Gettysburg: The Last Invasion

by Allen C. Guelzo

  22. Kean, diary entries for July 7 and 19, 1863, in Inside the Confederate Government, 78–79, 82; Tucker, Brigadier General John D. Imboden, 172; W. S. Oldham, “The Last Days of the Confederacy,” DeBow’s Review 6 (October 1869), 861–62; Ted Tunnell, “A ‘Patriotic Press’: Virginia’s Confederate Newspapers, 1861–1865,” in Virginia at War, 1864, eds. William C. Davis and James I. Robertson (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2009) 40; “From General Lee’s Army,” Richmond Enquirer (July 21, 1863) and “The Battle of Gettysburg, Pa.,” Richmond Enquirer (July 24, 1863); “Editor’s Table,” Southern Literary Messenger 37 (September 1863), 572; Reardon, Pickett’s Charge, 49, 51–52.

  23. Overton, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, 153–54; “The Battle of Gettysburg—They Missed Jackson,” Charleston Mercury (August 17, 1863); Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell, 325–26; Miller, John Bell Hood and the Fight for Civil War Memory, 212; John C. West to Charles S. West (July 27, 1863), in A Texan in Search of a Fight, 96; Maj. T. M. R. Talcott, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” SHSP 41 (September 1916), 44; Reardon, Pickett’s Charge, 32; “Battle of Gettysburg, Pa.,” Richmond Enquirer (July 24, 1863); Gary W. Gallagher, “Confederate Corps Leadership on the First Day at Gettysburg: A. P. Hill and Richard S. Ewell in a Difficult Debut,” in Three Days at Gettysburg, 26–27; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army: From Victory to Collapse, 342.

  24. Mosby to Sam Chapman (March 7, 1906), in Take Sides with the Truth: The Postwar Letters of John Singleton Mosby to Samuel F. Chapman, ed. Pater A. Brown (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 55; Colonel Charles Marshall, “Events Leading up to the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP (January–December 1896), 212; McLaws, “Gettysburg,” SHSP 7 (February 1879), 75–76; McLaws to Emily McLaws (July 7, 1863), in A Soldier’s General, 197; Wolseley, “An English View of the Civil War IV,” North American Review 149 (September 1889), 286–88.

  25. Youngblood, “Personal Observations at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran 19 (June 1911), 286–87; Ross, A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 80; Lee to Jefferson Davis (July 31, 1863), in Lee’s Dispatches, 109; Lee to Davis (July 31, 1863), in Wartime Papers, 565; Davis to Lee (August 11, 1863), in O.R., series one, 32 (pt. 2):640; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 306.

  26. Lee to Samuel Cooper (July 31, 1863, and January 1864), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 2):307, 316; Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 415–16; Lee to Davis (August 8, 1863), in Wartime Papers, 589; Gary W. Gallagher, “Confederate Corps Leadership on the First Day at Gettysburg,” 36.

  27. Heth to J. W. Jones, “Letter from Major General Heth, of A. P. Hill’s Corps, A.N.V.,” SHSP 4 (October 1877), 154; Imboden, “Lee at Gettysburg,” 513, and “The Confederate Retreat from Gettysburg,” in Battles & Leaders, 3:421; Gary W. Gallagher, “ ‘If the Enemy Is There, We Must Attack Him’: R. E. Lee and the Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Three Days at Gettysburg, 29–30; 115; Weigley, The American Way of War, 116; Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee, 161–62; William Marvel, Lee’s Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 189.

  28. “From General Lee’s Army,” Richmond Enquirer (July 21, 1863); Cooke, A Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee (New York: D. Appleton, 1883), 307; McCabe, Life and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1866), 395; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War, 414–15; J. William Jones, “The Longstreet-Gettysburg Controversy—Who Commenced It?—The Whole Matter Reviewed,” Richmond Dispatch (February 16, 1896); Gallagher, “ ‘If the Enemy Is There, We Must Attack Him’: R. E. Lee and the Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Three Days at Gettysburg, 49; Mosby, Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby, 381.

  29. Curtis, History of the Twenty-fourth Michigan of the Iron Brigade, 171–72; Buell, “Story of a Cannoneer,” National Tribune (October 24, 1889); Capt. Alfred Lee, “Reminiscences of Gettysburg,” Ladies Repository 25 (September 1865), 548.

  30. Taylor to “Brother Dick” (July 17, 1863), in Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 62.

  31. Rick Britton, “ ‘So Many Dangers Seen and Unseen’: A Civil War Memoir by James Addison Leathers,” The Magazine of Albemarle County History 59 (2001), 78–79.

  32. Twemlow, Considerations on Tactics and Strategy, 105–6; Rafferty, “Gettysburg,” in Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion, 2.

  33. Davis, “The Strategy of the Gettysburg Campaign,” in Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, 3:442; Rossetti, “English Opinion of the American War,” Atlantic Monthly 17 (February 1866), 133; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 222–23.

  34. J. Tracy Power, Lee’s Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 2; Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, and Its Lost Opportunities, 243; Jacobs, “Notes Recounting the Battle of Gettysburg” [MS-107], in Special Collections, Gettysburg College.

  35. Nicolay to Therena Bates (July 12, 1863), in With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 118; Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (New York: D. Appleton, 1881), 2:448; Richard Henry Dana to Charles Francis Adams (March 3, 1865), in Charles Francis Adams, Richard Henry Dana: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1891), 2:274–75.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX To Sweep & plunder the battle grounds

  1. Skelly, A Boy’s Experiences During the Battle of Gettysburg (Gettysburg, 1932), 18; Mary McAllister account, Adams County Historical Society; Mahood, General Wadsworth, 189; “Squad of the 17th Conn. First Learned of Lee’s Retreat at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (October 8, 1896); Maj. Homer Stoughton to J. B. Bachelder (December 29, 1881), in Bachelder Papers, 2:769; Thomas L. Elmore, “Independence Day: Military Operations at Gettysburg,” Gettysburg Magazine 25 (July 2001), 119–21.

  2. Hanifen, History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery, 83; Tyson to Noble D. Preston (January 16, 1884), in “A Refugee from Gettysburg,” ed. William McKenna, Civil War Times Illustrated 27 (November–December 1998), 74; Linn, “Journal of My Trip to the Battlefield of Gettysburg, July 1863,” 60–62; Capt. George A. Thayer, “On the Right at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (July 24, 1902); “Gettysburg During the Battle—By One Who Was in the Town During the Whole,” Christian Recorder (July 18, 1863); Frawley, “Marching Through Pennsylvania,” 101; Francis T. Hoover to Jane Ann Hedley (September 25, 1863), in Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files [#8–18d].

  3. Abraham T. Brewer, History [of the] Sixty-First Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–1865, Under Authority of the Regimental Association (Pittsburgh: Art Engraving & Printing, 1911), 68, 69; Dr. George S. Osborne to J. B. Bachelder (May 14, 1885), in Bachelder Papers, 2:1044; Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 345, and The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat, 50; Christ, The Struggle for the Bliss Farm, 82, 117–18; Scott L. Mingus and Thomas M. Mingus, “ ‘An Accident of War’: York County’s Civil War Damage Claims,” Journal of York County Heritage (September 2012), 19; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 246; “Joint Resolution of request to the Secretary of War to secure the release of certain unarmed citizens of this Commonwealth from rebel imprisonment” (March 23, 1865), in O.R., series two, 8:426.

  4. “Mrs. Bayly’s Story of the Battle,” Adams County Historical Society; “Squad of the 17th Conn. First Learned of Lee’s Retreat at Gettysburg,” National Tribune (October 8, 1896); Philip Schaff, “The Gettysburg Week,” Scribner’s Magazine 16 (July 1894), 28; Matilda Pierce Alleman, At Gettysburg; or, What a Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle, 99–100; Winey, Confederate Uniforms at Gettysburg, 80; Allen, Under the Maltese Cross, 191–92; Marsena Patrick, diary entry for July 5, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s Army, 266–68; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 213; Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 75.

  5. Lyon
Gardiner Tyler, Men of Mark in Virginia: A Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men in the State (Washington, DC: Men of Mark Publishing, 1908), 4:79–81; Crocker, “Prison Reminiscences” (February 2, 1904), SHSP 34 (January–December 1906), 28–29, 31, and “Prison Reminiscences,” Confederate Veteran 14 (November 1906), 503–4; Samuel Gring Hefelbower, The History of Gettysburg College, 1832–1932 (Gettysburg: Gettysburg College, 1932), 340.

  6. “Our Wounded at Gettysburg—Mr. M. Davidson’s Despatch,” New York Herald (July 24, 1863); McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” 249–50; Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 80–81, 82–83; “U.S. Christian Commission—Incidents connected with the report of Rev. P. A. Strobel,” Christian Recorder (September 12, 1863); Josiah Rinehart Sypher, History of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps: A Complete Record of the Organization (Lancaster, PA: Elias Barr & Co., 1865), 54–55; John Y. Foster, “Four Days at Gettysburg,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 28 (February 1864), 385–86; “Report of Surg. Jonathan Letterman” (October 3, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt. 1):198; Harper, “If Thee Must Fight,” 261–62.

  7. “Report of Surg. Jonathan Letterman,” 197; Winslow, “Report on the Operations of the Sanitary Commission During and After the Battles at Gettysburg,” in Documents of the U.S. Sanitary Commission (New York: USSC, 1866), 2:17; Baruch, “A Surgeon’s Story of Battle and Capture,” Confederate Veteran 22 (January 1914), 545–47; Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg, 98, 102, 110, 113; Matt Atkinson, “ ‘War Is a Hellish Way of Settling a Dispute’: Dr. Jonathan Letterman and the Tortuous Path of Medical Care from Manassas to Camp Letterman,” in Gettysburg: The End of the Campaign, 130; John Mumma Young, typescript “Memoirs” [VFM-169], Special Collections, Gettysburg College.

  8. “College Hospital in Gettysburg,” The Land We Love, 290–91; Colver, “Reminiscences of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 179–80; Barziza, Adventures of a Prisoner of War, 1863–1864, 61; Linn, “Journal of My Trip to the Battlefield of Gettysburg,” 62; R. J. Musto, “The Treatment of the Wounded at Gettysburg: Jonathan Letterman, the Father of Modern Battlefield Medicine,” Gettysburg Magazine 37 (July 2007), 125–27; Maj. George L. Wood, The Seventh Regiment: A Record (New York: James Miller, 1865), 158–59; Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 86–87.

  9. Charles Wainwright, diary entry for July 5, 1863, in A Diary of Battle, 254; McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” 253; Linn, “Journal of My Trip to the Battlefield of Gettysburg,” 58; Bennett, Days of “Uncertainty and Dread,” 86–87; Marsena Patrick, diary entry for July 5, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s Army, 266–68; Charles McKim, diary entry for August 5, 1863, in McKim Diary, Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files [#8–18e]; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 171–72; “A Farmer’s Experience—What Happened to Him During the Battle,” Gettysburg Compiler (July 6, 1910); Blood, diary entries for July 11, 17, and 18, 1863, in Henry Boyden Blood diary, Library of Congress; “The National Necropolis—Our Heroic Dead at Gettysburg,” New York Herald (November 20, 1863); Young, typescript “Memoirs,” Special Collections, Gettysburg College; Bloom, History of Adams County, 182.

  10. Storrs, The “Twentieth Connecticut”: A Regimental History, 104–5; Hinkley, Narrative of Service with the Third Wisconsin Infantry, 91; Blake, Three Years in the Army of the Potomac, 219–20; Jim Weeks, “ ‘A Disgrace That Can Never Be Washed Out’: Gettysburg and the Lingering Stigma of 1863,” in Making and Remaking Pennsylvania’s Civil War, 193; Creighton, The Colors of Courage, 157–58; Valuska and Keller, Damn Dutch, 70–71.

  11. Crounse, “Further Details of the Battle of Gettysburgh—Characteristics of the People of the Town,” New York Times (July 9, 1863) and “The Treatment of the Union Soldiers by the People of Gettysburgh,” New York Times (July 24, 1863); Newell, “Ours”: Annals of the 10th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, 224.

  12. Benjamin Borton, On the Parallels; or, Chapters of Inner History, a Story of the Rappahannock (Woodstown, NJ: Monitor-Register Print, 1903), 177–78; Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg, 83; Chase to Samuel S. Chase (August 5, 1863), in Yours for the Union, 268; Geary to Mary Geary (July 5, 1863), in A Politician Goes to War, 100; John Y. Foster, “Four Days at Gettysburg,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 28 (February 1864), 381; McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” 251; Benton, As Seen from the Ranks, 59–60; Jenny Eyster Jacobs, “Memoir of Gettysburg Battle” (1913), in Gregory A. Coco Collection, Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files [#b71–156]; Snipes, “The Improper Placement of the 8th Ohio Monument,” 73–75.

  13. Jacobs, Memoirs, 61; McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” 251–52; “The National Cemetery,” Philadelphia Inquirer (January 30, 1864); “The National Cemetery,” in Revised Report made to the Legislature of Pennsylvania, Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg (Harrisburg, PA: Singerly & Myers, 1867), 175; Adams County Sentinel (August 25, 1863), in Frank Klement, “ ‘These Honored Dead’: David Wills and the Soldiers’ Cemetery at Gettysburg,” in The Gettysburg Soldiers’ Cemetery and Lincoln’s Address (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 1993), 4; Francis T. Hoover to Jane Ann Hedley (September 25, 1863), in Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files [#8–18d].

  14. Klement, “ ‘These Honored Dead’: David Wills and the Soldiers’ Cemetery at Gettysburg,” 5–7; Sheldon, When the Smoke Cleared at Gettysburg, 229–31.

  15. History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania (Chicago: Warner, Beers, 1886), 172–73; Frassanito, Early Photography at Gettysburg, 341.

  16. “Report of David Wills” and “Report of Samuel Weaver” (March 19, 1864), in Report of the Select Committee Relative to the Soldiers’ National Cemetery (Harrisburg, PA: Singerly & Myers, 1864), 6–7, 39–41; Creighton, Colors of Courage, 154–55; James M. Paradis, African Americans and the Gettysburg Campaign (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), 57; Mark H. Dunkelman, Gettysburg’s Unknown Soldier: The Life, Death, and Celebrity of Amos Humiston (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999), 155; Wills to Lincoln (November 2, 1863), Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress; Louis A. Warren, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Declaration: A New Birth of Freedom (Fort Wayne, IN: Lincoln National Life Foundation, 1964), 39–47.

  EPILOGUE

  1. Welles, diary entry for July 7, 1863, in Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:363–64; “Great Jubilation—Speeches by the President, Secretary Stanton, Gen. Halleck and Others,” New York Times (July 8, 1863).

  2. Lincoln, “Response to a Serenade” (July 7, 1863), in Collected Works, 6:319–20.

  3. Lincoln, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois” (January 27, 1838), “Fragment on Government” (1854), “Speech at Chicago, Illinois” (July 10, 1858), “Speech at New Haven, Connecticut” (March 6, 1860), and “Speech in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania” (February 22, 1861), in Collected Works, 1:113, 2:221, 499–500, 4:24, 239.

  4. “Conversation with Hon. O. H. Browning” (June 17, 1875), in An Oral Biography of Abraham Lincoln, 5.

  5. Lincoln, “To James C. Conkling” (August 26, 1863), in Collected Works, 6:410.

  6. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 285–86; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:561, 569.

  7. “The National Necropilis,” New York Herald (November 20, 1863); “The Presidential Party en Route for Gettysburg,” Daily National Republican (November 19, 1863); Henry C. Cochrane, “With Lincoln to Gettysburg” (1907), Gettysburg Magazine 42 (July 2010), 117; Gerald Bennett, The Gettysburg Railroad Station: A Brief History (Gettysburg: Gettysburg Railroad Station Restoration Project, 2006), 17.

  8. “ ‘Gettysburg’ Celebration—Our Great National Cemetery,” Philadelphia Inquirer (November 20, 1863); “Our Great National Cemetery—Its Dedication and Consecration,” Christian Recorder (November 28, 1863); Robert McLean, “About in Gettysburg—1863,” Gettysburg Compiler (June 30, 1909); Warren, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Declaration, 80–81; Everett, “The Battles of Gettysburg,” in
Klement, The Gettysburg Soldiers’ Cemetery and Lincoln’s Address, 217.

  9. Mary Todd Lincoln interview (September 1866), in Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews and Statements About Abraham Lincoln, eds. Douglas Wilson and Rodney O. Davis (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 360; Grow, in Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, first session (July 4, 1861), 4; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:570; Lucas E. Morel, Lincoln’s Sacred Effort: Defining Religion’s Role in American Self-Government (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000), 46.

  10. de Maistre, “Study on Sovereignty,” in The Works of Joseph de Maistre, ed. Jack Lively (New York: Schocken, 1965), 103, 107; Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer (New York: Duffield, 1908), 51–52.

  11. Leopold, King of the Belgians, to Ferdinand Maximilian (October 25, 1861) in A. R. Tyrner-Tyrnauer, Lincoln and the Emperors (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962), 65–67; Cobden, “The American War” (November 24, 1863), in Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P., eds. John Bright and J. E. T. Rogers (London: Macmillan, 1870), 2:107; Bright, “Canada” (March 13, 1865), in Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by John Bright, M.P., ed. J. E. T. Rogers (London: Macmillan, 1868), 1:141; Hay, diary entry for May 7, 1862, in Inside Lincoln’s White House, 20.

  12. Warren, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Declaration, 120; Klement, “The Music at Gettysburg,” in The Gettysburg Soldiers’ Cemetery and Lincoln’s Address, 208; William H. Herndon (July 19, 1887), in Emmanuel Hertz, ed., The Hidden Lincoln, from the Letters and Papers of William H. Herndon (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1940), 192; Hay, diary entry for November 19, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s White House, 113; Colver, “Reminiscences of the Battle of Gettysburg,” 179–80; Charles Baum, “Memoir of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address” [CWVFM-5], Special Collections, Gettysburg College.