 444 (Roosevelt memo to American Chiefs); Butcher, Eisenhower, 51; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 648.

  265. C&R-TCC, 1:545; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 171–72.

  266. John Grigg, 1943: The Victory That Never Was (New York, 1980), 156; Eisenhower, Crusade, 83, 85.

  267. WSC 4, 529–33; Butcher, Eisenhower, 52.

  268. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 272, 357, 358, 359, 364, 634.

  269. Colville, Fringes, 289.

  270. Mosley, Marshall, 202, 211; Burns, Roosevelt, 286.

  271. WM/Sir Ian Jacob, 11/12/80.

  272. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 249, 276; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 523.

  273. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 588, 634.

  274. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 716.

  275. ChP 20/67; Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (London, 1958), 69–70.

  276. Keegan, Mask, 288; Keegan, Second World War, 226–28.

  277. Keegan, Second World War, 228; Time, 1/4/43, 21.

  278. Keegan, Mask, 265.

  279. F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (New York, 1974), 109; Stafford, Secret Service, 283–84.

  280. WSC 4, 452–53; Butcher, Eisenhower, 12.

  281. Bruce West, The Man Who Flew Churchill (New York, 1965), 31, 32; Sandys, Chasing Churchill, 152; Moran, Diaries, 56; WSC 4, 452–53.

  282. Bryant, Tide, 353; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 288.

  283. WSC 4, 475.

  284. West, Man Who Flew Churchill, 104–5; W&C-TPL, 405; WSC 4, 456.

  285. WSC 4, 456; Winston S. Churchill, The River War, edited by John Muller (London, 2003).

  286. WSC 4, 456–57.

  287. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 289.

  288. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 293.

  289. WSC 4, 465; Ladislas Farago, Patton: Ordeal and Triumph (New York, 1963), 179.

  290. WSC 4, 467; TWY, 259; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 296.

  291. TWY, 259; W&C-TPL, 467–68.

  292. Colville, Fringes, 256; WM/Sir Robert Boothby, 10/16/80.

  293. Colville, Fringes, 391.

  294. W&C-TPL, 467.

  295. Joseph M. Mueller, Guadalcanal 1942 (Oxford, 1992), 29, 34, 35; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 172.

  296. W&C-TPL, 466; WSC 4, 475; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 300.

  297. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 297.

  298. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 165–66.

  299. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 165–66; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 300; Dilks, Diaries, 470.

  300. Bryant, Tide, 375.

  301. Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 268–69; WSC 4, 466; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 159; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950 (New York, 1967), 279 (Stalin’s yellow eyes).

  302. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 152–53.

  303. Dilks, Diaries, 471–72.

  304. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 157–59; Thompson, Assignment: Churchill, 268; Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (New York, 1992), 727–30.

  305. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 161; WSC 4, 492; Dilks, Diaries, 472; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 301–3.

  306. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 163; WSC 4, 499.

  307. WSCHCS, 6675.

  308. GILBERT 7, 211–12.

  309. Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 380; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 438; WM/Averell Harriman, 8/22/80; Colville, Fringes, 622.

  310. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 317; WSC 4, 509.

  311. WSC 4, 63, 471; Panter-Downes, War Notes, 235–36.

  312. WSC 4, 523; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 313.

  313. Montgomery, Memoirs, 100, 107; Ronald Walker, Alam Halfa and Alamein (Wellington, NZ, 1966), 180 (“The swine will not attack”).

  314. Bryant, Tide, 412.

  315. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 326; Bryant, Tide, 407.

  316. Joesph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York, 1971), 664, 666.

  317. Butcher, Eisenhower, 20; Philip Ziegler, London at War (New York, 1995), 219; Time, 10/19/42, 33–34.

  318. W&C-TPL, 459; TWY, 198.

  319. Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–57 (London, 2003), 383; Moran, Diaries, 692.

  320. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York, 1971), 600–64, 667.

  321. TWY, 258; Atlantic Monthly, 3/65, 79–80.

  322. Desmond Young, Rommel: The Desert Fox (New York, 1967), 147.

  323. Collier, War in the Desert, 109–10; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 338.

  324. Bryant, Tide, 417, 421.

  325. Moran, Diaries, 83–84; Bryant, Tide, 412, 421.

  326. Collier, War in the Desert, 115; Montgomery, Memoirs, 137–40.

  327. Collier, War in the Desert, 115; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York, 1960), 920; Young, Rommel, 251; TWY, 349.

  328. WSC 4, 601; TWY, 257; WSCHCS, 6694.

  329. Miller, U-Boats, 188.

  330. Kenneth Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook (London, 1966), 248–50; Time, 11/30/42, 38.

  331. Eisenhower, Crusade, 95.

  332. WSC 4, 529

  333. Bryant, Tide, 415; Winterbotham, Ultra Secret, 140; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 332.

  334. Eisenhower, Crusade, 88; Grigg, 1943, 41; Butcher, Eisenhower, 145.

  335. Eisenhower, Crusade, 99–100.

  336. Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle (New York, 1965), 121–22.

  337. Winterbotham, Ultra Secret, 307; Bryant, Tide, 423; Boatner, Biographical Dictionary, 9.

  338. Sarah Churchill, Keep On Dancing (London, 1981), 111; WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80.

  339. GILBERT 7, 251–52; Bryant, Tide, 423, 424; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 220–24.

  340. Eisenhower, Crusade, 105; Butcher, Eisenhower, 178.

  341. WSC 4, 616; Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 235 (Dec. 7, 1941); A. M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times (New York, 1986), 217.

  342. Butcher, Eisenhower, 179.

  343. Collier, War in the Desert, 149–50.

  344. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 82.

  345. Eisenhower, Crusade, 104; Farago, Patton, 202; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 225, 228.

  346. Carlos D’Este, Patton: A Genius for War (New York, 1995), 431, 435; Bryant, Tide, 333.

  347. Eisenhower, Crusade, 104–5; WSCHCS, 6729 (Darlan).

  348. Farago, Patton, 200–201.

  349. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 922–23.

  350. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 253; WSC 4, 632; 651; C&R-TCC, 2:7; TWY, 266.

  351. WSC 4, 647; Eden, The Reckoning, 414.

  352. C&R-TCC, 2:90, 103, 104.

  353. WSCHCS, 6695.

  354. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York, 1971), 664; Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 74, 75; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 474; Colville, Fringes, 340.

  355. Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, 74; Churchill, English-Speaking Peoples, 1: preface; Cv/2, 925–26.

  356. WSCHCS, 6499.

  357. Lady Mary Soames letter to PFR, 11/07 (“un-manned him”).

  358. GILBERT 7, 239–40; Dilks, Diaries, 488.

  359. Soames, Clementine, 419; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 338.

  360. Panter-Downes, War Notes, 251.

  361. George Orwell, “England, Your England” (1941), in A Collection of Essays by George Orwell (Orlando, FL, 1970).

  362. George F. Kennan, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin (Boston, 1960), 349.

  363. GILBERT 7, 217.

  364. GILBERT 7, 255; Martin Gilbert, Churchill’s War Leadership (New York, 2004), 50; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 207.

  365. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 345.

  Crosscurrents

  1. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke: War Diaries 19
39–1945 (Berkeley, 2003), 344; GILBERT 7, 270–71.

  2. Richard Collier, The War in the Desert (New York, 1980), 159; Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), 659; Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 342, 346.

  3. John Keegan, The Second World War (London, 1989), 297, 312, 317; GILBERT 7, 265.

  4. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War (Boston, 1963), 199–205.

  5. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 656; Morison, Two-Ocean War, 208.

  6. GILBERT 7, 271.

  7. Keegan, Second World War, 234, 235.

  8. Keegan, Second World War, 231, 234.

  9. Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower (New York, 1946), 198; Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, 1939–1943 (New York, 1957), 428; C&R-TCC 2:48–49.

  10. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 658.

  11. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 346, 347; GILBERT 7, 298.

  12. C&R-TCC, 1:669, 2:11.

  13. Morison, Two-Ocean War, 238; Butcher, Eisenhower, 644.

  14. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945 (New York, 1970), 314.

  15. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 346, 350; C&R-TCC, 1:552; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 588, 615; Butcher, Eisenhower, 644.

  16. NYT, 11/12/42; GILBERT 7, 255; Bryant, Tide, 428; WSCHCS, 6698.

  17. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 591; WSCHCS, 7160 (“intriguers”).

  18. Mark Mayo Boatner, The Biographical Dictionary of World War II (New York, 1999), 13–14; Bryant, Tide, 442.

  19. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 342; Louis P. Lochner, The Goebbels Diaries 1942–1943 (New York, 1948), 160, 352.

  20. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 243, 245, 250.

  21. Lochner, Goebbels Diaries, 251, 252.

  22. Leonard Mosley, Battle of Britain (New York, 1980), 191; Philip Ziegler, London at War (New York, 1995), 224; Time, 12/28/42.

  23. WSCHCS, 6714; Time, 12/7/42, 40.

  24. Mollie Panter-Downes, London War Notes, 1939–1945 (London, 1972), 254, 255, 257; GILBERT 7, 264.

  25. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80.

  26. WM/Pamela Harriman, 8/22/80.

  27. Burns, Roosevelt, 315; C&R-TCC, 2:73.

  28. C&R-TCC, 2:109; WSC 4, 667–70; W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin: 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 177–78.

  29. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 351, 451.

  30. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries, 346; Bryant, Tide, 443.

  31. Time, 12/28/42.

  32. Daily Telegraph, 5/11/07; WM/Jock Colville, 10/14/80; Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (New York, 2003), 69 (pink silk underclothes); Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset (London, 1996), 219–20.