Gettysburg: The Last Invasion

by Allen C. Guelzo

  27. Wadsworth to Doubleday (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):463; Pearson, James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo, 215–16; Smith, History of the Seventy-sixth Regiment New York Volunteers, 239; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday” (December 14, 1863) and “Report of Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth” (July 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):248, 266; “Report of Maj. Gen. R. E. Rodes,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):552; C. D. Grace, “Rodes’s Division at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (December 1897), 614; James M. Thompson, Reminiscences of Autauga Rifles (Autaugaville, AL: J. M. Thompson, 1879), 7; Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes, 266; Jonathan Neu, “ ‘But Few of This Force Escaped Us’: An Account of Doles’ Brigade and Its Actions on July 1, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 36 (January 2007), 41.

  28. “Report of Lieut. Gen. Richard S. Ewell,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):444; “At Gettysburg—First Day’s Work of the Eleventh Corps,” National Tribune (December 12, 1889); Bradley M. Gottfried, The Artillery of Gettysburg (Nashville: Cumberland House, 2008), 61; Robert K. Krick, “Three Confederate Disasters on Oak Ridge: Failures of Brigade Leadership on the First Day of Gettysburg,” in The First Day at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1992), 120–22; A. T. Marsh [Co. I, 53rd North Carolina], “North Carolina Troops at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 16 (October 1908), 516–17

  29. Paul Clark Cooksey, “They Died as If on Dress Parade: The Annihilation of Iverson’s Brigade at Gettysburg and the Battle of Oak Ridge,” Gettysburg Magazine 20 (June 1999), 90–91, 107; Tagg, The Generals of Gettysburg, 24; Lash, “Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter’s Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1,” 7–8, 13; Crisfield Johnson, History of Hillsdale County, Michigan, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Philadelphia: Evarts & Abbott, 1879), 55; “Report of Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter” (July 17, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):307; Vautier, History of the 88th Pennsylvania Volunteers in the War for the Union, 1861–1865, 106.

  30. “Report of Maj. Gen. R. E. Rodes,” in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):552; Samuel Pickens, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in Voices from Company D, 182–83; Isaac Hall, History of the Ninety-Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteers (“Conkling Rifles”) in the War for the Union (Utica, NY: L. C. Childs, 1890), 135, 339–40; George Kimball, “Gettysburg,” in Stories of our Soldiers: War Reminiscences, ed. C. C. Coffin (Boston: Boston Journal, 1893), 2:109; Lash, “Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter’s Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1,” 13.

  31. “Twelfth Regiment,” in Annual Report of the Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1864), 604; Capt. George A. Hussey, “Historical Notes,” in New York at Gettysburg, 2:678; John Wesley Jaques, Three Years’ Campaign of the Ninth, N.Y.S.M., During the Southern Rebellion (New York: Hilton & Co., 1865), 155; Richard M. Rollins, “The Damned Red Flags of the Rebellion”: The Struggle over the Confederate Battle Flag at Gettysburg (Redondo Beach, CA: Rank and File Publications, 1997), 103; Benjamin F. Cook, History of the Twelfth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers (Boston: Twelfth [Webster] Regiment Association, 1882), 100; Vautier, History of the 88th Pennsylvania Volunteers, 106–7; Lash, “Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter’s Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1,” 18–19; Isaac Hall to J. B. Bachelder (August 15, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1062 and History of the Ninety-Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteers, 137; Henry Robinson Berkeley, diary entry for July 2, 1863, in Four Years in the Confederate Artillery: The Diary of Private Henry Robinson Berkeley, ed. W. H. Runge (1961; Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1991), 50.

  32. Cyrus B. Watson, “Forty-Fifth Regiment,” in Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina in the Great War, 1861–’65, ed. Walter Clark (Raleigh, NC: E. M. Uzzell, 1901), 2:41–42; Richard E. Matthews, The 149th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Unit in the Civil War (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1994), 84–89; Green, Recollections and Reflections, 262.

  33. William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman (New York: D. Appleton, 1904), 2:385; Wynstra, “The Rashness of That Hour,” 231–42, 297, 321, 350–51; Walter A. Montgomery, “Twelfth Regiment,” in Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina, 1:637.

  34. Francis A. Walker, “General Gibbon in the Second Corps” (1896), in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion: Addresses Delivered Before the Commandery of the State of New York, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (New York: J. J. Little & Co., 1897), 2:303–4; “Letter from Maj. Scheibert, of the Prussian Royal Engineers” (November 21, 1877), SHSP 5 (January–February 1878), 90.

  35. “To General John D. Imboden” (July 1, 1863), in Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 536; Mosby, Stuart’s Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign, 119; Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 351–52; La Salle Corbell Pickett, Pickett and His Men (Atlanta: Foote & Davies, 1899), 272–73; Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” 361; “Richmond Enquirer Account: In Camp, Near Hagerstown, Md., July 8, 1863,” in Rebellion Record, ed. Moore (1864), 7:109; James Johnson Kilpatrick, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in The 16th Mississippi Infantry, 175.

  36. Gold, History of Clarke County, Virginia, and Its Connection with the War Between the States, 183–84; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” 420; “Report of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson” (August 7, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):613; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 275–76; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 209; Brown, in Campbell Brown’s Civil War: With Ewell and the Army of Northern Virginia, 331; Douglas Craig Haines, “Lee’s Advance Along the Cashtown Road,” Gettysburg Magazine 23 (January 2001), 28.

  37. “The Memoirs of Henry Heth, Part II,” 305; Walter Herron Taylor, Four Years with General Lee: Being a Summary of the More Important Events Touching the Career of General Robert E. Lee, in the War Between the States (New York: D. Appleton, 1877), 92–93; James Power Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg” (April 4, 1905), in SHSP 33 (January–December 1905), 143.

  38. “Reports of Gen. Robert E. Lee” (July 31, 1863, and January, 1864), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):308, 317; “The Memoirs of Henry Heth, Part II,” 305; Bowden and Ward, Last Chance for Victory, 160–68; William W. Chamberlaine, Memoirs of the Civil War Between the Northern and Southern Sections of the United States of America, 1861–1865 (Washington: Byron S. Adams, 1912), 66–68.

  CHAPTER ELEVEN The dutch run and leave us to fight

  1. Edward Fowler, “Colonel Fowler’s Recollections of Gettysburg,” 134–35; Herdegen and Beaudot, In the Bloody Railroad Cut, 217; Howard, Autobiography, 1:429.

  2. Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 137–38, 146–47; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876), 60; Halstead, “The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg” (March 2, 1887), in War Papers: Being papers Read Before the Commandery of the District of Columbia, 1:5–6; Charles H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 248–50; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 72–73; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard” (August 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):702–3; Carpenter, “General O. O. Howard at Gettysburg,” 266.

  3. Cheney, History of the Ninth Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry, 111; Theodore W. Bean, “Who Fired the Opening Shots? General Buford at Gettysburg,” Philadelphia Weekly Times (February 2, 1878); George Kimball, “A Young Hero of Gettysburg,” Century Magazine 33 (November 1886), 133–34; Biddle, “The First Day of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 29–30; Smith, History of the Seventy-Sixth Regiment, New York Volunteers, 243–44; Small, Sixteenth Maine Regiment, 119; Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 90–91.

  4. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 4:653; Dougherty, Stone’s Brigade, 155–60; Edmund Jacob Wolf, “John Burns at Gettysburg,” in The Higher Rock: Sermons, Addresses, and Articles (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1905), 372–73; Martin, “The Saga of John Burns,” in Gettysburg—July 1, 371–74; Alfred E. Lee, The
Battle of Gettysburg (Columbus, OH: A. H. Smythe, 1888), 114–15; Trowbridge, “The Field of Gettysburg,” Atlantic Monthly 16 (November 1865), 621; Thomas Chamberlin, “150th Regiment Infantry” (September 11, 1889), in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg: Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Monuments Erected by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ed. John P. Nicholson (Harrisburg, PA: Wm. Stanley Ray, 1914), 2:753; Timothy H. Smith, John Burns: “The Hero of Gettysburg” (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 2000), 11, 19, 35, 50–61.

  5. Early to J. B. Bachelder (March 23, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:459; Thomas Benton Reed, A Private in Gray (Camden, AR: T. B. Reed, 1905), 42; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 208, 209; C. D. Grace, “Rodes’s Division at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 5 (December 1897), 614.

  6. Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 206; James MacDowell Carrington, “First Day on Left at Gettysburg,” SHSP 37 (January–December 1909), 329–32; Early, “A Southern Boy’s Experience at Gettysburg,” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 48 (May 1911), 417; James P. Gannon, “The 6th Louisiana Infantry at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 21 (January 2000), 89.

  7. Pula, “Fighting for Time: Carl Schurz on the First Day at Gettysburg,” 30–31; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz” (August 20, 1863), “Report of Adolphus Dobke, Forty-Fifth New York Infantry” (August 21, 1863) in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):727, 734; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:8. Krzyzanowski’s brigade normally had five regiments, but one of them, the 58th New York, had been on detached duty and did not arrive at Gettysburg until late on July 1st.

  8. Richard F. Welch, The Boy General: The Life and Careers of Francis Channing Barlow (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003), 20–24, 27, 37, 83; Edwin H. Abbot, “Francis Channing Barlow,” in Sons of the Puritans: A Group of Brief Biographies (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1908), 122–26; Introduction, and Barlow to Almira Barlow (April 24, 1863), in Fear Was Not in Him: The Civil War Letters of Major General Francis C. Barlow, U.S.A., ed. Christian Samito (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), xv, xix, xxxi, xxxv, 127; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:7; Creighton, Colors of Courage, 90.

  9. Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:8; Capt. M. Browne to J. B. Bachelder (April 8, 1864) and Trimble to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 1:148 and 2:929; “At Gettysburg—First Day’s Work of the Eleventh Corps,” National Tribune (December 12, 1889); Barlow to Almira Barlow (April 24, 1863), in Fear Was Not in Him, 162.

  10. “Reports of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard” (August 31, 1863), Buford to Meade (July 1, 1863), T. A. Meysenburg to Slocum (July 1, 1863), and Slocum to Howard (July 1, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):702–3, 924, and (pt. 3):463, 464; Neu, “ ‘But Few of This Force Escaped Us’: An Account of Doles’ Brigade,” 41; Doubleday, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 138; Greene, “From Chancellorsville to Cemetery Hill,” 73; Jubal Early to J. B. Bachelder (March 23, 1876), in Bachelder Papers, 1:459.

  11. J. Clyde Miller [153rd PA] to J. B. Bachelder (March 2, 1883, and March 2, 1884), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1025, 1211; Butts, A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 75, 75–76; “Report of Maj. Thomas W. Osborn” (July 29, 1863), “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Gordon” (August 10, 1863), and “Reports of Lieut. Col. H. P. Jones, C.S. Army” (August 18, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):748, (pt. 2):492, 494; Kiefer, History of the One Hundred and Fifty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 210–13; Hassler, Crisis at the Crossroads, 78.

  12. Barlow to Almira Barlow (July 7, 1863), in Fear Was Not in Him, 162; Oscar Ladley to “Mother & Sisters” (July 16, 1863), in Hearth and Knapsack: The Ladley Letters, 1857–1880, ed. C. M. Becker and R. Thomas (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1988), 147; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 208; Capt. M. Browne to J. B. Bachelder (April 8, 1864) and Andrew L. Harris [75th OH] to J. B. Bachelder (March 14, 1881), in Bachelder Papers, 1:148 and 2:744; Culp, 25th Ohio Vet. Vol. Infantry, 77–78.

  13. Butts, A Gallant Captain of the Civil War, 76; J. Clyde Miller [153rd PA] to J. B. Bachelder (March 2, 1884) and Lt. Col. Jeremiah Williams [25th OH] to J. B. Bachelder (June 18, 1880), in Bachelder Papers, 1:668 and 2:1026; Swallow, “The First Day at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac 4 (December 1885), 440; Greene, “From Chancellorsville to Cemetery Hill,” 76–77, 78–79; Pula, “Fighting for Time: Carl Schurz on the First Day at Gettysburg,” 34, 35; Theodore A. Dodge, “Left Wounded on the Field,” Putnam’s Monthly Magazine 14 (September 1869), 319.

  14. Lee, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” 551; Dodge, “Left Wounded on the Field,” 321; Walber, “From Gettysburg to Libby Prison,” in War Papers Read Before the Commandery of the State of Wisconsin, 4:192.

  15. Neu, “But Few of This Force Escaped Us,” 47; Dodge, “Left Wounded on the Field,” 321; Lee, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” 550; Schurz, Reminiscences, 3:11–12; Valuska and Keller, Damn Dutch: Pennsylvania Germans at Gettysburg, 143; James S. Pula, “The 26th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 23 (January 2001), 81–83; Pula, For Liberty and Justice: The Life and Times of Wladimir Krzyz´anowski (Polish American Congress Charitable Foundation, 1978), 97; Kevin E. O’Brien, “ ‘Bullets Came as Thick as Hail’: Krzyzanowski’s Brigade Defends the Union Right on July 1, 1963,” Gettysburg Magazine 24 (July 2001), 66, 67; H. Nauchtigall, “Account of the Part Taken by the Seventy-Fifth Pennsylvania Infantry in the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3, 1863,” in Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 1:434.

  16. James C. Carmichael, “Dedication of Monument” (September 8, 1886), in New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga: Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg, 3:1058; “Madison County Regiment,” Utica Morning Herald (October 3, 1862); John Stilwell Applegate, Reminiscences and Letters of George Arrowsmith of New Jersey (Red Bank, NJ: John H. Cook, 1893), 216, 222; Albert Rowe Barlow, Company G: A Record of the Services of One Company of the 157th N.Y. Vols. in the War of the Rebellion (Syracuse, NY: A. W. Hall, 1899), 126–27, 127–29; “Letter from Capt. Van Slyke, Co. B, 157th Regiment,” Oneida Dispatch (July 8, 1863); Col. Philip P. Browne to J. B. Bachelder (April 4, 1864), in Bachelder Papers, 1:136–37.

  17. Chuck Teague, “Brutal Clash at Blocher’s Knoll,” Gettysburg Magazine 32 (July 2005), 69; C. D. Grace, “Rodes’s Division at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 5 (December 1897), 614–15; “Adams County Almshouse,” in First Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of Public Charities of the State of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, PA: B. Singerly, 1871), 1:234; Martin, Gettysburg July 1, 305; George Washington Nichols, A Soldier’s Story of His Regiment (61st Georgia) and Incidentally of the Lawton-Gordon-Evans Brigade, Army Northern Virginia (Jesup, GA: privately printed, 1898), 116; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 250–51; “Report of Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames” (July 28, 1863) and “Report of Brig. Gen. J. B. Gordon, C.S. Army” (August 10, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):713, and (pt. 2):492; “At Gettysburg—First Day’s Work of the Eleventh Corps,” National Tribune (December 12, 1889).

  18. Lee, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” 552–53; Dodge, “Left Wounded on the Field,” 322; William F. Hanna, “A Gettysburg Myth Exploded,” Civil War Times Illustrated 24 (May 1985), 43, 44, 47; Henry M. Field, Blood Is Thicker Than Water: A Few Days Among Our Southern Brethren (New York: George Munro, 1886), 34–35.

  19. “Reports of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard” (August 31, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):703–4, Mark H. Dunkelman and Michael J. Winey, “The Hardtack Regiment in the Brickyard Fight,” Gettysburg Magazine 8 (January 1993), 19.

  20. Charles H. Howard, “First Day at Gettysburg,” 255, 257–58; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard” (August 31, 1863), “Report of Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr” (August 30, 1863), and “Reports of Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz” (August 20, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):703–4, 721, 729; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:10–11; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 88; Martin, Gettysburg July 1, 308; Dunkelman and Winey, “The
Hardtack Regiment in the Brickyard Fight,” 19; Valuska and Keller, Damn Dutch, 146; Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3:11–12; Howard, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg, June and July, 1863,” 58; Lash, “Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter’s Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1,” 11.

  21. Dunkelman and Winey, “The Hardtack Regiment in the Brickyard Fight,” 21–22; “Interesting Narrative of the Escape of Two Officers of the 154th Regt. N.Y.S. Vol. from the Hands of the Rebels,” Randolph (NY) Register Supplement (April 10, 1877); “Letter from Maj. Warner—The 154th,” Cattaraugus Freeman (July 10, 1863); “Address of Col. Daniel B. Allen” (July 1, 1890) and E. D. Northrup, “Historical Sketch,” in New York at Gettysburg, 1050, 1055; Gottfried, Brigades of Gettysburg, 323–25; Hartwell Osborn, Trials and Triumphs: The Record of the Fifty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1904), 97.

  22. Pearson, James S. Wadsworth of Geneseo, 217; Trimble to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1883), in Bachelder Papers, 2:929.

  23. “Testimony of Major General Abner Doubleday” (March 1, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:307; Howard, Autobiography, 1:417; Wainwright, diary entry for July 1, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 235; Busey and Martin, Regimental Strengths and Losses, 25; “Report of Brig Gen. John C. Robinson” (July 18, 1863) and “Report of Lieut. Col. Augustus B. Farnham, Sixteenth Maine Infantry” (August 19, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):289, 295; John C. Robinson, “The First Corps—Its Important Services at the Battle of Gettysburg,” National Tribune (April 21, 1887); Andy Ward, “The 16th Maine Infantry at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 39; Small, The Sixteenth Maine Regiment, 116–18; Wynstra, The Rashness of That Hour, 251.

  24. Martin, Gettysburg, July 1, 253–54; Lash, “Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter’s Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1,” 22; Small, The Sixteenth Maine Regiment, 118; Harold A. Small, ed., The Road to Richmond: The Civil War Memoirs of Major Abner R. Small of the 16th Maine Volunteers (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 238–39; “Report of Capt. A. J. Hopkins, Forty-Fifth North Carolina” (July 17, 1863) and “Reports of Col. Richard Coulter, Eleventh Pennsylvania Infantry” (July 9, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):293, and (pt. 2):575; Francis Wiggin, “Sixteenth Maine Regiment” and Abner Small, “Incidents of the Battle and Remarks Thereon,” in Maine at Gettysburg: Report of Maine Commissioners Prepared by the Executive Committee (Portland, ME: Lakeside Press, 1898), 43–44, 57; George D. Bisbee, “Three Years a Volunteer Soldier in the Civil War, Antietam to Appomattox,” in War Papers: Read Before the Commandery of the State of Maine, 4:122–21.