America Right or Wrong

by Lieven, Anatol;

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  Index

  A

  Abbot, Abiel, 194

  Abortion, 6, 20, 128, 133, 134, 146

  Abrams, Elliott, 185

  Abu Ghraib, 116–17

  academia, American, 23, 26, 158, 212

  Afghanistan

  war in, 20, 22, 24, 66, 68, 161, 169, 176

  withdrawal from, 68

  Ajami, Fouad, 13

  Aksakov, Konstantin, 31

  Albright, Madeleine, 30, 64

  Allen, A. A., 126

  Almond, Mark, 162

  al Qaeda, 13, 157, 167

  and the war on terrorism, 4, 22, 122

  American Creed/Thesis, 7, 9. See also under myth, nationalistic; nationalism

  absolutist nature of, 49

  adherence to, 50, 114

  antithesis to, 6, 9, 34, 37, 113–14, 209

  and conformism, 52–53, 55

  and democracy, 9, 216

  elements of, 48–49, 73, 115

  importance of, 9, 50–51

  messianic aspects of, 161

  and Middle East policy, 183, 186, 188

  and religion, 54

  rhetoric around, 63

  American Enterprise Institute, 68, 162

  anti-Americanism, 13–15, 182, 192, 213

  anti-Communism, 137–38, 141, 148, 168

  anti-European attitudes, 136, 182

  anti-Muslim, 24, 25, 60, 217

  anti-Semitism, 14, 137, 152, 182, 194, 198, 204–5, 209–15, 268n133

  anxieties, nationalistic, 8–9, 28, 79–80, 85, 110

  Arabs/Arab states, 13, 15, 89, 112, 179, 181, 185–86, 191, 193, 199–208, 212

  hostility towards, 89

  nationalism and, 13, 15, 178

  Arab Spring, 65, 181, 183, 186

  Arendt, Hannah, 200, 215

  Armey, Dick, 145, 186–87

  Ash, Timothy Garton, 24, 182

  Ashcroft, John, 115, 153, 154

  Assimilation, 34, 38–39, 51, 136, 201, 215. See also immigration

  Atlantic City Resolution (1944), 200

  Auden, W. H., 56

  B

  Baathist regime, 4, 123

  Bacevich, Andrew, 20

  Bachmann, Michelle, 75, 88, 151. See also Tea Party leaders

  and the Constitution, 74, 77

  and “dominion” theology, 127, 151

  and religion, 10, 88, 134, 143.

  Baptists, Southern, 105, 107, 115, 128, 130

  as premillennialists, 149

  and the Republican Party, 143

  Bell, Daniel, 84, 137

  Bellah, Robert, 54

  Ben-Gurion, David, 203

  Bennett, William J., 23, 27, 29, 146

  Bercovitch, Sacvan, 49

  Bible Belt, 102, 144, 151, 190

  Biltmore Program (1942), 200

  Bismarck, Otto, 82, 167

  Blacks. See also Obama, race

  assimilation/conformity of, 6, 38, 41–43, 44, 55, 61, 94

  and black revolution (1960s), 137

  fears/hostility to, 8, 93, 94, 103, 108, 134–35, 146

  and the military, 41–42, 43

  political representation of, 40, 44, 62, 77, 102, 108, 138

  and religion, 144

  representation in media, 42–43, 84, 109

  in the South, 78, 94, 97, 100–102, 105–8, 110, 127

  treatment of/attitudes towards, 39–40, 77–78, 87, 89, 103, 106, 110, 146

  Blair, Tony, 11, 145, 181, 193

  Bloom, Sam, 156

  Bolton, John, 163, 170, 174

  Borchgrave, Arnaud de, 205

  Boyer, Paul, 152, 153

  Boykin, William G. “Jerry,” 153–54

  Brock, William R., 17

  Brown, Jerry, 194

  Bryan, William Jennings, 81, 99, 130, 141

  Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 186

  Buchanan, Patrick, 85, 86

  Burg, Avraham, 191, 213

  Bush, George H. W., 22, 189, 261n40

  Bush, George W., 58, 63, 122, 148, 153

  e
lection campaign of, 22, 24, 65

  foreign policy/strategy of, 3, 160, 173, 183–84, 190, 192

  image of, 53, 58, 97

  influences on, 94

  and nationalistic myth, 52, 63

  as religious, 132–33

  Bush II administration, 40, 115–16, 158–59, 162, 217

  domestic policies of, 28, 83, 120

  and exploitation of 9/11, 19, 24, 83, 161

  foreign policy of, 1–2, 8, 13, 63, 156, 167, 170, 174

  influences on, 20, 102, 157, 170–71, 216

  Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 193, 205

  Middle East policy of, 25, 65, 196–97

  and religion, 131–32, 148, 153–54

  rhetoric of, 3, 6, 20, 56, 65, 66–68, 170

  and war on terrorism, 4–5, 56, 63, 64, 156

  C

  capitalism, 1, 27–28, 49, 73, 86–87, 104, 111, 130, 133, 137, 218, 220

  and the Republican Party/Tea Parties, 28, 74, 130

  and the rise of China, 167

  and traditional society, 12, 69, 131, 147

  Carter, Jimmy, 72, 145, 185, 199, 204, 209–10

  Cash, W. J., 98, 102, 103

  Catholicism, 34, 41, 87, 89, 96, 99

  church of, 34, 141, 143, 149

  Catholics, 86, 87–96, 138–41, 144, 147, 166

  and French Republic, 33, 34

  immigrants, 99, 135, 136

  Chechen war, 167, 205

  Cheney, Dick, 17, 97, 154, 164, 174–75

  Cheney, Lynne, 17, 23, 26, 60, 62

  Cherry, Conrad, 31

  China, 122, 168, 220, 227n84

  assimilation in, 38, 45

  and India, 36–37, 79

  in the Middle East, 182

  and nationalism, 4, 15, 50, 125, 167–68, 170

  rise of, 1–2, 8, 70, 82, 126, 150, 167, 168, 210, 220

  U.S. policy/attitude towards, 13–15, 32, 68, 70–73, 135, 148–50, 168–71, 177–78, 191, 220

  in U.S. literature, 166

  Christian Right, 40, 61, 75, 141–42, 145, 146, 148, 150, 158, 175

  and cultural change, 8, 137, 148

  and Israel, 89, 186, 189–90, 210, 212

  leaders, 149, 154

  and nationalist attitudes, 145, 148

  political influence of, 131, 134, 145–46

  churches, 40, 87, 93, 105, 111, 128–30, 134, 141–44, 149, 190. See also Catholicism

  functions of, 127, 129, 142–43

  Churchill, Winston, 163

  civilizational empires, 13, 37–39, 41, 48–51, 55, 134, 220

  civil religion, 54

  civil rights, 53, 78, 79, 101, 107, 146

  Civil War, U.S., 94, 96, 97, 99, 101–4, 107–13, 134, 138–40, 146, 165

  Clarke, Jonathan, 159

  Clarke, Richard, 170

  class antagonism, 138

  Clinton, Bill, 11, 20, 28, 143

  administration of, 64–65, 122, 156, 170, 171, 174, 185

  international policies of, 75, 122, 156, 209, 217

  Cobban, Alfred, 163

  Coben, Stanley, 136

  Cohen, Richard, 53

  Cohn, Norman, 152

  Cold War

  and China, 161, 166, 169–70, 219

  and fear of domestic threats, 10, 39, 157–58, 161, 163

  and influences on nationalism, 83, 156, 159, 162

  and Russia, 63, 151, 163–64, 176

  and U.S. military, 72, 121, 157

  colonial America, 7, 81, 94, 115, 214

  economy of, 108

  population of, 11, 18, 84, 87, 129

  communism, 32, 48, 49, 56, 62, 67, 73, 122, 152, 171–72. See also Cold War

  fall of, 38, 66, 72, 73, 157, 163, 167

  fear/dislike of, 10, 25, 126, 163

  U.S. fight against, 38, 41, 54, 66–70, 84, 134, 148, 152, 157, 161–64, 217

  Confederacy, 102, 110, 140

  conformism, 52, 53, 55–56, 59, 60, 74, 88, 94, 129

  of attitude/thought, 55, 162

  in education, 55, 62

  and racial diversity, 40, 62

  Congress, U.S., 32, 63, 102, 121, 137, 169, 170, 175

  deadlock in, 6

  elections, 78, 146

  and Israel, 179–80, 183, 185, 186, 190, 191, 210, 211

  voting in, 121, 131

  conscription, 35, 41, 138, 165

  conservatism, 28, 76, 92, 98, 100, 103, 129, 130

  neoconservatism, 159, 160

  radical, 8–9, 11, 83, 85–86

  Constitution, U.S., the, 1–2, 19–20, 56, 73–74, 78–79, 121, 159–60, 177, 218

  Tea Parties and, 6–7, 75, 118, 145, 165

  values of, 5, 6–7, 46, 60, 68–69

  worship of, 2, 7, 51, 75–76, 77–78, 79–80, 113

  consumerism, 48, 126

  Coughlin, Charles, 137

  Coulter, Ann, 26, 139, 163

  Council on Foreign Relations, 35, 151

  Cox Committee, 170

  Crevecoeur, Hector St. Jean, 52, 130

  Croly, Herbert, 18, 205

  cultural pluralism, 129, 162

  D

  decadence, 23, 28, 93, 101, 134–35

  defeat and nationalism, 9, 19–21, 58, 83–84, 86, 99, 104, 137–39, 147, 175, 211–12

  in China, 15

  in France, 35–36

  by natural forces, 98–99

  in the South, 98, 104, 107, 110–11, 113, 146

  de Gaulle, Charles, 32, 34

  DeLay, Tom, 122, 170, 184, 186–87, 190

  Democracy, 3, 30, 34, 50, 56, 63, 74, 93, 161, 168, 210, 217

  attachment to, 6, 9, 33, 70, 137, 161

  and China, 70, 161, 168, 170, 173, 174, 220

  Herrenvolk, 37–38, 41, 51, 93, 110

  and India, 36–37, 51

  and Middle East, 161, 181, 196

  and nationalism, 2, 48–49

  spreading of, 33, 65, 66, 70, 72, 123, 167, 172, 173, 207

  Democrats, 40, 45, 100, 102, 146

  character of, 6, 14, 28, 46, 99, 102, 143, 145, 153, 156, 183–84

  criticism/rejection of, 5, 11, 24, 26, 101, 109

  and Israel, 180–81, 183–84, 186, 190, 195

  policies of, 40, 46, 102, 138, 166, 171, 177, 180, 183

  Depression (19th century), 83, 119, 133, 137

  Dershowitz, Alan, 202, 203, 214

  dissidents, American, 50, 54, 55

  “Dominion” theology, 127, 151

  Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 31

  E

  Eastwood, Clint, 42–43, 59

  Eban, Abba, 201, 208

  education, 42, 120, 218

  and the Middle East, 213

  and nationalism, 34, 60–61, 62, 93, 146, 177

  and poverty, 152

  Egypt, 181, 196, 206, 207, 210

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 41, 45, 54, 56, 64, 83, 86, 119, 147, 166, 176, 177, 189

  administration of 1, 11

  Eldar, Akiva, 213

  elites, 12, 27–28, 32–35, 36–40, 92, 152–54

  European, 19, 22–23

  hostility towards, 92–93, 138–39

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 47

  End of the Age, The (Robertson), 150

  End to Evil, An (Frum, Perle), 132, 160

  enemy, 90, 154, 162, 195

  capability of, 166

  post-Cold War, 163, 170

  religious, 154, 158

  as universal, 14–15, 202

  environmental policy, 8, 143

  ethnic cleansing, 188, 203

  Europe, 36, 69, 79, 128, 157, 217. See also specific country

  anti-Semitism in, 182, 194, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213–15

  hostility to, 13, 15, 83, 136, 146

  mobilization in, 164

  Muslims in, 22, 134, 210–11, 214–15

  nationalism in, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19–22, 28, 30, 35–38, 81–85, 86, 144, 197, 216–19

  U.S. compared with, 10, 12, 19–22, 23–25, 27–28, 32, 38, 59, 78, 82, 91, 100, 116, 117, 131, 140, 142,
144–46, 149, 180–81

  U.S relations with, 9, 13, 19, 24–25, 52, 85, 89, 91, 100, 121, 124, 144, 161–62, 182, 186, 192

  European Union (EU), 33, 35, 151, 211

  expansion of, 182, 211

  Security Strategy (2003), 176

  Evangelicalism, 127. See also fundamentalist religions

  exceptionalism myth, 5, 18–19, 30, 58

  Exodus (Uris), 196

  Expansionism, 94

  F

  Falwell, Jerry, 134, 148–50, 152, 154, 189

  Fehrenbach, T. R., 95, 104, 187, 195, 201

  Feuerlicht, Roberta, 185, 209

  Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 31, 82

  FitzGerald, Frances, 59–60

  flag, as symbol, 4, 17, 29, 62, 64, 95, 111, 121

  Ford, Gerald, 70, 145, 157

  Ford, John, 42, 139–40

  foreigners/foreign influences, 3, 9, 45, 75, 100. See also immigrants

  foreign policy, U.S., 48, 72, 121–22. See also international policies/treaties; specific country/conflict

  character of, 7, 47, 62

  underlying principles of, 67, 72, 122

  Fox News, 14, 20, 25–26, 43, 70, 89, 125, 162

  France

  cultural dominance of, 32, 82

  military history of, 22, 36

  nationalism of, 22, 33–34, 35–36

  as “universal nation,” 32

  Franklin, Benjamin, 87, 148

  Freedom House, 70–71

  French Revolution, 10, 21, 32, 33, 34, 69, 93

  Frontier culture, 35, 87, 89–90, 91, 129

  defeat in, 98

  and Israel, 195

  violence/warfare in, 91, 95

  Frum, David, 26, 160, 162

  Fukuyama, Francis, 48

  Fulbright, William J., 53

  fundamentalist religions. See also Christian Right

  and churches’ role, 126, 142

  and cultural change, 9, 11, 131

  geographical regions of 11, 84, 105, 127, 128, 144

  and Israel, 185, 188

  millenarianism, 66, 150, 153

  and moral fear, 25, 129

  nationalism in, 7, 10, 104, 141

  origins of, 128, 130

  and politics, 8, 76, 90, 125, 128, 130, 146

  G

  Gaza Strip, 180, 181, 186, 191, 196, 206–7, 208, 268n128. See also under Israel; West Bank

  Geller, Pam, 163

  General Will, American, 112–18

  Geneva Convention, 208

  Germany

  nationalism in, 8, 21, 31, 84

  radical conservatism in, 86

  Gingrich, Newt, 24, 25, 68, 85, 90, 93, 94, 102, 170, 184, 207

  Goldmann, Nahum, 198, 200, 202

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 151

  Gore, Al, 20, 65, 101, 143

  Graham, Billy, 40, 41, 142, 148, 153, 154

  Graham, Franklin, 148, 154

  Great Britain, 31, 50, 67, 145

  and imperialism, 87, 140, 160, 165