28. Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” 360; James O. Hall, “A Modern Hunt for a Fabled Agent: The Spy Harrison,” Civil War Times Illustrated (February 1986), 20–24; Bernie Becker, “A Man Called Harrison,” America’s Civil War 17 (November 2004), 46–52; Kirby, “A Boy Spy in Dixie,” National Tribune (July 5, 1888); Longstreet, Manassas to Appomattox, 333; John Bakeless, Spies of the Confederacy (1970; New York: Dover, 1997), 327–28; G. Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (New York: Neale, 1905), 156–57; Tony Trimble, “Harrison: Spying for Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 17 (January 1998), 17–19.
29. Trimble, “The Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 25 (May 1917), 211; George Cary Eggleston, A Rebel’s Recollections (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1878), 145–46; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 163; “The Situation in Pennsylvania,” Charleston Mercury (July 7, 1863); Hood, Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate Armies (New Orleans: Hood Orphan Memorial Fund, 1880), 55; Dr. J. S. D. Cullen to James Longstreet (May 18, 1875), in Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” Annals of the War, 439; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 3:64; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 293.
30. Maj. Benjamin F. Eakle to Henry B. McClellan (April 7, 1886), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1294–95; Thomas Daniel Gold, History of Clarke County, Virginia, and Its Connection with the War Between the States (Berryville, VA: n.p., 1914), 183–84; Pfanz, Ewell, 302.
CHAPTER EIGHT You will have to fight like the devil to hold your own
1. Angie Lurz, “A Secret War for Gettysburg,” Hallowed Ground 10 (Spring 2009), 30; “Dedication of Monument, 41st Regiment Infantry (Twelfth Reserves)—Address by Brig. Gen. M. D. Hardin,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg: Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Monuments Erected by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ed. John P. Nicholson, 266; “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield” (March 25, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1865), 4:421.
2. Robinson, Jeb Stuart and the Confederate Defeat, 32, 124.
3. Ziba Graham, “On to Gettysburg: Ten Days from My Diary of 1863” (1889), in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Michigan, 1:6; Thomas Chamberlin, History of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, Second Regiment, Bucktail Brigade (Philadelphia: F. McManus, 1905), 115; Capt. John D. S. Cook, “Personal Reminiscences of Gettysburg” (December 12, 1903), in War Talks in Kansas: A Series of Papers Read Before the Kansas Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Kansas City, MO: Franklin Hudson, 1906), 321–23; Isaac Hall, History of the Ninety-Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteers (New York: L. C. Childs & Son), 133.
4. Alexander Pennington, in Generals in Bronze, 258; George William Curtis, in Dwight C. Kilbourn, “Historical Address,” Dedication of the Equestrian Statue of Major-General John Sedgwick on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Hartford, CT: n.p., 1913), 56; George H. Washburn, A Complete Military History and Record of the 108th Regiment, N.Y. Vols., from 1862 to 1894 (Rochester: E. R. Andrews, 1894), 47–48; Second Vermont Brigade, Extract from General Stannard’s Diary, in Bachelder Papers, 1:52–53; David Craft, History of the One Hundred Forty-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1862–1865 (Towanda, PA: Reporter-Journal Printing, 1885), 111–12; Gary D. Lash, “Duty Well Done”: The History of Edward Baker’s California Regiment (71st Pennsylvania) (Baltimore, MD: Butternut and Blue, 2001), 329.
5. J. von Verdy du Vernois, Studies in the Leading of Troops, trans. William Gerlach (Kansas City, MO: Hudson Press, 1906), 1:45–46, 87–88; J. Morton Spearman, The British Gunner (London: Parker, Furnival & Parker, 1844), unpaginated; George Thomas Stevens, Three Years in the Sixth Corps: A Concise Narrative of Events in the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to the Close of the Rebellion, April, 1865 (Albany, NY: S. R. Gray, 1866), 223–24; Howes, The Catalytic Wars, 59, 64, 493; Evan M. Woodward, Our Campaigns; or, The Marches, Bivouacs, Battles, Incidents of Camp Life and History of Our Regiment (Philadelphia: John E. Potter, 1865), 262; Holmes, Acts of War, 116; Strawson, Beggars in Red, 60; Grandchamp, “The 2nd Rhode Island Volunteers,” 77; Robert Tilney, My Life in the Army: Three Years and a Half with the Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach, 1912), 45–46.
6. George Anson Bruce, The Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 269–70; Capt. Robert G. Carter, “Reminiscences of the Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” in War Papers: Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Portland, ME: Lefavor-Tower, 1902), 158, 159; Charles D. Page, History of the Fourteenth Regiment, Connecticut Vol. Infantry (Meriden, CT: Horton Printing, 1906), 130–31; Martin A. Haynes, History of the Second Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers: Its Camps, Marches and Battles (Manchester, NH: P. Livingston, 1865), 132–33; Ernest Linden Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865 (Salem, MA: Salem Press Co., 1906), 219–20; Capt. Charles W. Cowtan, Services of the Tenth New York Volunteers (National Zouaves) in the War of the Rebellion (New York: Chas. H. Ludwig, 1882), 199.
7. “Testimony of Major General George G. Meade” (March 5, 1864) and “Testimony of General Henry J. Hunt” (April 4, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:329–30, 452; “Circular” (June 29, 1863), “Orders” (June 30, 1863), Meade to Halleck (June 30, 1863), and Stanton to Meade (June 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):68–69, and (pt. 3):402, 416; Herman Haupt, “The Crisis of the Civil War,” Century Magazine 44 (September 1892), 795; Seth Williams to O. O. Howard (June 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):415.
8. Seth Williams to John Reynolds (June 30, 1863), Reynolds to Daniel Butterfield (June 30, 1863), “Circular” (July 1, 1863), and Meade to Reynolds, in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):414–15, 419–20, 458; “Testimony of Major General W. S. Hancock” and “Testimony of Major General Daniel E. Sickles” (February 26 and March 22, 1864), Report of the Joint Committee, 4:295, 403–4; Rafuse, George Gordon Meade, 73–74; Richard S. Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run: The Opening Battle at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1998), 50–51.
9. Thomas Chamberlin, History of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment, 111; “Mr. Rosengarten’s Address,” in Reynolds Memorial: Addresses Delivered Before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania upon the Occasion of the Presentation of a Portrait of Maj.-Gen. John F. Reynolds, March 8, 1880 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1880), 7–8, 12, 15; Edward J. Nichols, Toward Gettysburg: A Biography of General John F. Reynolds (New York, 1958), 4, 13; Kalina Ingam Hintz, “ ‘My Life as a Cadet Here …’: The West Point Years of Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 23, 28; Abner R. Small, The Road to Richmond: Civil War Memoirs of Major Abner R. Small of the Sixteenth Maine Volunteers, ed. H. A. Small (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1939), 51.
10. Meade to Margaretta Meade (September 29, 1862), in Meade Papers [box 1, folder 14], HSP; “Oration of Colonel Henry S. Huidekoper” (1899), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:995; Rafuse, George Gordon Meade, 38–39.
11. “Address of Colonel Chapman Biddle,” in Reynolds Memorial, 59, 63; Abner Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg (New York: Charles Scribners, 1882), 122; Doubleday, “Gettysburg Thirty Years After,” North American Review 152 (February 1891), 143; Meade to Reynolds (June 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):420; Alanson Henry Nelson [57th Pennsylvania], The Battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg (Minneapolis, 1899), 128.
12. Wainwright, diary entry for July 8, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 258; Michael Phipps and John S. Peterson, “The Devil’s To Pay”: Gen. John Buford, USA (Gettysburg: Farnsworth Military Impressions, 1995), 19; Theodore Lyman, diary entry for September 13, 1864, in Meade’s Army, 34–35.
13. “Reports of Brig. Gen. John Buford” (August 27, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):92
2, 923, 924, 926; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 30, 42–43; Edward G. Longacre, General John Buford (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1995), 180–81; “Mr. Rosengarten’s Address,” in Reynolds Memorial, 21; Lt. Walter Kempster, “The Cavalry at Gettysburg” (October 1, 1913), in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Wisconsin, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Milwaukee: Burdick & Allen, 1914), 4:399, Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 146, 148; Michael Phipps, “Walking Point: John Buford on the Road to Gettysburg,” in Scott Hartwig, ed., “This Has Been a Terrible Ordeal”: The Gettysburg Campaign & First Day of Battle (Gettysburg: Gettysburg National Military Park, 2005), 132–33.
14. Charles Elihu Slocum, The Life and Services of Major-General Henry Warner Slocum (Toledo, OH: Slocum Pubs., 1913), 96; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 45–46; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 16.
15. “Oration of Colonel Henry S. Huidekoper” (1899), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 2:993–94; Kempster, “The Cavalry at Gettysburg,” 400–401.
16. New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga, Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1900), 1:9; H. A. Hall, W. B. Besley, G. G. Wood, History of the Sixth New York Cavalry, Second Ira Harris Guard (Worcester, MA: Blanchard Press, 1908), 133–34; “Report of Capt. Lemuel B. Norton, Chief Signal Officer” (September 18, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):200–201; Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 17–19; on Jerome, see Guy V. Henry, Military Record of Civilian Appointments in the United States Army (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1873), 162.
17. Theodore Gerrish and John S. Hutchinson, The Blue and the Gray: A Graphic History of the Army of the Potomac and that of Northern Virginia, Including the Brilliant Engagements of These Forces from 1861 to 1865 (Bangor, ME: Brady, Mace, 1884), 345; “Testimony of Major General Alfred Pleasonton” (March 7, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:359; Kirby, “A Boy Spy in Dixie,” National Tribune (July 19, 1888).
18. On July 3rd, Lt. B. F. Rittenhouse of Battery D, 5th U.S. Artillery, could only bring two of his six 10-pounder Parrott rifles on Little Round Top to bear on Pickett’s Charge, “as the others could not be run out far enough to point them to the right.” See Rittenhouse, “The Battle of Gettysburg as Seen from Little Round Top” (May 4, 1887), in War Papers: Being Papers Read Before the Commandery of the District of Columbia, 1:43.
19. Nosworthy, The Bloody Crucible of Courage, 421, 422; William A. Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1995), 175–90, and Frassanito, The Gettysburg Then & Now Companion (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 1997), 45; Capt. Tyler, “The Rifle and the Spade; or, The Future of Field Operations,” Journal of the United Service Institutions 3 (1860), 173–74; Ralph Willett Adye, The Bombardier and Pocket Gunner (London: T. Edgerton, 1827), 16; Whittier, “The Left Attack (Ewell’s), Gettysburg” (1891), in Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts: Campaigns in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, 1862–1863 (1903; Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing, 1989), 315; Martin D. Hardin, “Gettysburg Not a Surprise to the Union Commander” (March 10, 1892), in Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, 4:268; Martin D. Hardin, History of the Twelfth Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, 146; John Esten Cooke, “The Battles of Virginia, Including Sharpsburg and Gettysburg,” The Old Guard 5 (September 1867), 660; Rosengarten, “General Reynolds’ Last Battle,” in Annals of the War, 62. On the eighteen-gun rule, see Twemlow, Considerations on Tactics and Strategy, 27.
20. Olive Anderson, “The Growth of Christian Militarism in Mid-Victorian Britain,” English Historical Review 86 (January 1971), 48–52, 61; Warren B. Armstrong, For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 1–3; Howard, Autobiography (New York: Baker & Taylor, 1907), 1:348–49; Howard, Major-General Howard’s Address at the Second Anniversary of the U.S. Christian Commission (Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1864), 10–11.
21. Wainwright, diary entry for May 24, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 210; Theodore Lyman, diary entry for September 5, 1864, in Meade’s Army, 28; Creighton, Colors of Courage, 16–19, 30, 179; A Gallant Captain of the Civil War: Being the Record of the Extraordinary Adventures of Frederick Otto, Baron von Fritsch, ed. Joseph Tyler Butts (New York: F. Tennyson Neely, 1902), 32; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876), 51; Howard interview with Alexander Kelly, in Generals in Bronze, 184.
22. Kreider, Defeating Lee, 103; Keller, Chancellorsville and the Germans, 93–94; Howard, “Reminiscences of Lincoln” (February 12, 1896) and “Some Reminiscences of A. Lincoln,” Oliver Otis Howard Papers, Special Collections & Archives, Bowdoin College Library.
23. James Stewart, “Battery B, 4th United States Artillery at Gettysburg,” in W. H. Chamberlin, ed., Sketches of War History, 1861–1865: Papers Read Before the Ohio Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1890–1896 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1896), 4:182–83; W. P. Shreve [H/2nd U.S. Sharpshooters], in Bachelder Papers, 1:382–84; de Trobriand, Four Years with the Army of the Potomac, 485–86; Helen M. Sweeney, “Emmitsburgh—The Vestibule of Heaven,” Catholic World 58 (December 1893), 335; Howard to Michael Jacobs (March 23, 1864), Oliver Otis Howard Papers, Special Collections & Archives, Bowdoin College Library; Howard, “Personal Reminiscences of the War of the Rebellion,” National Tribune (November 20, 1884).
24. Howard to Henry Coppee (March 4, 1864), Oliver Otis Howard Papers, Special Collections & Archives, Bowdoin College Library; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, U.S. Army, Commanding Eleventh Corps” (August 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):701; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 52; Howard, Autobiography, 1:399, 402, 404; Charles H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg” (October 1, 1903), in Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, 4:241–42;
25. Hardin, “Gettysburg Not a Surprise to the Union Commander,” 267–68; “Unspoiled Heart”: The Journal of Charles Mattocks, 46; “Speculations on the Rebel Invasion,” Baltimore American (June 30, 1863).
26. “Rebel Invasion of Pennsylvania,” Pittsburg Daily Dispatch (July 3, 1863); Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” 361; J. H. Imboden, “Lee at Gettysburg,” The Galaxy 11 (April 1871), 508; William J. Seymour, diary entry for June 30, 1863, in Civil War Memoirs, 69; Leslie J. Perry, “General Lee and the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 23 (January–December 1895), 255, 258–59; Nye, Here Come the Rebels!, 344–45; “Report of Lieut. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, C.S. Army,” and “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, C.S. Army,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):444, 606.
27. Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 229–30; Capt. F. M. Colston, “Gettysburg As I Saw It,” Confederate Veteran 5 (November 1897), 552; Capt. Frank A. Bond, “Company A—First Maryland Cavalry,” Confederate Veteran (February 1898), 78; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 304; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 244; “Report of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, C.S. Army” (August 22, 1863), “Report of Maj. Gen. R. E. Rodes, C.S. Army,” and Johnson to A. S. Pendleton (September 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):468, 503, 552; Vincent A. Witcher to John W. Daniel (March 1, 1906), John Warwick Daniel Papers, Special Collections, University of Virginia.
28. “An Army: Its Organization and Movements,” Continental Monthly 6 (December 1864), 604; Howes, The Catalytic Wars, 65; William W. Chamberlaine, Memoirs of the Civil War Between the Northern and Southern Sections of the United States of America, 1861 to 1865 (Washington: Byron S. Adams, 1912), 66; Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confed- erate, 379.
29. Clyde N. Wilson, The Most Promising Young Man of the South: James Johnston Pettigrew and His Men at Gettysburg (Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 1998), 18–21; Michael O’Brien, Conjectures of Order
: Intellectual Life and the American South, 1810–1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 1:160–61.
30. By 1877, Heth would inflate the shoe-pinching aspect of this undertaking to claim that he had somehow learned that there were “plenty of shoes in the stores in Gettysburg” and that he had been principally interested in sending Pettigrew after shoes. By the time Heth wrote his memoirs, his men would become “sadly in want of shoes” and he would remember hearing of “a large supply of shoes … stored in Gettysburg.” Before his death, he would inflate his justification still further by claiming that Lee himself had ordered Heth “to get the shoes even if I encountered some resistance.” How he could have learned about a “large supply” of shoes in Gettysburg, apart from store advertisements in the local newspapers for shoes and boots, is a mystery. Gettysburg’s best-known manufactured commodity was carriages, not shoes (although there were three tannery operations in the town). And if it was just shoe pinching Heth intended, it is not clear why he needed three regiments of infantry plus three pieces of artillery to do this. And it is peculiar that no other officer’s report from Heth’s division (including the surviving report of the quartermaster of the 26th North Carolina) mentions shoes. See Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 231; Heth to J. W. Jones, “Letter from Major General Heth, of A.P. Hill’s Corps, A.N.V.,” SHSP 4 (October 1877), 157–58; Kempster, “The Cavalry at Gettysburg,” 402; “The Invasion—The Army of the Potomac—Visit Inside the Rebel Lines,” New York Herald (July 2, 1863); “The Memoirs of Henry Heth, Part II,” ed. James L. Morrison, Civil War History 8 (September 1962), 303–4; Persico, My Enemy, My Brother, 80; Mark Acres, “Harry Heth and the First Morning at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 46 (January 2012), 29.
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