22. Callis, in Bachelder Papers, 1:140–41; Curtis, History of the Twenty-fourth Michigan, 157, 159; William Thomas Venner, The 19th Indiana Infantry at Gettysburg: Hoosiers’ Courage (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 1998), 60; Beecham, Gettysburg, 69–70; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 53; Scott A. Richardson, “Col. Henry A. Morrow, 24th Michigan,” Gettysburg Magazine 38 (January 2008), 34.
23. Winfield Scott, Infantry Tactics; or, Rules for the Exercise and Manoeuvers of the United States Infantry (New York: Harper & Bros., 1861), 2:144; John Sinnott, Sinnott’s Military Catechism, Adapted to the Revised System of the “Field Exercise & Evolutions of Infantry” (London: W. Clowes & Sons, 1860), 3; Malton, Company and Battalion Drill Illustrated, 69, 85; McCarthy, Detailed Minutiae of Soldier Life, 98–99; Harrison, Nothing but Glory, 136; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 125, 298; Henry Lyman to J. B. Bachelder, in Bachelder Papers, 1:330–31; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 43; Bradley M. Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg: The Union and Confederate Brigades at the Battle of Gettysburg (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 49–52.
24. Cooke, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” in War-Talks in Kansas, 279–80; Mahood, General Wadsworth, 161, 164; D. J. Dickson, “The 56th Pa.,” National Tribune (November 19, 1891); “Report of Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler, U.S. Army, Commanding Second Brigade” (July 9, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):281–82; John A. Kellogg to J. B. Bachelder (November 1, 1865), and J. Volnay Pierce to J. B. Bachelder (November 1, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 1:205–6 and 2:910–12; Glenn Dedmondt, The Flags of Civil War North Carolina (Gretna, LA: Pelican, 2003), 168; M. M. Whitney, “The 76th New York—How It Opened the Fight on the First Day at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (July 21, 1887); J. B. Bachelder, “Address by Col. John B. Bachelder” (July 1, 1888) and J. V[olnay] Pierce, “Dedication of Monument—147th Regiment of Infantry” (July 1, 1888), in New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga—Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg, 2:616 and 3:991; Smith, History of the Seventy-sixth Regiment, New York Volunteers, 353–54; C. W. Cook, “The 76th N.Y. at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (May 19, 1887); M. M. Whitney, “The 76th New York—How It Opened the Fight on the First Day at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (July 21, 1887).
25. Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 122–23, 154–56; Henry Lyman, in Bachelder Papers, 1:331–32; Cooke, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” in War-Talks in Kansas, 279–80; Crisfield Johnson, History of Oswego County, New York: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts, 1877), 91; Capt. James Hall to J. B. Bachelder (December 29, 1869), in Bachelder Papers, 1:387–88; Michael A. Dreese, Torn Families: Death and Kinship at the Battle of Gettysburg (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007), 43–44; “The Killed, Wounded and Missing of the 147th Regiment,” Oswego Commercial Times (July 20, 1863); James Coey, “Cutler’s Brigade: The 147th N.Y.’s Magnificent Fight on the First Day of Gettysburg,” National Tribune (June 15, 1910).
26. “From The 147th Regiment,” Oswego Commercial Times (July 28, 1863); J. Volnay Pierce to J. B. Bachelder (November 1, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 2:912; Tevis and Marquis, History of the Fighting Fourteenth, 83.
27. Herdegen and Beaudot, In the Bloody Railroad Cut, 179; Dawes to J. B. Bachelder (March 18, 1868), in Bachelder Papers, 1:324; Dawes, “With the Sixth Wisconsin at Gettysburg,” Sketches of War History, 1861–1865, 3:367–68; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 132–33.
28. Dawes to J. B. Bachelder (March 18, 1868), in Bachelder Papers, 1:323–25; Dawes, “With the Sixth Wisconsin at Gettysburg,” Sketches of War History, 1861–1865, 3:366–70; Herdegen and Beaudot, In the Bloody Railroad Cut, 176–79, 182–86, 193–94, 196, 198; Herdegen, “For the Truth of History: July 1, 1863: The Charge on the Railroad Cut,” Gettysburg Magazine 20 (January 1999), 87.
29. “Reports of Brig. Gen. Joseph R. Davis, C.S. Army” (August 26, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):649; Terence J. Winschel, “The Colors Are Shrouded in Mystery,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 80–82; Dawes, “With the Sixth Wisconsin at Gettysburg,” Sketches of War History, 1861–1865, 3:371; Abram P. Smith, History of the Sixty-Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteers (Cortland, NY: Truaie, Smith & Miles, 1867), 239; Naiswald, Grape and Canister, 271, 272, 274; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 165–66; Lyman, in Bachelder Papers, 1:331.
CHAPTER TEN You stand alone, between the Rebel Army and your homes!
1. “Copied from the diary of Patrick H. Taylor,” in Bachelder Papers, 2:960; “Orders” and “Circular” (June 30, 1863), Meade to Pleasonton (June 30, 1863), Seth Williams to Hancock (June 30, 1863), Sickles to Seth Williams (June 30, 1863), and Hancock to Seth Williams (June 30, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):416–17, 421, 422–23, 424, 425; “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield” (March 25, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:418–19; Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:16–17.
2. Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:29; “Circular” (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):458–59; Hunt, “The Second Day at Gettysburg,” Battles & Leaders, 3:291; Peter C. Vermilyea, “The Pipe Creek Effect: How Meade’s Pipe Creek Circular Affected the Battle of Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 42 (July 2010), 24.
3. Meade to Reynolds (July 1, 1863) Meade to Halleck (July 1, 1863), Buford to Meade and Buford to Pleasanton (July 1, 1863), Seth Williams to Sedgwick (July 1, 1863), Daniel Butterfield to Slocum (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):461, 462, and (pt. 1):70–71, 924–25; Weld, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in War Diary and Letters, 230; Hancock, “Gettysburg: A Reply to General Howard,” in Battles & Leaders, ed. Cozzens, 5:349; Alfred Pleasanton, “The Campaign of Gettysburg,” in Annals of the War, 454; Rafuse, George Gordon Meade and the War in the East, 76; Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:36; Robert Himmer, “A Matter of Time: The Issuance of the Pipe Creek Circular,” Gettysburg Magazine 46 (January 2012),11, 13, 15–16.
4. Sickles to Seth Williams (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):464; Sickles, “Further Recollections of Gettysburg,” North American Review 152 (March 1891), 262.
5. “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield” (March 25, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:422; A. H. Nickerson, “Personal Recollections of Two Visits to Gettysburg,” Scribner’s Magazine 14 (July 1893), 19.
6. “Reports of Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, U.S. Army” (October 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):115; Hancock, “Gettysburg: A Reply to General Howard,” 350; Meade to Sedgwick (4:30 p.m.) and Sykes (7 p.m.), Halleck to Meade (June 27, 1863) in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):465, 467–68, and (pt. 1):61; Francis Amasa Walker, General Hancock (New York: D. Appleton, 1894), 108; Glenn Tucker, Hancock the Superb (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960), 130–31; Pleasanton, “Campaign of Gettysburg,” 454; Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 37–38; David M. Jordan, Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier’s Life (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 81.
7. Hancock, “Gettysburg: A Reply to General Howard,” 351; Francis Amasa Walker, History of the Second Army Corps in the Army of the Potomac (New York: Charles Scribners, 1886), 265–66; Frederick Elizur Goodrich, Life of Winfield Scott Hancock, Major-General, U.S.A. (Boston: B. B. Russell, 1886), 135.
8. Hancock, “Gettysburg: Reply to General Howard,” Galaxy 22 (December 1876), 821; Walker, General Hancock, 108; “Copied from the diary of Patrick H. Taylor,” in Bachelder Papers, 2:961; Meade to Sedgwick (4:30 p.m.) and Sykes (7 p.m.), O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):465, 467–68; “Testimony of General John Gibbon” (April 1, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:440.
9. John Whiting Storrs, The “Twentieth Connecticut”: A Regimental History (Ansonia, CT: Naugatuck Valley Sentinel, 1886), 76–77; George Thayer, Gettysburg, As We Men on the Right Saw It: A Paper Read before the Ohio Commandery of the M
ilitary Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Cincinnati: H. C. Sherrick & Co., 1886), 10–11; Benjamin F. W. Urban, “The Story of Gettysburg: A Great Battle as Seen by a Lancaster Boy,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 88–90; Capt. Joseph Leeper to J. B. Bachelder, in Bachelder Papers, 2:895; Judson, History of the Eighty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 123; Oliver Wilcox Norton, The Attack and Defense of Little Round Top, Gettysburg, July 2, 1863 (New York: Neale Publishing, 1913), 285; John J. Pullen, The Twentieth Maine: A Volunteer Regiment in the Civil War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1957), 94–95; Gottfried, Roads to Gettysburg, 216–17; James H. Nevins and William B. Styple, What Death More Glorious: A Biography of Gen. Strong Vincent (Kearny, NJ: Belle Grove Publishing, 1997), 67–68; Lt. Ziba Graham, “On to Gettysburg: Ten Days from My Diary of 1863” (1889), in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Michigan, 1:6–8.
10. “Abstract from Returns of the Army of the Potomac, June 10–July 31, 1863,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):151; Samuel P. Bates, The Battle of Gettysburg (Philadelphia: T. H. Davis, 1875), 196–98; “Testimony of Major General George G. Meade” (March 5, 1864) and “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield” (March 25, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:337, 419–20; Don Ernsberger, Paddy Owen’s Regulars: A History of the 69th Pennsylvania “Irish Volunteers” (LaVergne, TX: Xlibris, 2004), 493–95, 531; Hardin, “Gettysburg Not a Surprise to the Union Commander,” in Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Illinois, 4:265; Biddle, “The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg,” in Reynolds Memorial, 60; C. W. Cook, “A Day at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (April 7, 1898); David G. Martin, “Union Regimental Strengths,” in Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 3–17; Thomas Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900),102–3; Fighting with the Eighteenth Massachusetts: The Civil War Memoir of Thomas H. Mann, ed. John J. Hennessy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 181.
11. Dickert, History of Kershaw’s Brigade, 222–23; Taylor, “Numerical Strengths of the Armies at Gettysburg,” SHSP 5 (May 1878), 240, 245; John D. Busey, “Confederate Regimental Strengths,” in Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 159–69; “Testimony of Major General George G. Meade” (March 5, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:420; Allan, “General Lee’s Strength And Losses At Gettysburg,” SHSP 1 (July 1877), 40; Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, April–June 1863 (Edinburgh, U.K.: William Blackwood, 1863), 238; Caffey, Battle-fields of the South: from Bull Run to Fredericksburgh (New York: John Bradburn, 1864), 278; Glenn David Brasher, The Peninsula Campaign and the Necessity of Emancipation: African Americans and the Fight for Freedom (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 52, 72, 118.
12. Lance J. Herdegen, “The Mule Train Charge at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 43–45; Wainwright, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 232–33; Jacob F. Slagle, in Dougherty, Stone’s Brigade and the Fight for the McPherson Farm, 35; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 134.
13. Dougherty, Stone’s Brigade and the Fight for the McPherson Farm, 11–13; John F. Krumweide, Disgrace at Gettysburg: The Arrest and Court-Martial of Brigadier General Thomas A. Rowley, U.S.A. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006), 1–3; Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 27–28; Col. Theodore B. Gates to J. B. Bachelder, in Bachelder Papers, 1:81–82; Gates, “The “Ulster Guard” (20th N.Y. State Militia) and the War of the Rebellion (New York: Benjamin H. Tyrrel, 1879), 432–33; Biddle, The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg, 30–31.
14. “Major-General John Cleveland Robinson,” in Second Annual Report of the State Historian of the State of New York (Albany, NY: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford, 1897), 45–48; “John C. Robinson,” in Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York for 1873 (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Co., 1873), 21–24; “Testimony of Major General Abner Doubleday” (March 1, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:306–7; “Report of Lieut. Col. Augustus B. Farnham, Sixteenth Maine Infantry” (August 19, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):295; “Sixteenth Maine Regiment,” in Maine at Gettysburg: Report of Maine Commissioners Prepared by the Executive Committee (Portland, ME: Lakeside Press, 1898), 39; Abner Ralph Small, The Sixteenth Maine Regiment in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865 (Portland, ME: B. Thurston, 1886), 116–18; Lash, “Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter’s Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1,” 11.
15. Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876), 53; The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, eds. F. Bancroft and W. A. Dunning (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1917), 3:4–5; Howard, Autobiography, 1:408–9; “At Gettysburg—First Day’s Work of the Eleventh Corps,” National Tribune (December 12, 1889); James S. Pula, “The Fifth German Rifles at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 51; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 192–93; A. Wilson Greene, “From Chancellorsville to Cemetery Hill: O. O. Howard and Eleventh Corps Leadership,” in The First Day at Gettysburg, ed. Gallagher, 63.
16. Timothy H. Smith, Farms at Gettysburg: The Fields of Battle (Gettysburg: Thomas Publications, 2007), 20; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 53–54; Howard, Autobiography, 1:408–10, 410–11; John A. Carpenter, “General O. O. Howard at Gettysburg,” Civil War History 9 (September 1963), 273.
17. Alfred Lee, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” The Ladies’ Repository: A Monthly Periodical, Devoted to Literature, Arts and Religion 25 (September 1865), 550; L. A. Smith, “Recollections of Gettysburg” (1894) in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Michigan, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Detroit: James H. Stone, 1898), 2:299; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 53–54; W. A. Bentley, “Howard at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (February 12, 1885).
18. Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 53–54, and Autobiography, 1:413; William Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers (Easton, PA: Chemical Pubs., 1909), 74–75; Charles Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 242, 244; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 80.
19. Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 54–55, and Autobiography, 1:414; Shue, Morning at Willoughby Run, 195–96; “Report of Capt. Lemuel B. Norton, Chief Signal Officer” (September 18, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):201; “Historical Sketch by Regimental Committee,” in New York at Gettysburg, 1:378; James S. Pula, “The Fifth German Rifles at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 53–54.
20. Lincoln, in Fehrenbacher, Recollected Words, 165; A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 28–29.
21. James Pula, “Fighting for Time: Carl Schurz on the First Day at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 30; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 55–56, and Autobiography, 1:414; Creighton, The Colors of Courage, 14–15; Edward C. Culp, The 25th Ohio Vet Vol. Infantry in the War for the Union (Topeka, KS: Geo. W. Crane, 1885), 76–77, and “Gettysburg—Reminiscences of the Great Fight,” National Tribune (March 19, 1885); “Memories of Gettysburg Recalled by Maj.-Gen. O. O. Howard Before His Death,” Gettysburg Compiler (March 23, 1910).
22. Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 66–67; Charles H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 251–52; Albert Rowe Barlow, Company G: A Record of the Services of One Company of the 157th N.Y. Vols. in the War of the Rebellion (Syracuse, NY: A. W. Hall, 1899), 126.
23. John Cabell Early, “A Southern Boy’s Experience at Gettysburg,” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 48 (May 1911), 417; Douglas Craig Haines, “ ‘Lights Mingled with Shadows’: Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell,” Gettysburg Magazine 45 (July 2011), 40; “Report of Lieut. Gen. Richard S. Ewell,” “Report of Maj. Gen.
Jubal A. Early” (August 22, 1863), and “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill” (November 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):444, 468, 607; Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A.: Autobiographical Sketch, 266; Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 303; Isaac Trimble, “The Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” SHSP 26 (January–December 1898), 122, and Trimble to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 2:928.
24. Jeremiah Tate to Mary Tate (August 6, 1863), in Gilder-Lehrman Collection, New-York Historical Society; James K. Swisher, Warrior in Gray: General Robert Rodes of Lee’s Army (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 2000), 123; J. Coleman Alderson, “Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 12 (October 1904), 488; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 205.
25. Luther W. Minnigh, Gettysburg: “What They Did Here” (Gettysburg: Minnigh, 1892), 23.
26. Charles H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 253; Joel B. Swett, “The 8th New York Cavalry at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (April 4, 1884); New York at Gettysburg, 1:9–10; H. A. Hall, W. B. Besley, and G. G. Wood, History of the Sixth New York Cavalry, Second Ira Harris Guard (Worcester, MA: Blanchard Press, 1908), 136–37; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 31, 139–40; Newal Cheney, History of the Ninth Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry: War of 1861 to 1865 (Jamestown, NY: Martin Merz & Son, 1901), 106–8, 110–11; Henry J. Hunt, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” Battles & Leaders, 3:274–75.
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