Gettysburg: The Last Invasion

by Allen C. Guelzo

  23. Brown, Cushing of Gettysburg, 253; Alexander Webb interview with Alexander Kelly (May 15, 1899, and October 7, 1904), in Generals in Bronze, 146–47, 151; Gary G. Lash, “The Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 7 (July 1992), 106–10; Alexander S. Webb to his wife (July 6, 1863) and Anthony W. McDermott to J. B. Bachelder (June 2, 1886, and September 17, 1889), in Bachelder Papers, 1:18–19 and 3:1412–13, 1628; Smith, “The Battle—The Part Taken by the Philadelphia Brigade in the Battle,” Gettysburg Compiler (June 7, 1887); Gottfried, Stopping Pickett, 172; Hartwig, “High Water Mark Heroes, Myth and Memory,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 40–41; Milton Harding [9th Virginia], “Where General Armistead Fell,” Confederate Veteran 19 (August 1911), 371.

  24. Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 242–43; Leehan, Pale Horse at Plum Run, 95–96; Smith, History of the Nineteenth Regiment of Maine Volunteer Infantry, 82; Lochren, “The First Minnesota at Gettysburg,” 53; William E. Barrow to J. B. Bachelder (August 12, 1866), Andrew Cowan to J. B. Bachelder (August 26, 1866), A. C. Plaisted to J. B. Bachelder (June 11, 1870) and Arthur F. Devereaux to J. B. Bachelder (July 22, 1889), in Bachelder Papers, 1:275, 282–83, 393, and 3:1609; Bruce, Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 294; “Address by Col. Andrew Cowan,” 66–67; Webb interview with Alexander Kelly (October 7, 1904), in Generals in Bronze, 151; “Testimony of General Henry J. Hunt” (April 4, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:451.

  25. Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 240; Leehan, Pale Horse at Plum Run, 95–96; A. C. Plaisted to J. B. Bachelder (June 11, 1870) in Bachelder Papers, 1:393; Wright, No More Gallant a Deed, 307–8; “Captain John Holmes Smith’s Account,” SHSP 32 (January–December 1904), 193.

  26. Bingham to “Dear General,” in William Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland; Bingham to J. B. Bachelder (January 5, 1869), in Bachelder Papers, 1:351–52; Bingham, “Gettysburg’s Bloody Field,” Utica Observer (June 30, 1900); Michael A. Halleran, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Freemasonry in the American Civil War (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010), 17–30; Motts, “Trust in God and Fear Nothing,” 45–46.

  27. Hancock interview with Alexander Kelly (July 10, 1879), in Generals in Bronze, 60; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 145; William Mitchell to J. B. Bachelder (January 10, 1866), in Bachelder Papers, 1:231; Steven J. Wright, “ ‘Don’t Let Me Bleed to Death’: The Wounding of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock,” Gettysburg Magazine 6 (January 1992), 87; Henry T. Owen, “Pickett at Gettysburg,” in New Annals of the War, 303, 305; Tucker, Hancock the Superb, 155–56; Walker, General Hancock, 143–44.

  28. Kimble, “Tennesseans at Gettysburg—The Retreat,” Confederate Veteran (October 1910), 460–62; Louis Young, “Pettigrew’s Division at Gettysburg,” in Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina, ed. W. Clark, 5:124; Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge at Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 92–93; Fry to J. B. Bachelder (January 26, 1878), in Bachelder Papers, 1:522–23; J. H. Moore, “Heth’s Division at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac 3 (May 1885), 390; Atkinson, “Seminary Ridge on July 3,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 115, 120–21; Bruce A. Trinque, “Confederate Battle Flags in the July 3rd Charge,” Gettysburg Magazine 21 (July 1999), 110.

  29. Papers of Randolph Abbott Shotwell, 2:17; Taylor, “The Campaign in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 314; Young, “Pettigrew’s Division at Gettysburg,” 125; William Steptoe Christian to J. W. Daniels (October 24, 1904), in John Warwick Daniels Papers, Special Collections, University of Virginia; Hess, Lee’s Tar Heels, 144–45, and Pickett’s Charge, 80; Gottfried, Artillery of Gettysburg, 223, and “To Fail Twice: Brockenbrough’s Brigade at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 23 (July 2000), 71–72; Swallow, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 569–70; Thomas Osborn, “Experiences at the Battle of Gettysburg,” in Pickett’s Charge: Eyewitness Accounts, ed. Rollins, 265; Franklin Sawyer, A Military History of the 8th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Its Battles, Marches and Army Movements (Cleveland: Fairbanks & Co., 1881), 131.

  30. Swallow, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 571; Moore, “Heth’s Division at Gettysburg,” 251; Isaac Trimble to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1886) and E. M. Hays to J. B. Bachelder (October 15, 1890), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1199, 3:1776; George D. Flowers, “The Thirty-Eighth North Carolina Regiment,” SHSP 25 (January–December 1897), 260; Kimble, “Tennesseans at Gettysburg—The Retreat,” 460–61; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 264; Keith Snipes, “The Improper Placement of the 8th Ohio Monument: A Study of Words and Maps,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 88; William J. Seymour, diary entry for July 3, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 78.

  31. Toombs, New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign, 286; Ernsberger, Also for Glory Muster, 117, 124; “Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel J. McLeod Turner” (October 26, 1877), in John W. Moore, History of North Carolina: From the Earliest Discoveries to the Present Time (Raleigh: Alfred Williams & Co., 1880), 2:211; Asa Sleath Hardman, “As a Union Prisoner Saw the Battle of Gettysburg,” Civil War Times 51 (August 2012), 40; Franklin Sawyer to J. B. Bachelder (June 8, 1878, and May 11, 1880), Isaac Trimble to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1883), Samuel Roberts to Alexander Webb (August 18, 1883) and John L. Brady to J. B. Bachelder (May 24, 1886), in Bachelder Papers, 1:625, 663, 2:967, 933, and 3:1399; Sawyer, A Military History of the 8th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 131–33; Longacre, To Gettysburg and Beyond: The Twelfth New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, 131–32; Seville, History of the First Regiment, Delaware Volunteers, 81–82; “Report of the Joint Committee, to Mark the Positions Occupied by the 1st and 2nd Delaware Regiments at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 2nd and 3rd, 1863,” in Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Delaware (Dover: Delawarean Office, 1887), 816; Murray, “Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays’ Division at Gettysburg,” 89.

  32. Fry to J. B. Bachelder (December 27, 1877) and Isaac Trimble to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1883, and February 8, 1886), in Bachelder Papers, 1:519, 2:933, 1199; Thomas Molloy [7th North Carolina], in Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 248–49; Scott, “Pickett’s Charge as Seen from the Front Line,” 13; Terry Crooks, “Rochester’s Forgotten Regiment: The 108th New York at Gettysburg,” 108; Ernsberger, Also for Glory Muster, 161, 167; William A. Love, “Mississippi at Gettysburg,” Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society 9 (1906), 24–25; Far from Home: The Diary of Lt. William H. Peel, 1863–1865, ed. Ellen S. Wilds (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2009), 66; Keith Snipes, “A Rediscovered Bachelder Letter: North Carolinians in ‘Pickett’s Charge,’ ” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (January 2008), 119; Lt. Octavius A. Wiggins, “Thirty-Seventh Regiment,” in Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina, in the Great War 1861–’65, ed. Clark, 2:674; Michael C. Hardy, The Thirty-Seventh North Carolina Troops: Tar Heels in the Army of Northern Virginia (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003), 155; Fry, “Pettigrew’s Charge at Gettysburg,” 93; J. B.Turney, “The First Tennessee at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (December 1900), 536–37; Karlton D. Smith, “Alexander Hays and ‘The Blue Birds’: Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays and the Third Division, Second Corps During Longstreet’s Assault,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 185; Robert Himmer, “Col. Hugh Reid Miller, 42nd Mississippi Volunteers, and the Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Assault,” Gettysburg Magazine 35 (July 2006), 59–60.

  33. Richard S. Thompson, “A Scrap of Gettysburg,” 106; Seville, History of the First Regiment, Delaware Volunteers, 83; Ernsberger, Also for Glory Muster, 170; Ezra de Freest Simons, A Regimental History: The One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth New York State Volunteers (New York: Judson Printing, 1888), 138–39, 144; Willson, Disaster, Struggle, Triumph, 186; Charles Richardson to J. B. Bachelder (May 8, 1868), in Bachelder Papers, 1:341–42; Hays, Under the Red Patch, 197–98.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR As clear a defeat as our a
rmy ever met with

  1. Harrison, Nothing but Glory, 119–20; J. H. McNeilly, “War’s Fascination,” Confederate Veteran 24 (February 1916), 92; F. M. Colston, “Gettysburg As I Saw It,” Confederate Veteran 5 (November 1897), 552–53.

  2. Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 266–67; Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” SHSP 38 (January–December 1910), 317–18, and “Personal Observations at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (June 1911), 287; Frank E. Moran to J. B. Bachelder (January 24, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 2:778–79; Francis Warrington Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), 97; Swallow, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” 569; Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant, 62–63; Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend, 116.

  3. McNeilly, “War’s Fascination,” 92; George L. Christian to J. W. Daniel (January 4, 1898), in John Warwick Daniel Papers, Special Collections, University of Virginia; A. T. Watts, “Something More About Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 6 (February 1898), 67; A Mississippi Rebel in the Army of Northern Virginia: The Civil War Memoirs of Private David Holt, eds. Thomas Cockerell and Michael Ballard (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 198.

  4. LaSalle Pickett, “My Soldier,” 366; Charles T. Loehr, War History of the Old First Virginia Infantry Regiment, Army of Northern Virginia (Richmond: William Ellis Jones, 1884), 36; Bright, “Pickett’s Charge,” SHSP 31 (January–December 1903), 233–34; Capt. James Johnson (5th Florida), in Pickett’s Charge—Eyewitness Accounts, ed. Rollins, 164; Wilson, The Most Promising Young Man of the South: James Johnston Pettigrew and His Men at Gettysburg, 70; Atkinson, “Seminary Ridge on July 3,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 125–26.

  5. “Reports of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, C.S. Army” (August 20, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2): 697; McClellan, Life and Campaigns of Major-General J.E.B. Stuart, 337; Stephen Z. Starr, The Union Cavalry in the Civil War: From Fort Sumter to Gettysburg, 1861–1863 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 432–39. Yet there remain those who argue passionately for an all-encompassing significance to the Rummel farm fight, for which see Thomas Carhart, Lost Triumph: Lee’s Real Plan at Gettysburg—And Why It Failed (New York: G. P. Putnam, 2005), and Paul D. Walker, The Cavalry Battle That Saved the Union: Custer vs. Stuart at Gettysburg (Gretna, LA: Pelican, 2002).

  6. Longacre, Lee’s Cavalrymen, 217–22; John B. McIntosh to J. B. Bachelder (August 27, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1122–23; Custer, in Michigan in the War, ed. John Robertson (Lansing, MI: W. S. George & Co., 1880), 409; Longacre, Gentleman and Soldier: The Extraordinary Life of General Wade Hampton (Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press, 2003), 150–55; Daniel Murphy, “Slashing Sabers at the Rummel Farm,” America’s Civil War (January 2005), 40–45; Alexander C. N. Pennington interview with Alexander Kelly (October 29, 1907), in Generals in Bronze, 256, 259; William E. Miller, “The Cavalry Battle near Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:401–6; William Brooke-Rawle, “The Right Flank at Gettysburg,” in Annals of the War, 473–84.

  7. A. H. Belo [55th North Carolina], “The Battle of Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (April 1900), 168; Eric J. Wittenberg, Gettysburg’s Forgotten Cavalry Actions: Farnsworth’s Charge, South Cavalry Field, and the Battle of Fairfield, July 3, 1863 (New York: Savas Beatie, 2011), 56, and “Merritt’s Regular’s on South Cavalry Field: Oh, What Could Have Been,” Gettysburg Magazine 16 (January 1997), 118; Martin, Kill-Cavalry, 114–17; H. C. Parsons, “Farnsworth’s Charge and Death,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:393–96.

  8. “Reports of General Robert E. Lee, C.S. Army” (July 4, 7, and 8, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):298–300; Lee to Imboden (July 1, 1863), in Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 537; Lee to Jefferson Davis (July 16, 1863), in Lee’s Dispatches, 106.

  9. Spencer C. Tucker, Brigadier General John D. Imboden: Confederate Commander in the Shenandoah (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 150; Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg, 67–69, 70–72, 72, 73, 78–79, 85, 93, 95–96, 111–12; L. T. Dickinson, “Services of a Maryland Command,” Confederate Veteran (June 1894), 165; Mills, History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment, 39.

  10. Eric J. Wittenberg, J. David Petruzzi, and Michael F. Nugent, One Continuous Fight: The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, July 4–14, 1863 (New York: Savas Beatie, 2008), 5–7; “Imboden’s Account of the Confederate Retreat,” in Gerrish and Hutchinson, The Blue and the Gray: A Graphic History, 371–72; Imboden to Lee (July 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):966–67.

  11. Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,” 317–18; Franklin Gaillard to his wife, July 17, 1863, in Franklin Gaillard Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina; Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 165; Ross Stilwell, in Scott Hartwig, “ ‘We Came Here with the Best Army the Confederacy Ever Carried into the Field’: The Army of Northern Virginia and the Gettysburg Campaign,” in Gettysburg: The End of the Campaign and Battle’s Aftermath (Gettysburg: Gettysburg National Military Park, 2012), 76; Bingham to “Dear General,” William Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH.

  12. Ulysses S. Grant, “The Vicksburg Campaign,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:534; Michael Ballard, Vicksburg: The Campaign That Opened the Mississippi (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 398; “A Proposed Confederate Mission,” Washington National Intelligencer (July 9, 1863); Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia, 379–80; Gideon Welles, diary entry for July 6, 1863, in Diary of Gideon Welles, ed. J. T. Morse (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 1:363–64; “The Retreating Rebel Army,” Pittsburgh Daily Dispatch (July 9, 1863); George Templeton Strong, diary entry for July 4, 1863, in Diary of the Civil War, 328; P. H. Watson to E. M. Stanton (July 5, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):552–53.

  13. James Meade to William Mitchell (January 24, 1869), George G. Meade to J. B. Bachelder (December 4, 1869), Lt. John Egan to George Meade, Jr. (February 8, 1870), and Capt. George Meade to J. B. Bachelder (May 6, 1882), in Bachelder Papers, 1:320–21, 379–80, 389, and 2:853–55; Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg, 165–66; Haskell, “The Battle of Gettysburg,” 136–37, and in Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, 165–66; John H. B. Latrobe, “The Pinch of the Fight at Gettysburg” (August 6, 1863), in Picture of the Battle of Gettysburg, Painted by P. F. Rothermel, Now on Exhibition at Tremont Temple, Boston (Philadelphia: Longacre & Co., 1871), 7; Coffin, The Boys of ’61, 319–20; Cook, “Personal Reminscences of Gettysburg,” 139.

  14. Tucker, Hancock the Superb, 157; Gambone, Hancock at Gettysburg, 147–48; Hancock to Meade (July 3, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):366; “Testimony of Major General Alfred Pleasonton” (March 7, 1864), “Testimony of Major General G. K. Warren” (March 9, 1864), and “Testimony of Brigadier General S.W. Crawford” (April 27, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:360, 378, 379, 380, 471; Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” Battles & Leaders, 3:347; Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 265; Thomson and Rauch, History of the “Bucktails,” 273–74; Benjamin F. Urban, “The Story of Gettysburg: A Great Battle as Seen By a Lancaster Boy,” in Dreaming on the Conestoga: A Collection of Sonnets Written on the Stream of My Childhood (Lancaster: New Era Printing Co., 1911), 300; “Thursday’s Doubtful Issue—Friday’s Victory” (July 4, 1863), in A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 2:62, 66; Timothy J. Orr, “ ‘Sharpshooters Made a Grand Record This Day’: Combat on the Skirmish Line on July 3” and Troy Harman, “Did Meade Begin a Counteroffensive After Pickett’s Charge?,” in The Third Day: The Fate of a Nation, 73–75, 226–27, 230, 233–34, 236–37; Frank A. Bond, “Company A—First Maryland Cavalry,” Confederate Veteran (February 1898), 80.

  15. Waitt, History of the Nineteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 244–45; Page, History of the Fourteenth Regi
ment, Connecticut Vol. Infantry, 167; Rauscher, Music on the March, 99; Chamberlin, History of the One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 153.

  16. P. A. Taylor, William H. Hill, and I. S. Lyon to Meade (July 4, 1863), General Orders No. 68 (July 4, 1863), Circular (July 4, 1863), and John Newton to Daniel Butterfield (July 4, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):513, 516, 519, 520.

  17. Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg, 163, 165–66, 265; Wittenberg, One Continuous Fight, 158, 159; Meade to Margaretta Meade (July 5, 1863), in George G. Meade Papers (box 1, folder 10), Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Herman Haupt, “The Crisis of the Civil War,” Century Magazine 44 (September 1892), 795; “Testimony of Major General David B. Birney” (March 7, 1864), “Testimony of General A. P. Howe” (March 3, 1864), “Testimony of Major General G. K. Warren” (March 9, 1864), “Testimony of Major General George G. Meade” (March 11, 1864), and “Testimony of Major General Daniel Butterfield” (March 25, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:313, 350, 367, 378–80, 426; Meade, Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, 2:116.

  18. Robert Emory Park, “Sketch of the Twelfth Alabama Infantry,” SHSP 33 (January–December 1905), 244; Samuel Pickens, diary entry for July 14, 1863, in Voices from Company D, 185–87; A. S. Van de Graaf, in Reardon, Pickett’s Charge, 31; James A. Graham to W. A. Graham (July 7, 1863), in “The James A. Graham Papers, 1861–1884,” ed. H. N. Wagstaff, in James Sprunt Historical Studies, Volume 20 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1928), 151–52; J. W. Lokey, “Wounded at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran (January 1914), 400; J. M. Imboden, “Lee at Gettysburg,” The Galaxy 11 (April 1871), 510–11; Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg, 78–79, 93, 111–12; William Seymour, diary entry for July 5, 1863, in The Civil War Memoirs of William J. Seymour, 80.

  19. Meade to Sedgwick (July 5, 1863), Meade to William F. Smith (July 5, 1863), Circular (July 5, 1863), Sedgwick to Meade (July 6, 1863) and Meade to Couch (July 6, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 3):532, 535, 539, 555; “Testimony of Major General A. P. Howe” (March 3, 1864), in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 4:314–15; Stevens, Three Years in the Sixth Corps, 255; Peter C. Vermilyea, “Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick and the Pursuit of Lee’s Army After Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 22 (January 2000); Early, Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A., 280.