The Invention of Nature

by Andrea Wulf

  Darwin, Emma (née Wedgwood; Charles’s wife)

  Darwin, Erasmus (Charles’s grandfather): on evolution of species, 17.1; The Loves of the Plants (poem), 2.1, 17.2; Zoomania, 17.3, 17.4

  Darwin, Henrietta (Charles’s daughter)

  Darwin, Robert (Charles’s father), 14.1, 17.1, 17.2

  Davy, Sir Humphry, 11.1, 13.1, 14.1

  deforestation: AH warns against, prl.1; and climate change, 4.1, 4.2; AH’s views on, 16.1; Thoreau on, 19.1; Marsh on, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2; Madison warns against, 21.3; Muir on, 23.3

  Descartes, René, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 13.1

  Description de l’Égypte

  Deutsche Bund (German Confederation)

  diamonds: AH finds in Russia

  Diderot, Denis (ed.): Encyclopédie

  Dolores (Mexico)

  earth: age and formation, 2.1, 6.1, 14.1, 15.1

  earthquakes, 4.1, 12.1, 15.1, 17.1, 23.1

  East India Company (British), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 14.2

  ecology: Humboldt’s observations on, 4.1; Haeckel coins word, 22.1

  Edinburgh Review

  Edward VII, King of Great Britain: christening

  Egypt: Napoleon’s expedition to, 3.1, 11.1

  Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 16.1, 16.2

  electric eels, 5.1, 10.1

  Elgin Marbles

  Emerson, Edward

  Emerson, Lydian

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo: on AH’s observation, prl.1; Transcendentalism, 2.1, 19.1; relations with Thoreau, 4.1, 19.2, 19.3; inspired by AH’s Views of Nature, 10.1; reads Cosmos, 18.1; visits Muir in California, 23.1

  empiricism, 2.1, 10.1

  Encke, Johann Franz

  Endeavour (ship)

  Enlightenment: in AH’s education, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1; in Saxe-Weimar, 2.1; on external and internal worlds, 2.2; Bolívar embraces ideas, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1; and rationalism, 10.1

  Erie Canal (USA)

  Ernst Ludwig I, King of Hanover

  Essay on the Geography of Plants (AH): publication, 10.1, 10.2; frontispiece and dedication to Goethe, 10.3; Spanish translation, 12.1; and shifting of tectonic plates, 15.1

  Evelyn, John: Sylva

  evolution: Darwin’s theory of, prl.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1; AH propounds, 10.1, 17.3; Haeckel supports, 22.1

  Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria

  Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 12.1, 12.2

  finches (birds): on Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

  FitzRoy, Captain Robert: as captain of Beagle, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5; qualities and moods, 17.6; on Darwin’s enthusiasm, 17.7

  Floyd, John B.

  Fontane, Theodor

  Forest Reserves Act (USA, 1891), 21.1

  forests: in ecosystem, 4.1, 16.1, 21.1; see also deforestation; rainforest

  Forster, Georg

  Fox, William Darwin

  Fragmens de géologie et de climatologie asiatiques (AH), 16.1, 17.1

  France: revolution and wars, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1; equality in, 8.2; sells North American territory to USA, 8.3, 12.1; military defeats, 11.1; monarchy restored under Louis XVIII and Charles X, 14.1

  Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de

  Frankfurt am Main: National Assembly (1849)

  Frankfurt an der Oder, 1.1, 10.1

  Franklin, Benjamin, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1

  Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1

  Freiberg: mining academy

  French Revolution (1789), 1.1, 8.1, 9.1

  Fried, Erich

  Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia, 1.1, 10.1

  Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia: awards pension and court appointment to AH, 10.1, 14.1; character, 10.2; neutrality in Napoleonic Wars, 10.3; and Prussian peace mission to Paris (1807), 10.4; AH accompanies to London (1814), 13.1; finances AH’s expedition to Asia, 14.2; urges AH to return to Berlin, 14.3; AH joins court, 14.4; death, 18.1

  Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, 18.1, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4

  Gaia theory

  Galapagos Islands, 17.1, 17.2

  Gallatin, Albert, 8.1, 14.1, 14.2

  Gallé, Émile

  Galvani, Luigi, 1.1, 2.1; see also animal electricity

  García Márquez, Gabriel: The General in his Labyrinth

  Garibaldi, Giuseppe

  Gaudí, Antoni

  Gauß, Carl Friedrich, 14.1, 15.1, 20.1

  Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

  Geognostical Essay on the Superposition of Rocks (AH)

  Géographe (ship)

  geomagnetism, 7.1, 16.1, 18.1

  George, Prince Regent (later King George IV), 14.1, 14.2

  German Association of Naturalists and Physicians, n

  Germany: federation and reforms, 15.1; demands for unification, 20.1, 20.2; national colours, 20.3; industrial power, 22.1

  glaciers and glaciation

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: appearance, 2.1; praises AH, prl.1, bm1.1; AH meets in Jena, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5; affair and child with Christiane Vulpius, 2.6; pictured, 2.7, 2.8; qual-ities and lifestyle, 2.9; scientific interests and theories, 2.10, 2.11; and urform, 2.12, 17.1, 19.1; admires Kant, 2.13; on self and nature, 2.14, 2.15; on unity of art and science, 2.16; and AH in South America, 5.1; and AH’s interest in volcanoes, 6.1; on AH’s return to Paris, 9.1; letter from AH in Berlin, 10.1; AH’s Essay on the Geography of Plants dedicated to, 10.2, on AH’s nature and travel writing, 10.3, 11.1; and AH’s frustration in writing, 11.2; and AH’s restlessness, 11.3; and effect of AH’s lectures on women, 15.1; AH renews friendship with, 15.2; as Neptunist on creation of Earth, 15.3; and AH’s Cosmos, 18.1; death, 18.2; sketches Schiller’s Garden House, 22.1; Elective Affinities, 2.17, 10.4; Faust, 2.18, 13.1, 13.2, 18.3, 22.2; Hermann and Dorothea, 2.19; The Metamorphosis of Plants (essay and poem), 2.20, 2.21; The Sorrows of Young Werther, 2.22, 4.1

  Göttingen university

  Gould, John

  Grant, Ulysses S.

  Gray, Asa

  Gray, Vincent

  Great Western (steamship)

  Guayaquil (Ecuador)

  Haeckel, Anna (née Sethe), 22.1, 22.2, 22.3; death, 22.4, 22.5

  Haeckel, Ernst: in Italy, 22.1, 22.2; learns of AH’s death, 22.3, 22.4; scientific interests and influence, 22.5, 22.6; appearance, 22.7; background and career, 22.8; racial theories, 22.9; idolizes AH, 22.10, 22.11; studies radiolarians, 22.12; marriage, 22.13; and Anna’s death, 22.14, 22.15; champions Darwin, 22.16; ecological thinking, 22.17; travels, 22.18, 22.19; meets Darwin, 22.20; remarries, 22.21; influence on Art Nouveau, 22.22; builds and decorates Villa Medusa, 22.23; ideas and beliefs, 22.24; Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology of Organisms), 22.25; Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms in Nature; series), 22.26, 22.27; Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria), 22.28; Welträthsel (The Riddle of the Universe), 22.29

  Haiti

  Halle (Prussia): university

  Hardenberg, Karl August von

  Hawthorne, Nathaniel

  Haydon, Benjamin Robert

  Henslow, John Stevens, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3

  Herschel, John, 14.1, 14.2

  Herschel, William

  Hetch Hetchy Valley (Yosemite National Park)

  Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel

  Himalaya, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1, 20.1

  Hodges, William

  Homestead Act (USA, 1862), 21.1

  Honda (Colombia)

  Hooker, Joseph Dalton, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1

  Humboldt, Alexander Georg von (AH’s father), 1.1

  Humboldt, Alexander von: climbs Chimborazo, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2; travels in Latin America, prl.4, 3.1, 6.1, 7.2; interest in volcanoes, prl.5, 3.2, 6.2, 7.3, 9.1, 15.1; birth and family background, prl.6, 1.1; ideas and qualities, prl.7; condemns colonial exploitation, prl.8, 8.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 16.1; view of connectivity of nature, prl.9, prl.10, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 10.3, 13.3, 13.4, 15.2, 16.2, 17.1, 23.1; memory, prl.11; influence, prl.12; Thoreau influenced by, prl
.13, prl.14, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2; centennial of birth celebrated (1869), prl.15; and South American revolutionary movement, prl.16, 12.3, 12.4; upbringing and education, 1.2, 1.3; appearance and manner, 1.4, 3.3, 11.1, 14.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 20.2; sharp comments and wit, 1.5, 9.3, 11.2, 11.3, 18.4, 20.3, 20.4; attends universities, 1.6, 10.4; visits to London, 1.7, 13.5, 14.2; wanderlust and restlessness (‘maladie centrifuge’), 1.8, 3.4, 9.4, 11.4, 13.6, 14.3, 14.4, 15.3; studies finance and economics, 1.9; learns languages, 1.10; studies and practises mining and geology, 1.11; solitariness, 1.12, 6.3, 9.5, 20.5; travels in Europe, 1.13, 14.5; early scientific experiments and theories, 1.14, 2.4; meets Goethe in Jena and Weimar, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7; and perception of reality, 2.8; preoccupation with Kant, 2.9; and subjective understanding of nature, 2.10, 2.11; and mother’s death, 3.5, 3.6; preparations for travelling expedition, 3.7; attends séances, 3.8; leaves Spain on first expedition, 3.9; Spanish passport, 3.10, 3.11; reaches Venezuela, 3.12; working method in Latin America, 4.1; pictured, 4.2, 9.6; experiences earthquake in Cumaná, 4.3, 17.2; expedition to Casiquiare river, 4.4; on human effect on environment, 4.5, 23.2; sends specimens from South America to Europe, 6.4; letters home from travels, 6.5, 6.6; sense of loneliness in Andes, 6.7; infatuations and attachments to male friends, 6.8; endures hurricane at sea, 8.2; meets Jefferson, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5; rapid speech and garrulity, 8.6, 9.7, 11.5, 13.7, 14.6, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7; condemns slavery, 8.7, 12.5, 17.3, 20.6; returns to Paris (1804), 9.8; lectures at Académie des Sciences, 9.9; meets Bolívar, 9.10, 9.11; visits Italy with Gay-Lussac, 9.12; writings, 9.13, 10.5, 10.6, 11.6, 23.3; granted Prussian pension, 10.7, 14.7; visits Berlin (1805–6), 10.8; on plant distribution, 10.9 &n, 10.10, 17.4, 23.4; settles in Paris (1807–27), 10.11, 11.7, 11.8; correspondence, 11.9, 20.7, 20.8, 20.9; relations with Arago, 11.10; accused of francophilia, 11.11; on Latin American politics, 12.6; praises Bolívar as liberator, 12.7; attacks Buffon, 12.8; plans expedition to India and Asia, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 14.8, 15.4; relations with brother Wilhelm, 13.11, 15.5, 18.8; influence on British romantic writers, 13.12; influence on Darwin, 13.13, 17.5, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8, 18.9, 20.10; Asian expedition financed by Friedrich Wilhelm III, 14.9; visits Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), 14.10; financial problems and debts, 14.11, 14.12, 20.11; generosity to young scientists, 14.13, 20.12; near-paralysis in right arm, 14.14; moves to Berlin (1827), 14.15, 15.6; inspects Brunels’ Thames tunnel, 14.16; court duties in Berlin, 15.7, 18.10; social and educational reforms in Berlin, 15.8; and Prussian political situation, 15.9; lectures in Berlin, 15.10; withdraws from political engagement, 15.11; lecture notes, 194–5; organizes Berlin scientific conference (1828), 15.12; renews friendship with Goethe, 15.13; on creation and development of earth, 15.14; travels in Russia, 16.3; finds diamonds in Russia, 16.4; sixtieth birthday, 16.5; idolized in Russia, 16.6; escapes injury in carriage accident, 16.7; returns part of Russian travel expenses, 16.8; Darwin sends copy of The Voyage of the Beagle to, 17.9; fame and reputation in Berlin, 18.11; drowns out pianist with talk, 18.12; humility and readiness to learn, 18.13; qualities and character, 18.14; annual visits to Paris from Berlin, 18.15, 18.16; grief at brother Wilhelm’s death, 18.17; life and routine in Berlin, 18.18; meets Darwin in London, 18.19; never reads Darwin’s Origin of Species, 18.20; Hooker meets in Paris, 18.21; in 1848 revolution, 20.13; and failed German unification, 20.14; fame and visitors in old age, 20.15; handwriting, 20.16; international celebrity, 20.17; interest in technologies, 20.18; old age in Berlin, 20.19; facility in languages, 20.20; survives stroke, 20.21; death and funeral, 20.22; obituaries and tributes, 20.23; posthumous reputation, 20.24, bm1.1; warns against irrigating Llanos, 21.1; on debarking cinchona trees, 21.2; Marsh praises, 21.3; Haeckel admires, 22.1; walking, 23.5; Muir reads and idealizes, 23.6, 23.7, 23.8; achievements, bm1.2

  Humboldt, Caroline von (née Dachröden; Wilhelm’s wife): view of AH, 1.1; AH visits in Jena, 2.1, 3.1; in Paris, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1; on AH’s attachments to men, 6.1; death of children, 9.2, 9.3; practical concern for AH, 9.4; in Rome, 9.5; Coleridge visits in Rome, 13.1; concern over AH’s generosity being exploited, 14.1; on AH’s lecturing in Berlin, 15.1, 15.2; death from cancer, 16.1

  Humboldt, Marie Elisabeth von (AH’s mother): relations with sons, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; death, 3.1, 3.2

  Humboldt, Wilhelm von (AH’s older brother): upbringing, 1.1; intellectual interests, 1.2; attends Göttingen university, 1.3; AH visits in Jena, 2.1, 2.2; translates Aeschylus, 2.3; in Schiller’s garden, Jena, 2.4; and AH’s preoccupation with Kant, 2.5; and mother’s death, 3.1; moves to Paris, 3.2, 3.3; AH writes to from Andes, 6.1; on AH’s mental processes, 7.1; and AH’s return to Paris, 9.1; death of children, 9.2, 9.3; as Prussian Minister at Vatican, 9.4; on AH’s gentler side, 9.5; and Caroline’s concern for AH in Paris, 9.6; AH visits in Rome, 9.7; earnings, 10.1; disapproves of AH’s staying in Paris in war, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2; misgivings over AH’s relations with Arago, 11.3; as Prussian Minister of Education, 11.4, 15.1; moves to Vienna as Prussian ambassador, 11.5; as Prussian Minister to Britain, 13.1, 14.1; relations with AH, 13.2, 15.2, 18.1; leaves London for Berlin, 14.2, 15.3; on AH’s lectures in Berlin, 15.4; letter from ageing Goethe, 15.5; passion for languages, 15.6; and wife’s death, 16.1; letters from AH in Russia, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4; AH snubs attempt to find post for, 18.2; founds University of Berlin, 18.3; withdraws to Tegel, 18.4; decline and death, 18.5

  Humboldt Current

  Humboldtia laurifolia

  hummingbirds

  Hunter, John

  Huxley, Aldous: Beyond the Mexique Bay

  Huxley, Thomas Henry, 22.1

  Imagination: AH’s, 1.1, 13.1; and nature, 2.1, 2.2, 10.1, 10.2, bm1.1; AH on as balm, 4.1, 6.1; Bolívar’s, 9.1, 12.1; and reason, 11.1, 13.2; and science, 13.3, 18.1, 19.1; as creative force, 18.2; Thoreau on, 19.2

  Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg

  India: AH’s plan to visit frustrated, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 15.1

  Indianapolis, 23.1, 23.2

  indigo: cultivation

  International Governmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations)

  isotherms, prl.1, 14.1

  Italy: AH visits with Gay-Lussac, 9.1; Marsh in, 21.1; unification, 21.2; Haeckel in, 22.1, 22.2

  jaguars, 5.1, 17.1

  Jamaica: Bolívar in

  Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1

  Java: Haeckel visits, 22.1, 22.2

  Jefferson, Maria (Thomas’s daughter): death

  Jefferson, Thomas: on AH, prl.1; concept of liberty and democracy, prl.2, 8.1; AH meets, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 19.1; appearance, 8.5; qualities and lifestyle, 8.6, 8.7; favours agrarian economy, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10; in Washington, 8.11; agricultural practices, 8.12; and slavery in USA, 8.13, 12.1; and AH’s plan to explore North America, 9.1; interest in South American revolutions, 12.2, 12.3; refutes Buffon’s disparagement of America, 12.4; AH recommends Portuguese botanist to, 14.1; death, 15.1; Notes on the State of Virginia, 8.14

  Jena (Germany), prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; battle of (1806), 10.1

  Johnson, Andrew

  Johnson, Robert Underwood

  Journal des Débâts, 14.1

  Kaliningrad see Königsberg

  Kalmyk people

  Kant, Immanuel, 2.1, 10.1, 13.1, 19.1; Critique of Pure Reason, 2.2; Physische Geographie, 2.3

  Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 2.1, 2.2

  Kazakh (or Kirghiz) Steppe

  Keats, John

  kelp: in food chain

  keystone species

  Klein, Naomi: This Changes Everything

  knowledge: and internal and external world

  Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), 2.1, 10.1, 16.1

  Kosmos (magazine)

  Kunth, Gottlob Johann Christian, 1.1, 1.2, 14.1

  Kunth, Karl Sigismund, 11.1, 14.1

  Kyrgyz (people)

  Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 2.1, 9.1, 17.1, 17.2

  language: Wilhelm on

  Lanzarote (Canary islands)

  Laplace, Pierre-Simon, Marquis de, 2.1, 9.1, 11.1; The Mechanism of the H
eavens, 14.1

  Latin America: AH travels in, prl.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1; Spanish possessions and colonization, 3.2, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1; creoles in, 4.1, 9.1; indigenous people, 5.1; ancient civilizations, 7.2, 12.2; slavery and free labour, 8.4, 17.1; revolutionary beginnings, 9.2, 9.3; AH writes on, 11.1, 12.3, 12.4; Bolívar returns to (1807), 12.5; liberation from Spanish rule, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9; blockaded in Napoleonic Wars, 12.10; Spanish viceroyalties and administration, 12.11; AH defends against Buffon’s criticisms, 12.12; federation fails, 15.1; Beagle expedition visits, 17.2; Muir visits, 23.1

  LeConte, Joseph, 23.1

  Legions of Hell (Latin America), 12.1, 12.2

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von

  Lewis, Meriwether, 8.1, 19.1

  Liebig, Justus von

  Lima, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2

  Lincoln, Abraham, 21.1, 21.2, 23.1

  Linnaeus, Carl, 4.1, 10.1, 13.1

  llaneros, 12.1, 12.2

  Llanos (Latin America), 5.1, 5.2, 10.1, 12.1, 21.1

  Locke, John

  Loja (Ecuador)

  London: AH visits, 1.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1

  Louis XVI, King of France: executed

  Louis XVIII, King of France

  Louis Philippe, King of France

  Lovelock, James