48. AC, 12–1, 2232.
49. Ezekiel Bacon to ST, October 13, 1812, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 14. See also statement of Alexander Smyth, [late 1812], in ASP: MA, 1:497.
50. See, for example, Thomas Pinckney to SW, September 24, 1814, and George W. Hight to JM, January 23, 1815, in WD (M221), reels 62 and 65; Timothy Upham to SW, December 7, 1814, in WD (M222), reel 14; George Izard to SW, November 26, 1814, and January 15, 1815, in Izard, Official Correspondence, 122, 133; [SW] to John W. Eppes, December 6, 1814, in NASP: MA, 5:154–55.
51. For a general analysis of the supply system, see Marguerite M. McKee, “Service of Supply in the War of 1812,” Quartermaster Review 6 (March-April, 1927), 45–55; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775–1939 (Washington, DC, 1962), 81–180; Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801–1829 (New York, 1951), 224–32.
52. AC, 7–1, 1307.
53. A. Parker to [SW], November 29, 1809, in ASP: MA, 1:257.
54. AC, 12–1, 127, 1215, 2257–61. The quartermaster was authorized “to purchase military stores, camp equipage, and other articles requisite for the troops,” while the commissary was “to conduct the procuring and providing of all arms, military stores, clothing, and generally all articles of supply requisite for the military service.” AC, 12–1, 2258–59.
55. JM to William Wirt, September 30, 1813, in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, 9 vols. (New York, 1900–1910), 8:264. See also SW to Thomas Pinckney, June 13, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 5.
56. See, for example, James Winchester to SW, November 20, 1812, J. Bryant to Willis Alston, January 27, 1813, William Blackledge to SW, January 19, 1813, Thomas Pinckney to SW, December 31, 1812, and February 23, 1813, in WD (M221), reels 49, 50, and 55; Stephen Van Rensselaer to Henry Dearborn, September 1, 1812, in Solomon Van Rensselaer, A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown: In the War of 1812 (New York, 1836), 37–38.
57. SW to Jacob Brown, June 19, 1814, in Ernest A. Cruikshank, ed., Documents Relating to the Invasion of the Niagara Peninsula by the United States Army, Commanded by General Jacob Brown, in July and August, 1814 (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, [1920?]), 36.
58. Thomas Jesup to ———, September 8, 1814, in Jesup Papers (LC).
59. The ration was mandated by Congress. See AC, 12–1, 2230.
60. Statement of Winfield Scott, [July, 1814], in WD (M221), reel 66.
61. Ibid.
62. Samuel T. Anderson to SN, October 8, 1812, in Dudley and Crawford, Naval War 1: 323; Jeffrey Kimball, “The Fog and Friction of Frontier War: The Role of Logistics in American Offensive Failure during the War of 1812,” Old Northwest 5 (Winter, 1979), 323–43; Max Rosenberg, The Building of Perry’s Fleet on Lake Erie, 1812–1813 (Harrisburg, 1950), ch. 2; Philip Lord, Jr., “The Mohawk/Oneida Corridor: The Geography of Inland Navigation across New York,” in David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds., The Sixty Years’ War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814 (East Lansing, 2001), 275–90.
63. Alexander Smyth to Henry Dearborn, November 9, 1812, and William Winder to Smyth, November 7, 1812, in ASP: MA, 1:497, 509.
64. Testimony of Dr. W. M. Ross, [fall, 1813], in James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1816), 3:111, 308.
65. Edmund P. Gaines to SW, [late 1814], in WD (M222), reel 11.
66. Morgan Lewis to SW, November 22, 1814, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); Jacob Brown to SW, November 28, 1814, in Brown Papers (LC). For other evidence of the failure of the supply system, see William Henry Harrison to SW, December 12, 1812, Charles Boerstler to [SW], January 20, 1813, and John Graham to SW, October 20, 1814, in WD (M221), reels 45, 50 and 61; George W. Hight to SW, December 31, 1814, in WD (M222), reel 11; B. Tappan to SW, January 13, 1813, in Monroe Papers (NYPL); H. Goddard to John Cotton Smith, May 29, 1814, in Smith Papers (CHS); inspection reports of William King, October 5, 1812, Smyth to SW, October 20, 1812, statement of John R. Fenwick, December 23, 1814, and John S. Gano to William Henry Harrison, January 27, 1814, in ASP: MA, 1:491–93, 601, 657.
67. For recognition of the importance of cleanliness, see Division Orders at Fort Niagara, May 12, 1813, in WD (M222), reel 8; and James Mann, Medical Sketches of the Campaigns of 1812, 13, 14 (Dedham, 1816), 38.
68. Mann, Medical Sketches, passim.
69. Ibid. See also John Duffy, The Healers: A History of American Medicine (New York, 1976), chs. 4–8; Mary C. Gillett, The Army Medical Department, 1775–1818 (Washington, DC, 1981), ch. 1.
70. Mann, Medical Sketches, passim. The quotation is from p. 81. See also Isaac Van Voorhis to SW, December 1, 1811 (with enclosure), Francis Le Baron to SW, November 13, 1812, and March 30, 1813, in WD (M221), reels 46, 49, and 54; list of Medicine and Hospital Stores, June 30, 1813, in Esarey, Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison, 2:486.
71. SW to Adam Seybert, December 9, 1811, and Decius Wadsworth to George M. Troup, June 19, 1813, in ASP: MA, 1:303, 337; James A. Huston, The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775–1953 (Washington, DC, 1966), 114. The returns of weapons manufactured and repaired at Harpers Ferry and Springfield are scattered through WD (M221) and (M222).
72. Eli Whitney to SW, August 17, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 49; White, Jeffersonians, 226n; Jeannette Mirsky and Allan Nevins, The World of Eli Whitney (New York, 1952), ch. 17; Robert S. Woodbury, “The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts,” Technology and Culture 1 (Summer, 1960), 235–53; Huston, Sinews of War, 107.
73. Report of House Committee, December 16, 1811, in ASP: MA, 1:303; Callender Irvine to SW, March 1, 1813, in WD (M221), reel 54.
74. AC, 12–1, 238, 1376, 2297–98.
75. The best starting point for understanding artillery is Donald E. Graves, “American Ordnance of the War of 1812: A Preliminary Investigation,” Arms Collecting 31 (November, 1993), 111–20, and “Field Artillery of the War of 1812: Equipment, Organization, Tactics and Effectiveness,” Arms Collecting 30 (May, 1992), 39–48. See also the series of articles that Graves has published on the subject in War of 1812 Magazine (January, 2006)–(May, 2011); R. Alan Douglas, “Weapons of the War of 1812,” Michigan History 47 (December, 1963), 322–23; and Hickey, Don’t Give Up the Ship, 230–35.
76. Robert M. Reilly, United States Martial Flintlocks: A Comprehensive Illustrated History of the Flintlock in America from the Revolution to the Demise of the System (Lincoln, 1986), 51–97; René Chartrand, Uniforms and Equipment of the United States Forces in the War of 1812 (Youngstown, NY, 1992), 83–90.
77. Reilly, United States Martial Flintlocks, 123–30; Merrill Lindsay, The Kentucky Rifle (New York, 1972); G. W. Dillin, The Kentucky Rifle, 4th ed. (York, PA, 1959); Henry J. Kauffman, The Kentucky-Pennsylvania Rifle (New York, 1960); Neil L. York, “Pennsylvania Rifle: Revolutionary Weapon in a Conventional War?” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 103 (July, 1979), 302–24
78. See Spencer Tucker, Arming the Fleet: U.S. Navy Ordnance in the Muzzle-Loading Era (Annapolis, 1989), chs. 4–5, passim.
79. John C. Fredriksen, Green Coats and Glory: The United States Regiment of Riflemen, 1808–1821 (Youngstown, NY, 2000), 11–13, 43–45; Richard V. Barbuto, Long Range Guns, Close Quarters Combat: The Third United States Artillery Regiment in the War of 1812 (Youngstown, NY, 2010); 21; René Chartrand, “The US Army’s Uniform Supply ‘Crisis’ during the War of 1812,” Military Collector and Historian 40 (Summer, 1988), 64.
80. CG to LL, May 18, 1812, in Hitsman, Incredible War (updated ed.), 286.
81. Robert S. Allen, His Majesty’s Indian Allies: British Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada, 1774–1815 (1993), 120–22; Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (Toronto, 1998), ch. 3.
82. See Brereton Greenhous, “A Note on Western Logistics in the War of 1812,” Military Affairs 34 (April, 1970), 41–44; Glenn A. Steppler, “Logistics on the Canadian Frontier, 1812–1814,” Military Collector and Historian 31 (Spring, 1979), 8–10; and John R. Grodzinski, “The Vigilant Superinten
dence of the Whole District: The War of 1812 on the Upper St. Lawrence” (MA thesis, Royal Military College of Canada, 2002).
83. Chauncey to SN, November 5, 1814, in ND (M125), reel 40.
84. JM to [Thomas Jefferson], August 17, 1812, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 14; Brant, James Madison, 6:45.
85. William Hull, Memoirs of the Campaign of the Northwestern Army of the United States, A.D. 1812 (Boston, 1824), 17. See also Hull to SW, December 17, 1811, in WD (M221), reel 44.
86. Taylor Berry to James T. Eubank, August 8, 1812, in Robert C. Vitz, “James Taylor, the War Department, and the War of 1812,” Old Northwest 2 (June, 1976), 117; Hull, Memoirs of the Campaign, 17. See also Julius W. Pratt, “William Hull,” in DAB, 9:363–64.
87. Philadelphia Aurora, June 13, 1812.
88. Hull to SW, June 15, 1811, and March 6, 1812, in Ernest A. Cruikshank, ed., Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812 (Ottawa, 1912), 3, 22; Hull, Memoirs of the Campaign, 18–23.
89. Quoted in Mahan, Sea Power, 1:341. See also William Hull to SW, June 24, July 3 and 7, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 45; letter from Detroit, August 17, 1812, in Philadelphia Aurora, September 16, 1812; Thomas B. St. George to Isaac Brock, July 8, 1813, in Cruikshank, Surrender of Detroit, 44; [Smith], “Journal of William K. Beall,” 785–87; McAfee, History of the Late War, 52–58.
90. Brock to LL, August 29, 1812, in Adams, History, 2: 516–17. See also Matthew Elliott to William Claus, July 15, 1812, and Daniel Springer to Brock, July 23, 1812, in Wood, British Documents, 1:358, 376.
91. Hull to SW, August 13, 1812, in Cruikshank, Surrender of Detroit, 139–41; Hull, Memoirs of the Campaign, 72–73; McAfee, History of the Late War, 77–82; Gilpin, War of 1812 in the Northwest, 95–104.
92. Porter Hanks to William Hull, August 4, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 8. See also Louise P. Kellogg, “The Capture of Mackinac in 1812,” Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 60 (October 24, 1912), 124–45.
93. Hull to SW, August 26, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 45.
94. Lewis Cass to SW, September 10, 1812, ibid., reel 43.
95. Adams, History, 2:514.
96. Thomas Jesup to ———, August 2, 1812, in Jesup Papers (LC).
97. Mahon, War of 1812, 48–49.
98. Hull, Memoirs of the Campaign, 73; McAfee, History of the Late War, 91.
99. Sandy Antal, A Wampum Denied: Procter’s War 1812 (Ottawa, 1997), 95.
100. Brock to brothers, September 3, 1812, in Ferdinand B. Tupper, The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, rev. ed. (London, 1847), 284. See also M. C. Dixon to R. H. Bruyeres, July 8, 1812, in Wood, British Documents, 1:351.
101. Brock to Hull, August 15, 1812, in Brannan, Official Letters, 41.
102. Quoted in Gilpin, War of 1812 in the Northwest, 117. See also Hull to SW, August 26, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 45.
103. Adams, History, 2:526; Mahon, War of 1812, 50.
104. John C. Parish, ed., The Robert Lucas Journal of the War of 1812 during the Campaign under General William Hull (Iowa City, 1906)(August 16, 1812), 65. See also Lewis Cass to SW, September 10, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 43; William Hull to SW, August 26, 1812, ibid., reel 45; Brock to CG, August 17, 1812, in Wood, British Documents, 1:465–70. For additional details on the campaign, see Quimby, U.S. Army, 1:ch. 2; and Antal, Wampum Denied, chs. 3–5.
105. Edward Baynes to Isaac Brock, September 10, 1812, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 3:250; Return of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores Taken at Detroit, in Cruikshank, Surrender of Detroit, 154.
106. William Hull to Citizens of the United States, June 1, 1814, in Niles’ Register 6 (July 23, 1814), 346.
107. General Order of April 25, 1814, in Washington National Intelligencer, May 3, 1814.
108. See especially Hull, Memoirs of the Campaign, and Maria Campbell and James Freeman Clarke, Revolutionary Services and Civil Life of General William Hull . . . together with the History of the Campaign of 1812, and Surrender of the Post of Detroit (New York, 1848). Campbell was Hull’s daughter and Clarke his grandson.
109. Nathan Heald to Thomas H. Cushing, October 23, 1812, in Brannan, Official Letters, 84–85; Walter K. Jordan to Betsy Jordan, October 12, 1812, in Esarey, Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison, 2:165; McAfee, History of the Late War, 98–101; Gilpin, War of 1812 in the Northwest, 127–28; Quimby, U.S. Army, 1:49–50; R. David Edmunds, “Redefining Red Patriotism: Five Medals of the Potawatomis,” Red River Historical Review 5 (Spring, 1980), 18–19.
110. Pittsburgh Mercury, reprinted in Philadelphia Aurora, September 12, 1812.
111. Zachary Taylor to William Henry Harrison, September 10, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 44; Quimby, U.S. Army, 1:94–101.
112. J. G. Jackson to JM, August 31, 1812, and Isaac Shelby to [SW], September 5, 1812, in WD (M221), reels 46 and 48; petition from Harrison County (IN), December 24, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 6; E. Munger to John S. Gano, August 23, 1812, in Philadelphia Aurora, September 9, 1812.
113. SW to William Henry Harrison, September 1, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 6.
114. SW to Harrison, September 17, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 6; John Gibson to William Hargrove, August 20, 1812, in Esarey, Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison, 2:91; Richard M. Johnson to JM, September 18, 1812, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 14; Mahon, War of 1812, 64–66.
115. SW to Ebenezer Denny, September 1, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 6; James Morrison to Henry Clay, December 24, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 6.
116. Washington National Intelligencer, November 8, 1813. Harrison’s papers teem with references to purchases of large quantities of supplies. See Esarey, Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison, 2:156–359.
117. Harrison to SW, December 12, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 45. See also James Morrison to Henry Clay, December 24, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 6; Morrison to SW, January 19, 1813, in Monroe Papers (NYPL).
118. William Henry Harrison to SW, September 27 and December 12, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 45.
119. William Henry Harrison to [SW], December 24, 1812 (with enclosures), and January 3, 1813 (with enclosures), in William Henry Harrison Papers (LC), reel 1; McAfee, History of the Late War, 162–63, 177–82. Gilpin, War of 1812 in the Northwest, 147–55.
120. Statement of American officers, February 20, 1813, in Brannan, Official Letters, 135.
121. For details on the military engagements and massacre, see William Henry Harrison to SW, January 24 and 26, 1813, Elijah McClanahan to Harrison, January 26, 1813, and Winchester to SW, February 11, 1813, in WD (M221), reels 53 and 58; Henry Proctor to Roger Sheaffe, January 25, 1813, in Wood, British Documents, 1:7–9; McAfee, History of the Late War, 211–22; Quimby, U.S. Army, 1:132–38. See also documents in ASP: MA, 1:367–75.
122. Julius W. Pratt, “Solomon Van Rensselaer” and “Stephen Van Rensselaer,” in DAB, 19:210–11; James E. Walmsley, “Alexander Smyth,” ibid., 17:373–74; Robert Malcomson, A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812 (Toronto, 2003), ch. 4.
123. Stephen Van Rensselaer to Daniel Tompkins, September 17, 1812, in Van Rensselaer, Narrative of Queenstown, 17; Malcomson Brilliant Affair, 117–20.
124. John Lovett to Joseph Alexander, October 14, 1812, and John Chrystie to Thomas Cushing, February 22, 1813, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 4:86, 95–102; letter of John Robinson, October 14, 1812, in Wood, British Documents, 1:610–14; Malcomson, Brilliant Affair, chs. 8–9.
125. Brant, James Madison, 6:91; Philadelphia Aurora, reprinted in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 4:125.
126. Van Rensselaer to [Dearborn], October 14, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 43.
127. Ibid.; Winfield Scott to SW, December 29, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 57; John Chrystie to Albert Gallatin, March 11, 1813, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26; John Chrystie to Thomas Cushing, February 22, 1813, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 4:102–3; letter of John Robinson, October 14, 1812, and General Orders of October 20, 1812, in Wood, British Documents, 1:614–17, 6
28; Malcomson, Brilliant Affair, 164–97, and “Clubbed Victory at Queenston Heights,” Military History Quarterly 19 (Spring, 2009), 64–67; Benn, Iroquois in the War of 1812, 88–99.
128. Statement of John Burkholder, October 31, 1812, in Wood, British Documents, 1:641–42; Solomon Van Rensselaer to Morgan Lewis, September 11, 1812, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 3:254.
129. Allan S. Everest, The War of 1812 in the Champlain Valley (Syracuse, 1981), 88; Thomas G. Ridout to cousin, January 5, 1813, in Matilda Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War, 1805–1815 (Toronto, 1890), 168.
130. General Orders of November 29, 1812, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 4:313.
131. William Winder to Alexander Smyth, December 7, 1812, in WD (M222), reel 6; Alexander Smyth to Henry Dearborn, December 4, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 43; statement of Peter B. Porter, December 14, 1812, in Philadelphia Aurora, December 30, 1812; Cecil Bisshop to Roger Sheaffe, December 1, 1812, and statement of Alexander Smyth, January 28, 1813 in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 4:253–56, 308–10.
132. Quoted in Tupper, Isaac Brock, 335.
133. Letter from Mifflin County volunteer (militiaman), December 3, 1812, in Philadelphia Aurora, December 25, 1812. See also New York Mercantile Advertiser, reprinted in Philadelphia Aurora, December 17, 1812; New York Evening Post, December 15, 1812; Peter B. Porter to Buffalo Gazette, December 8, 1812, reprinted in Philadelphia Aurora, December 22, 1812; Cyrenus Chapin to Solomon Van Rensselaer, December 13, 1812, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 4:301.
134. Walmsley, “Alexander Smyth,” 374.
135. George Howard to Sarah Howard, July 7, 1813, in George Howard Journal (CHS); Georgetown Federal Republican, November 26, 1813.
136. Julius W. Pratt, “Henry Dearborn,” in DAB, 5:175; Adams, History, 2:505–8; Horsman, War of 1812, 49.
137. SW to Dearborn, July 9, 1812, in Adams, History, 2:506–7. See also SW to Dearborn, August 15, 1812, in WD (M6), reel 6.
138. Zebulon Pike to Henry Dearborn, November 20, 1812, and Dearborn to SW, November 24, 1812, in WD (M221), reel 43; H. A. S. Dearborn, “The Life of Major General Henry Dearborn,” 7 vols. in MS form (MeHS), 5:passim; Everest, War of 1812 in Champlain Valley, 90–92; Quimby, U.S. Army, 1:79–84.
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