The Apollo Chronicles
Page 39
orbital paths, 43,57
Osgood, Cathy, 32,33,111
Outer Space Treaty of 1967, 181–182
pad test, 192
Parnell, Tom, 50–51,193–194
Patched Conic Technique, 70
Pegasus satellite, 102f,106–107
Petrone, Rocco, 217
pitch rotation, 69
pogo effect, 74,107,145,149,152–153,177. See also combustion instability
Pohl, Henry
accumulating NASA responsibility, 27
on Apollo 13 near tragedy, 200
on Apollo 1 tragedy, 138
on Apollo spacecraft interior, 130–131
childhood of, 6–7
considers return to Huntsville, 79
control thrusters and, 99,125–126,200
on criteria for successful launch, 37
developing model rockets, 27–28,29f,78
as director of engineering, 215–216
early career of, 14–15
on Faget feedback, 95
first encounter with von Braun, 50
in Houston, 77–79
joining Propulsion and Power group, 79
joining Test Lab, 15
as movie producer, 28
on NASA bureaucracy, 236–237
on NASA culture, 233
on NASA leaders, 234
on one-page work summaries, 86
overseeing explosives on Apollo, 155–156
photograph of, 228f
reacting to Kennedy’s challenge, 48
on repeating Apollo program, 238
in retirement, 228–229
on Saturn test, 26
on teamwork atmosphere, 235
on Thibodaux, 79
on von Braun, 49
pressurized space flight, 102–103
probe. See unmanned probe
programmable computer. See computers
Project Horizon, 24
Project Overcast, 1–2
Project Paperclip, 2
R-7 rocket, 16–17
race, mixing of in NASA’s early years, 32–33
racial equality, 130
racial segregation, 77,96–97
radar systems, 91
radiation. See space radiation
Ranger 3 probe, 70
Ranger 4 probe, 70
Ratcliff, Wesley, 109,193–194,211
receiving laboratory, 189–190
Redstone Arsenal’s ballistic missile program, 12,15
re-entry, heating of, 34–35
Rees, Eberhard, 217
rendezvous at the Moon. See also earth orbit rendezvous; lunar orbit rendezvous
description of, 110–112
first attempt for, 112–114
return-on-investment
computer development, 219
Earth-orbiting satellites, 218
medical technology, 219
semiconductor chips, 220
upgraded food safety, 218–219
Rice University, 51
Rocketdyne company, 74
rockets
Army vs. Navy, 19–20
fuel, 40–41,49,74,85,144,152–153,176
and gravity, 20
movement of, 55,76
stages during flight, 20
worldwide fascination of, 9
roll rotation, 69
rovers, 207–208
Russia. See Soviet Union
Russian cosmonauts. See also American astronauts; Soviet rocket program
loss of, 137
Nikita Khrushchev and, 81
Salyut I, 211–212
Saturn rockets
combustion instability, 79,84–86
destroying themselves, 27–28
direct ascent debates about, 42–43
launch pad design, 113–114
scale models of, 27–28
static test phase, 26–27
Saturn V, first stage
first launch of, 145
fuel for, 72–74
pogo effect, 149
static test firing, 102f
testing of, 99–102
Saturn V, second stage
combining oxygen with hydrogen, 74–75
first launch of, 145
testing of, 102,127
trimming weight from, 127–128
Saturn V, third stage
testing of, 140–141
weld-line problems, 140–141
Saturn V rocket
aerial view of fully stacked, 142f
“all up” test, 144–145
combustion instability, 74
dynamic test stand for, 100
engine cracks, 86
engine failures, 153
first launch of, 141
instrument unit, 143f
maiden voyage of, 144–145
numerics of, 150
photograph of, 134f
range safety decision, 149
second launch of, 149–151
sense of balance, 141–142
simulated countdown, 135–136
testing of, 99
transporting, 128
weight of, 127–128
Schmitt, Harrison, 206–207,211
Schweickart, Russell “Rusty,” 161
Scott, David, 124
See, Elliot, 123–124
segregation. See racial segregation
Shea, Joe, 131,135,137
Shepard, Alan, 47
simulated countdown, 135–136
simulations. See space simulations
six degrees of freedom, 69
Skylab program, 214
solar flares, 167,181,225
solar wind, 205
sonic effects, 26–27
sonic measurements, 27
soviet rocket program. See also Luna series; Russian cosmonauts
accomplishments of, 30–31
catastrophes of, 30
embracing automated systems, 91
launching first human into space, 45
launching Vostok craft, 45
Salyut I space station, 211–212
successful docking mission, 174–175
successful unmanned missions around the Moon, 157,159
Zond spacecraft, 133,157,159
Soviet Union
condolences on Apollo 1 tragedy, 137
conscripting German rocket scientists, 15–16
joint space exploration, 82
Khrushchev discovering rocket program, 16
Khrushchev removed from power, 83
launching first artificial satellite, 16–17
Soyuz capsule, 137
“Space, Science, and Urban Life” conference, 64
spacecraft
air inside of, 102–103
design of, 33–36
testing of, 99–102
Space Exploration Initiative, 224–225
Space Launch System, 222,224
Space Policy Directive, 224
space race, 22,30
accelerating, 54–55
challenges of, 25–26
end of, 133,159–160,168
engineers wanting to join, 236
space radiation, 25–26,189,209,225. See also cosmic rays
Space Shuttle program, 215,217
space sickness, 160–161,176
space simulations
Apollo simulators, 121–123
astronauts in, 120
field of, 120–123
star ball, 122–123
space station, 49,175,212,220,225
spacesuits, 91–92,104,126–127,136,208
Space Task Group, 31–33,52
space travel, long-duration, 209,225
space walk, 103–104,126
speed, absolute versus relative, 177
Sputnik, 16–18,19
Sputnik II, 20
spy satellites, 63,64
Stafford, Thomas, 127
star ball, 122f,122–123
static test firing, 15,102f
static test st
and, 15,100,101f,222–223
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 96,130
Stuhlinger, Ernst, 25–26,106–107,186
Super Guppy, 128,129f
surveyor program, 70,90–91,119,194f
survival couch, 35–36,36f
teletype machine, 56–57,140,154
temperature extremes in space, 25–26,161–162
Tereshkova, Valentina, 81
Thibodaux, Guy, 21,22,74,79,203,232
Thomson, Jerry, 79
thruster rockets. See control thrusters
Time magazine, 168–169
titanium tanks, testing of, 125–126
Titan rocket, 98
trajectories to the Moon, 69–70
“Trip around the Moon” (television program), 13–14
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 3–4
turbopumps, 26
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 148
University of Houston, 71,99,140
unmanned probe
entering lunar orbit, 131–132
landing on lunar surface, 118–119
unmanned test, 40–41
Urey, Harold, 81
U.S. Centers for Disease Control, 219
USS Guavina, 4–6
U.S. Space and Rocket Center, 224
USSR. See Soviet Union
V-2 weapon, 3f,3–4
vacuum chamber, 104–105. See also environmental chamber
Vanguard rocket, 19,21,22
Vertical Assembly Building, 222,223f
Vietnam War, 129–130,147,158,195,210–211,212
Vision for Space Exploration, 224–225
Von Braun, Werner
in Alabama, 12–14
countering negative space narrative, 83–84
on cover of Life magazine, 20–21
death of, 217
dialogue between science and religion, 83–84
on Dick Cavett show, 216–217
on electrical workers strike, 76
engineering skills of, 234
entering lunar landing model, 91
Faget and, 172
family of, 210
father of, 12
at Fort Bliss, 1,2
on the future of space program, 129
Gilruth on, 53
on hydrogen fueled rockets, 74
with John F. Kennedy, 82f
joining NASA, 25
Kraft and, 53
on landing on the Moon, 48
love-frustration relationship with Alabama home, 77
on Mercury program, 87
as national figure, 12,24
Nazi past of, 1–2,98,216–217
at Newcastle Army Base, 1
on non-rocket technology, 50
on orbital spying, 14
organization structure, 49–50,234
Patriot of the Year award, 24
photograph of, 13f
Pohl and, 49,50
pop-in approach to management, 50
against racism, 77,97
reassigned to NASA headquarters, 210
retiring from NASA, 210–211
on Saturn V maiden voyage, 145
shuttle program support, 170–171
speaking on new projects, 172
supporting one-ship approach, 68
surrendering to American forces, 1
tempering media on projected Moon landing, 180
temper of, 50–51
on “Trip around the Moon,” 13–14
unflattering facts on, 83
on welding process, 128
Worlund and, 85–86
writing for general public, 13–14
during WWII, 3–4
Voskhod spacecraft, 83
Voyager project, 171
Wallace, George, 96–97,151
Wallops Island, 22
Webb, James, 44,96–97
Weber, Joe, 209
weightlessness in space, 22,25–26
welding process, clean room environment for, 128
Wells, Cynthia, 108,201,213
White, Ed, 104,136
White Sands Proving Grounds, 3f
“Why Land on the Moon” (pamphlet), 80
Wolfe, Tom, 54,66
World War II
Faget during, 4–6
German U-boats in Gulf of Mexico, 10
kamikaze attacks, 4
von Braun during, 3–4
Worlund, Len, 85–86
Wussler, Robert, 180
Yaw rotation, 69
Young, Ken, 72,112
Zond spacecraft, 133,149,157