31. Dr. J. W. C. O’Neal Account, Gettysburg NMP Vertical Files [#8–14], and Gettysburg Complier (July 5, 1905); J. Marshall Meredith, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” SHSP 24 (January–December 1896), 183; Julius Leinbach, “Regimental Band of the Twenty-Sixth North Carolina,” ed. Douglas McCorkle, Civil War History 4 (September 1958), 226; J. Timothy Cole and Bradley R. Foley, Collett Leventhorpe, The English Confederate: The Life of a Civil War General, 1819–1885 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007), 109–10; Gragg, Covered with Glory, 82–83; Louis G. Young, “Pettigrew’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” in Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War, 1861–’65, ed. Walter Clark (Goldsboro, NC: Nash Brothers, 1901), 5:115.
32. “Letter from Major General Heth,” 157–58; “Report of Maj. J. Jones, Twenty-Sixth North Carolina Infantry, Commanding Pettigrew’s Brigade” (August 9, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):642; Capt. William H. Harries, “The Iron Brigade in the First Day’s Battle at Gettysburg (October 8, 1895), in Glimpses of the Nation’s Struggle, 342–43; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 48; Thomas Desjardin, These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2003), 56–57; Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 70; Gary W. Gallagher, “Confederate Corps Leadership on the First Day at Gettysburg: A. P. Hill and Richard S. Ewell in a Difficult Debut,” in The First Day at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1992), 42–44.
33. “The Memoirs of Henry Heth, Part II,” ed. James L. Morrison, Civil War History 8 (September 1962), 303–4; “Letter from Major General Heth,” 157–58; Young, “Pettigrew’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” 116–17; Mosby, “Stuart and Gettysburg,” SHSP 24 (January–December 1896), 352–53; Hess, Lee’s Tar-Heels, 116–17; Robertson, General A .P. Hill, 205–6.
34. Diary entry for June 30, 1863, in William D. Alexander Diary, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, C.S. Army” (November 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):607; David G. Martin, Gettysburg, July 1 (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1999), 29; Kempster, “The Cavalry at Gettysburg,” 402; Walter H. Taylor, “The Campaign in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 307; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 148–49, 151.
35. “West Point’s Prolific Professor,” Civil War Times 48 (August 2009), 22–23; Denis Hart Mahan, An Elementary Treatise in Advanced-Guard, Outpost and Detachment Service of Troops (New York: John Wiley, 1862), 83–92; Henry Wager Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science (New York: D. Appleton, 1861), 109–10.
36. Newel Cheney, History of the Ninth Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry: War of 1861–1865 (Jamestown, NY: Martin Merz & Son, 1901), 105–7; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 30; Col. George Chapman (March 30, 1864), in Bachelder Papers, 1:130; John L. Beveridge, “The First Gun at Gettysburg” (February 8, 1885), in Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, 2:89–90; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 54.
37. Hazelton, “People of Gettysburg—How They Inspired the Cavalry to do Their Effective Work,” National Tribune (March 24, 1892); “Reports of Col. William Gamble, Eighth Illinois Cavalry” (August 24, 1863), O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):934; Cheney, History of the Ninth Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry, 105–6; J. David Petruzzi, “John Buford by the Book,” America’s Civil War 18 (July 2005), 25.
38. Buford to Pleasonton (June 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):923–24; Valuska and Keller, Damn Dutch, 118; “Lee’s Army in Pennsylvania—Battle of Gettysburg,” The Land We Love 2 (November 1866), 42; Joseph G. Bilby, Small Arms at Gettysburg: Infantry and Cavalry Weapons in America’s Greatest Battle (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2007), 26–28.
39. F. S. Harris, “Gen. Jas. J. Archer,” Confederate Veteran 3 (January 1895), 18; Larry Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg: The Leaders of America’s Greatest Battle (Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1998), 347; Jeffrey Wert, Gettysburg, Day Three (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 116; Robert K. Krick, “Three Confederate Disasters on Oak Ridge: Failures of Brigade Leadership on the First Day at Gettysburg,” in The First Day at Gettysburg, ed. Gallagher, 96–98; Bradley M. Gottfried, “To Fail Twice: Brockenbrough’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 23 (January 2001), 66; O’Reilly, “Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg, 62, 111.
40. “Second Regiment—Infantry” and “Forty-Second Regiment—Infantry,” in The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi, 1908, ed. Dunbar Rowland (Nashville: Brandon Printing, 1908), 2:433, 510; “Major-Generals and Brigadier-Generals, Provisional Army of the Confederate States, Accredited to Mississippi,” in Confederate Military History, ed. Evans, 7:249; “General Joseph R. Davis,” Confederate Veteran 5 (February 1897), 63; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 206–7.
41. “Lee’s Army in Pennsylvania—Battle of Gettysburg,” 42; J. Marshall Meredith, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” SHSP 24 (January–December 1896), 184–85; Gottfried, “To Fail Twice: Brockenbrough’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” 66; E. T. Boland, “Beginning of the Battle of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 14 (July 1906), 308–9; John L. Marye, “The First Gun at Gettysburg: ‘With the Confederate Advance Guard,’ ” American Historical Register and Monthly Gazette of the Patriotic-Hereditary Societies of the United States of America, March–August 1895, ed. Charles H. Browning (Philadelphia: Historical Register Publishing, 1895), 1228; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 207; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 29.
42. “Lee’s Army in Pennsylvania—Battle of Gettysburg,” 42; John Beveridge, “First Shot at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (July 31, 1902); Beveridge, “The First Gun at Gettysburg,” 91–92; J. David Petruzzi, “Opening the Ball at Gettysburg: The Shot That Rang for 50 Years,” America’s Civil War 19 (July 2006), 30–35; Marshall Krolik, “Marcellus Jones’ Proudest Moment,” Blue & Gray Magazine 5 (November 1987), 27–29; Phipps, “Walking Point,” 137–38; “First Shot Fired at Gettysburg—Gov. Beveridge’s Statement Corroborated by an Ex-Confederate Officer,” Chicago Tribune (September 5, 1891).
CHAPTER NINE The devil’s to pay
1. Beveridge, “The First Gun at Gettysburg”; Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 246; Jerome to J. B. Bachelder (October 18, 1865), in Bachelder Papers, 1:201; Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 20–24; James J. Dougherty, Stone’s Brigade and the Fight for the McPherson Farm: Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 2001), 30, 31, 32.
2. Longacre, General John Buford, 189–91; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 126; Wittenberg, “An Analysis of the Buford Manuscripts,” Gettysburg Magazine 15 (January 1996), 10.
3. “Report of Capt. E.B. Brunson, C.S. Artillery” (July 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):677; L. Van Loan Naiswald, Grape and Canister: The Story of the Field Artillery of the Army of the Potomac, 1861–1865 (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999), 267; Dana, in Theodore F. Rodenbough, “Cavalry War Lessons,” Journal of the United States Cavalry Association 2 (June 1889), 112; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 71–72; James Stewart, “Battery B, 4th United States Artillery at Gettysburg,” 183–84
4. Beveridge, Illinois Monuments at Gettysburg (Springfield, IL: H. W. Rokker, 1892), 19; Swallow, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac 1 (December 1885), 437; Samuel W. Hankins, “Simple Story of a Soldier,” Confederate Veteran 20 (September 1912 and May 1913), 20; Boland, “Beginning of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 308–9; Halleck, Elements of Military Art and Science, 123; Brig.-Gen. Silas Casey, Infantry Tactics: For the Instruction, Exercise, and Manœuvres of the Soldier, a Company, Line of Skirmishers, Battalion, Brigade, Corps d’Armee (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1862), 3:49–50; Capt. William Dawes Malton, Duties of Officers and Markers in Company and Battalion Drill (London: William Clowes & Sons, 1876), 124–25; Sir Daniel Lysons, The Crimean War from First to Last (London: John Murray, 1895), 101–2; R. L.
Murray, Artillery Tactics of the Civil War, 15–17; Philip M. Cole, Command and Communication Frictions in the Gettysburg Campaign (Orrtanna, PA: Colecraft Industries, 2006), 80; Bucholz, Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871, 55, 58.
5. Meredith, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” 184–85; Ernsberger, Also for Glory Muster, 25–27; Murray, Artillery Tactics of the Civil War, 15–17; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 33.
6. Jerome to J. B. Bachelder (October 18, 1865), in Bachelder Papers, 1:201; Wittenberg, “Analysis of the Buford Manuscripts,” 10; Buford to Meade (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):924; “Oration of Colonel Henry S. Huidekoper” (1899) in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg: Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Monuments Erected by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ed. John P. Nicholson (Harrisburg, PA: Wm. Stanley Ray, 1914), 2:993–94.
7. Doubleday, interview with Alexander Kelly, in Generals in Bronze, 46–47; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday, U.S. Army, Commanding Third Division of, and First Army Corps” (December 14, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):244; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 124–25; Henry Greenleaf Pearson, James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo: Brevet Major-General of United States Volunteers (New York: Charles Scribners, 1913), 203.
8. Lt. Sidney G. Cooke, “The First Day at Gettysburg” (November 4, 1897), in War Talks in Kansas, 278; Lt. Col. Thomas Chamberlin, History of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, Second Regiment Bucktail Brigade (Philadelphia: F. McManus, 1905), 117–18; Tevis and Marquis, History of the Fighting Fourteenth, 81–82; Lance J. Herdegen and W. J. K. Beaudot, In the Bloody Railroad Cut at Gettysburg (Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1990), 162–63; Abram P. Smith, History of the Seventy-Sixth New York Volunteers (Cortland, NY: Truaie, Smith & Miles, 1867), 236; Wayne Mahood, General Wadsworth: The Life and Times of Brevet Major General James S. Wadsworth (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), 154, 156; Gary G. Lash, “Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter’s Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1,” Gettysburg Magazine 10 (January 1994), 11.
9. Wittenberg, “Analysis of the Buford Manuscripts,” 10; Longacre, General John Buford, 192–93; James A. Hall, in Reynolds Memorial, 30; Cheney, History of the Ninth Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry, 109; Hall, Besley, and Wood, History of the Sixth New York Cavalry, 138–39
10. Weld, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld, 1861–1865, 231–32; Harries, “The Iron Brigade in the First Day’s Battle at Gettysburg,” 341; Biddle, The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg, 23–24; “Mr. Rosengarten’s Address,” in Reynolds Memorial, 26; Howard, Autobiography, 1:411; Henry Edwin Tremain, Two Days of War: A Gettysburg Narrative and Other Excursions (New York: Bonnell, Silver & Bowers, 1905), 14; Tremain (June 28, 1880), in Bachelder Papers, 1:669; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 126–27; Doubleday, “Gettysburg Thirty Years After,” North American Review 152 (February 1891), 144.
11. Beecham, Gettysburg, 61–62; Pearson, James S. Wadsworth, 202, 203, 207; Rufus R. Dawes, “With the Sixth Wisconsin at Gettysburg,” Sketches of War History, 1861–1865: Papers Read Before the Ohio Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1888–1890, ed. Robert Hunter (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1890), 3:364–65; Martin D. Hardin, “Dedication of Monument, 41st Regiment of Infantry,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:268; Charles Carleton Coffin, “Memories of Gettysburg,” in Stories of Our Soldiers: War Reminiscences by “Careleton,” and by Soldiers of New England (Boston: Journal Newspaper, 1893), 109; New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga—Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1900), 1:11.
12. “An Army: Its Organization and Movements,” Continental Monthly 6 (September 1864), 333; Herdegen and Beaudot, In the Bloody Railroad Cut at Gettysburg, 163–64, 166–67; Sgt. C. W. Cook, “Who Opened Gettysburg—Another Comrade Says the Iron Brigade had Nothing To Do With It,” National Tribune (November 24, 1892); Hall, History of the Ninety-Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteers, 134; I. N. Dubboraw, “The Big Battle—A Comrade Sends Reminiscences of a Citizen at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (December 8, 1892); J. V. Pierce, “Gettysburg—Last Words as to What Regiment Opened the Battle,” National Tribune (April 3, 1884); Dawes to J. B. Bachelder (March 18, 1868), in Bachelder Papers, 1:322–23; E. P. Halstead, “The First Day at the Battle of Gettysburg” (March 2, 1887), in War Papers, Being Papers Read Before the Commandery of the District of Colum- bia, 1:4.
13. Chamberlin, History of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 118; Lt. Cornelius Wheeler, “Reminiscences of the Battle of Gettysburg” (April 5, 1893), in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Wisconsin, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Milwaukee: Burdick, Armitage & Allen, 1896), 219–20.
14. James Hall to J. B. Bachelder (December 29, 1869), “Report of Lt. Col. William W. Dudley” and “Notes from Conversation with Col. Lucius Fairchild, 2nd Wisconsin,” in Bachelder Papers, 1:335–36, 385, and 2:940–41; Marc and Beth Storch, “ ‘What a Deadly Trap We Were In’: Archer’s Brigade on July 1, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 21; Dawes, “With the Sixth Wisconsin at Gettysburg,” 3:364–65; Tevis and Marquis, History of the Fighting Fourteenth, 82; Beecham, Gettysburg, 61–62; Nolan, Iron Brigade, 236; Steven H. Newton, McPherson’s Ridge: The First Battle for the High Ground, July 1, 1863 (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 41–42.
15. Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 39–40; Capt. James Hall to J. B. Bachelder (December 29, 1869), in Bachelder Papers, 1:386; Bradley M. Gottfried, The Artillery of Gettysburg (Nashville: Cumberland House, 2008), 29; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 128; Halstead, “The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 1:4; John F. Krumwiede, Old Waddy’s Coming!: The Military Career of Brigadier General James S. Wadsworth (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 2002), 44; Naiswald, Grape and Canister, 269, 270; R. L. Murray, Artillery Tactics of the Civil War, 19–20.
16. Bates, Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania, 212; Joseph G. Rosengarten to Michael Jacobs (October 15, 1863), Franklin & Marshall College Archives; Wheeler, “Reminiscences of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 217; “Sgt. Charles Veil’s Memoir on the Death of Reynolds,” ed. Robert Hoffsommer, Civil War Times Illustrated 21 (June 1982), 18–19, 22–23; Martin, Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, 141–43; Rosengarten, “General Reynolds’ Last Battle,” in Annals of the War, 65; M. S. Persing to J. B. Bachelder (August 25, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1120; A. H. Huber, “At Gettysburg—Cutler’s Brigade First and the Iron Brigade Next on the Field,” National Tribune (December 8, 1892). One of the earliest reports from Gettysburg had Reynolds saying, “For God’s sake! forward, my brave boys—forward!,” and then, after being hit, murmuring to Capt. William H. Wilcox of the 95th New York, “Good God, Wilcox, I am killed.” See “The Battle of Wednesday,” New York Herald (July 4, 1863), “The Three Days’ Battles,” Washington Daily Intelligencer (July 6, 1863), and Derek Smith, The Gallant Dead: Union and Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005), 156–57.
17. Heth, in D. Scott Hartwig, “ ‘I Have Never Seen the Like Before’: Herbst Woods, July 1, 1863,” in This Has Been a Terrible Ordeal, 191; Birkett D. Fry to J. B. Bachelder (February 10, 1878), in Bachelder Papers, 3:1932; W. F. Fulton, “The Fifth Alabama Battalion at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 31 (October 1923), 379; Bert Barnett, “ ‘The Batteries Fired with Very Decided Effect’: Confederate Artillery Operations on the First Day at Gettysburg,” in This Has Been a Terrible Ordeal, 163, 203; Edward Marye, “The Fredericksburg Artillery,” SHSP 32 (1905), 240; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, C.S. Army” (September 13, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):637.
18. Storch, “What a Deadly Trap We Were In,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 14; W. H. Moon, “Beginning of the Battle of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 33 (December 1925), 449.
19. J. B. Turney, “The First Tennessee at Gettysburg,” Confe
derate Veteran 8 (December 1900), 535–36; Carlton McCarthy, Detailed Minutiae of Soldier Life in the Army of Northern Virginia, 1861–1865 (Richmond, VA: Carleton McCarthy, 1882), 98; Hartwig, “ ‘I Have Never Seen the Like Before’: Herbst Woods, July 1, 1863,” 165; Beecham, Gettysburg, 66; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 132; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 52; “Report of Col. William W. Robinson, Seventh Wisconsin Infantry” (November 18, 1863), O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):279; Orson Blair Curtis, History of the Twenty-Fourth Michigan of the Iron Brigade (Detroit: Winn & Hammond, 1891), 152, 156–57; Lt. Col. John Callis, in Bachelder Papers, 1:140; Mahood, General Wadsworth, 163; R. H. Spencer, “From the 147th Regiment,” Oswego Commercial Times (July 13, 1863).
20. June Kimble, “Tennesseans at Gettysburg—The Retreat,” Confederate Veteran (October 1910), 460–62; R. E. McCullough, “Fourteenth Tennessee Infantry,” in John Berrien Lindsley, The Military Annals of Tennessee, First Series: Embracing a Review of Military Operations, with Regimental Histories and Memorial Rolls (Nashville: J. M. Lindsley, 1886), 327; Paul C. Cooksey, “The Heroes of Chancellorsville: Archer’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 36 (July 2007), 23, 25; M. C. Barnes to J. B. Bachelder (March 28, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 2:937–38.
21. “Report of Lieut. Col. S. G. Shepard, Seventh Tennessee Infantry,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):646; “Report of Maj. John Mansfield, Second Wisconsin infantry” (November 15, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):272; W. A. Castleberry, “Thirteenth Alabama—Archer’s Brigade,” Confederate Veteran (July 1911), 338; on Dailey, Dow, and Maloney, see Wisconsin Volunteers: War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865 (Madison, WI: Democrat Printing, 1914), 225, 264, 625; Doubleday, “Gettysburg Thirty Years After,” North American Review 152 (February 1891), 145; Thomas Barthel, Abner Doubleday: A Civil War Biography (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010), 144; Harries, “The Iron Brigade in the First Day’s Battle at Gettysburg,” 340–41, and “The Sword of General James J. Archer,” Confederate Veteran (September 1911), 419–20; Beecham, Gettysburg, 66.
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