The War of 1812
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156. Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:148. The Report of the Hartford Convention is printed in Dwight, Hartford Convention, 352–79.
157. Report of the Hartford Convention, in Dwight, Hartford Convention, 361.
158. Ibid., 370.
159. Ibid., 377–78.
160. For more on the Federalist use of the slave issue during the war, see Matthew Mason, Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic (Chapel Hill, 2006), ch. 2.
161. Report of the Hartford Convention, in Dwight, Hartford Convention, 353.
162. Ibid., 378–79.
163. Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:147.
164. Otis, quoted in Morison, Urbane Federalist, 396.
165. Dwight to Timothy Pitkin, January 9, 1815, in Pitkin Papers (HL); Gore to Caleb Strong, January 14, 1815, in Lodge, George Cabot, 560.
166. Webster to ———, January 11, 1815, in Daniel Webster Papers (HU).
167. Winchester (VA) Gazette, reprinted in Salem Gazette, February 7, 1815; New York Evening Post, January 7, 1815. See also [Robert Goodloe Harper] to [Alexander Hanson], January 19, 1815, in Galloway-Maxcy-Markoe Papers (LC); William R. Davie to William Gaston, February 4, [1815], in Gaston Papers (UNC), reel 2; letter from a congressman, January 10, 1815, in Boston Columbian Centinel, January 21, 1815; Christopher Gore to Caleb Strong, January 14, 1815, in Lodge, George Cabot, 560.
168. Pickering to John Lowell, Jr., January 23, 1815, in Pickering Papers (MHS), reel 15; Sullivan to Henry D. Sedgwick, January 6, 1815, in Sedgwick Papers (MHS).
169. Boston Gazette, January 9, 1815.
170. Washington National Intelligencer, January 13, 1815; Armstrong to Joseph Desha, January 16, 1815, in Desha Papers (LC).
171. Worcester National Aegis, January 11, 1815; Boston Patriot, January 7, 1815. For similar sentiments, see Salem Essex Register, January 18, 1815; and Charles Warren, Jacobin and Junto; or, Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822 (Cambridge, 1931), 280.
172. Jackson to Monroe, January 6, 1817, in Jackson Papers (LC), reel 71.
173. State of Connecticut, Public Records, 17:254; Adams, History, 2:1117–18.
174. Otis to Gore, January 21, 1815, in Morison, “Two Letters,” 28.
175. See documents in Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., “The Massachusetts Embassy to Washington, 1815,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 48 (March, 1915), 343–51; John Cotton Smith to Calvin Goddard and Nathaniel Terry, February 4, 1815, in Smith Papers (CHS).
176. Scott to James Monroe, February 15, 1815, in Monroe Papers (NYPL).
177. Perkins to John P. Cushing, February 16, 1815, in Thomas G. Cary, Memoir of Thomas Handasyd Perkins (Boston, 1856), 219. See also Harrison Gray Otis to Sally Foster Otis, February 14, 1815, in Morison, Urbane Federalist, 390.
178. Otis to Sally Foster Otis, February 23, 1815, in Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:168.
179. ST to SW, January 14, 1815, and to Thomas B. Worthington, January 17, 1815, in WD (M221), reels 61 and 67.
180. AC, 13–3, 225, 230, 250, 1264–65, 1279. The quotation (from the stenographer) is on p. 1264. See also Georgetown Federal Republican, March 3, 1815.
181. J. R. Poinsett to James K. Polk, December 23, 1837, in ASP; MA, 7:775; James Schouler, History of the United States under the Constitution, rev. ed., 7 vols. (New York, 1894–1913), 2:508n.
182. Boston New-England Palladium, February 7 and 10, 1815.
183. AC, 13–3, 280–81, 284, 1269–70; Herman V. Ames, The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States during the First Century of Its History (Washington, DC, 1897), 46.
184. Report of New York Legislative Committee, in Niles’ Register 8 (April 8, 1815), 100. See also Report of New Jersey House, ibid. (March 4, 1815), [16].
185. Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 2:80.
Chapter 11. The Treaty of Ghent
1. There are three excellent studies of the diplomatic history of the war. The oldest account is Frank A. Updyke, The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 (Baltimore, 1915); Fred L. Engelman, The Peace of Christmas Eve (New York, 1962), is a first-rate popular study (although without documentation); and Bradford Perkins presents a brilliant and incisive modern analysis in Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823 (Berkeley, 1964).
2. See chapter 2: The Declaration of War.
3. JM to Congress, March 4, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 123. For similar sentiments, see speech of Stevenson Archer, January 6, 1813, in AC, 12–2, 597.
4. Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 3–4.
5. Davis, Jeffersonian America, 100.
6. SS to Jonathan Russell, June 26, 1812, in SD (M77), reel 2.
7. Jonathan Russell to SS, September 17, 1812, in ASP: FR, 3:594–95.
8. Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 11.
9. Jonathan Russell to SS, September 17, 1812, in ASP: FR, 3:593.
10. British Order-in-Council, October 13, 1812, in Naval Chronicle 28 (July-December, 1812), 303–5.
11. John Graham to Jonathan Russell, August 10, 1812 (with enclosure), and SS to Russell, August 21, 1812, in SD (M77), reel 2; Henry Dearborn to SW, August 9, 1812, in Ernest A. Cruikshank, ed., Documents Relating to the Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit, 1812 (Ottawa, 1912), 127–28; Articles of Agreement for an Armistice, August 21, 1812, in Cruikshank, Niagara Frontier, 3:197–98; John B. Warren to SS, September 30, 1812, and SS to Warren, October 27, 1812, in ASP: FR, 3:595–97; Anthony Baker to FS, October 31, 1812, in Foreign Office Papers 5/88 (PRO).
12. Andrei Dashkov to SS, March 8, 1813, in Bashkina et al., United States and Russia, 933–34.
13. Albert Gallatin to Alexander Baring, August 27, 1813, in SD (M36), reel 1; letter of Pavel P. Svin’in, [April, 1812], and Levett Harris to SS, October 27, 1812, in Bashkina et al., United States and Russia, 836, 894; Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., America, Russia, Hemp, and Napoleon: American Trade with Russia and the Baltic, 1783–1812 ([Columbus], 1965), ch. 14.
14. SS to Andrei Dashkov, March 11, 1813, in Bashkina et al., United States and Russia, 937.
15. SS to American commissioners, April 15, 1813, in SD (M77), reel 2. See also SS to American commissioners, April 27, 1813, ibid.
16. Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 20–21.
17. See chapter 5: Raising Men and Money.
18. SS to American commissioners, April 15, 1813, in ASP:FR, 3:695–700, and (for confidential paragraphs) in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 204–6.
19. SS to American commissioners, June 23, 1813, in SD (M77), reel 2. See also Robert Walsh to Robert Goodloe Harper, December 2, 1813, in Harper Papers (MdHS), reel 2.
20. Bayard to Andrew Bayard, February 14, 1813, in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 203.
21. SS to Albert Gallatin, May 6, 1813, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26.
22. Engelman, Peace of Christmas Eve, ch. 2.
23. FS to Henry Goulburn, October 8, 1813, in Henry Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1.
24. Alexander Baring to Albert Gallatin, July 22, 1813, in SD (M36), reel 1; John Quincy Adams to William H. Crawford, November 15, 1813, and to Abigail Adams, December 30, 1813, in Worthington C. Ford, ed., Writings of John Quincy Adams, 7 vols. (New York, 1913–17), 4:531, 534.
25. James A. Bayard, European Diary, December 14, 1813, in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 493.
26. Albert Gallatin to SS, November 21, 1813, in SD (M36), reel 1; Gallatin to SS, January 7, 1814, and to Alexander Baring, January 7, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26.
27. See American commissioners to Emperor Alexander, August 14, 1813, in Henry Adams, ed., The Writings of Albert Gallatin, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1879), 1:559–61.
28. Baring to Albert Gallatin, July 22, 1813, in SD (M36), reel 1. See also Charles King to Rufus King, January 20, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:366.
29. FS to SS, November 4, 1813, in SD (M36), reel 1.
30. See chapter 7: The Last Embargo.
31. John Quincy Adams to John Adams
, December 26, 1814, in Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, 5:253.
32. John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Adams, January 13, 1815, ibid., 267.
33. Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 59–61.
34. Reuben Beasley, quoted in Engelman, Peace of Christmas Eve, 120.
35. Letter from England, March 29, 1814, reprinted from Baltimore American in Lexington Reporter, June 18, 1814. See also Georgetown Federal Republican, June 9, 1814.
36. London Times, June 2, 1814; London Sun, quoted in Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 63. For similar sentiments, see Captain Fairman, quoted in Naval Chronicle 30 (July-December, 1813), 225; London Evening Star, reprinted in Washington National Intelligencer, April 2, 1813; Reuben Beasley to Jonathan Russell, February 16, 1813, and Thomas O’Reilly to Russell, August 5, 1814, in Russell Papers (BU); James A. Bayard to Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell, April 20, 1814, in SD (M36), reel 2; Albert Gallatin to Clay, April 22, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26; William H. Crawford to Clay, June 10, 1814, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:932; Charles Francis Adams, ed., Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 12 vols. (Philadelphia, 1874–77), (October 26, 1814), 3:58.
37. Bayard to Andrew Bayard, March 19, 1814, in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 281; Clay to SS, August 18, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5; Gallatin to SS, June 13, 1814, in SD (M36), reel 1. See also Rufus King to Gouverneur Morris, October 11 and 13, 1814, in King, Rufus King, 5:417, 419.
38. Russell to John L. Lawrence, October 7, 1814, in Russell Papers (BU).
39. Gallatin to SS, December 25, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 27; William Shaler to Jonathan Russell, December 8, 1814, in Russell Papers (BU). See also Duke of Wellington to FS, October 4, 1814, in Duke of Wellington, ed., Dispatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshall Arthur, Duke of Wellington, 15 vols. (London, 1858–72), 9:314.
40. Letter from Washington, January 28, 1813, and French Imperial Decree, April 14, 1813, in Lexington Reporter, February 20 and October 9, 1813; FS to SSWC, March 3, 1814, in Charles Vane, ed., Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, 12 vols. (London, 1848–53), 10:4; William H. Crawford to American commissioners, May 28, 1814, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:926; R. Gordon to Comte de la Forest, May 10, 1814, and to SSWC, May 19, 1814, in Wellington, Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 9:92–93; James Fowler to Admiralty, September 15, 1814, and FSA to Fowler, September 16, 1814, in Niles’ Register 8 (Supplement), 186–87; Crawford to [SS], November 1, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 26; Crawford to SS, December 16 and 21, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5; Lawrence Kaplan, Entangling Alliances with None: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson (Kent, 1987), 147–49.
41. Henry Clay to Jonathan Russell, May 1, 1814, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:887–88.
42. London Morning Chronicle, September 7, 1814. See also Naval Chronicle 32 (July-December, 1814), 247.
43. London Times, September 26 and November 21, 1814.
44. For the gambling odds, see London Morning Chronicle, December 16, 1814. For the erroneous reports, see ibid., December 24, 1814, and London Times, December 24, 1814.
45. Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, (October 12, 1814), 3:51.
46. London Morning Chronicle, November 21, 1814. For similar sentiments, see Worcester National Aegis, January 4, 1815.
47. Quoted in Engelman, Peace of Christmas Eve, 297.
48. Goulburn to SSWC, December 13, 1814, in Francis Bickley, ed., Report on the Manuscripts of Earl Bathurst, Preserved at Cirencester Park (London, 1923), 316.
49. SS to American commissioners, January 28, 1814, in SD (M77), reel 2. See also SS to American commissioners, February 14, 1814, ibid.
50. Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (November 19, 1813), 2:550.
51. Clay to [William H. Crawford], July 2, 1814, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:938.
52. Gallatin to SS, June 13, 1814, in SD (M36), reel 1; Gallatin to Emperor Alexander, June 19, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 27; Adams to John Adams, February 17, 1814, in Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, 5:22.
53. Notes of cabinet meeting, June 23, 24, and 27, 1814, in Madison Papers (LC), reel 27.
54. SS to American commissioners, June 25 and 27, 1814, in SD (M77), reel 2; Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 72.
55. Washington National Intelligencer, November 5, 1814; SS to American commissioners, June 25, 1814, in SD (M77), reel 2.
56. See FS to British commissioners, July 28 and August 14, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1; and documents in ASP: FR, 3:705–10.
57. British commissioners to American commissioners, September 4, 1814, in SD (M36), reel 1.
58. American commissioners to British commissioners, September 9, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1; British commissioners to American commissioners, September 19, 1814, in ASP: FR, 3:718.
59. American commissioners to British commissioners, September 26, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1. In fact, the administration had explicitly approved of Hull’s proclamation. See chapter 4: The Campaign of 1812.
60. British commissioners to American commissioners, October 8, 1814, in SD (M36), reel 1. See also John Quincy Adams to SS, September 5, 1814, ibid.; FS to British commissioners, July 28, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1; James A. Bayard, Memorandum of Conferences, August 27, 1814, in Donnan, Papers of James A. Bayard, 338.
61. See Samuel F. Bemis, Jay’s Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy, rev. ed. (New Haven, 1962), esp. ch. 6.
62. CG, quoted in John Sugden, Tecumseh’s Last Stand (Norman, 1985), 196.
63. Robert McDonall, quoted ibid., 205.
64. London Sun, quoted in Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 82.
65. Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (August 19, 1814), 3:18.
66. American commissioners to British commissioners, August 24, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, 2 vols. (Washington, DC, 1975), 1:39.
67. American commissioners to SS, August 19, 1814, in ASP: FR, 3:709; American commissioners to British commissioners, August 24, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1:27–37; Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (Toronto, 1998), 175.
68. Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (August 19, 1814), 3:19.
69. FS to British commissioners, July 28, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1; FS to LL, August 28, 1814, in Vane, Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, 10:100–101.
70. British commissioners to American commissioners, August 19, 1814, in SD (M36), reel 1. See also Henry Goulburn to SSWC, August 21, 1814, in Wellington, Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 9:188–89; LL to SSWC, September 14, 1814, in Bickley, Manuscripts of Earl Bathurst, 287.
71. See, for example, London Times, May 24, 1814; Portland Eastern Argus, August 18, 1814; New London Connecticut Gazette, August 17 and September 7, 1814; Quebec Gazette, reprinted in Boston Gazette, September 1, 1814; New York Evening Post, September 23, 1814.
72. Albert Gallatin to William H. Crawford, April 21, 1814, in Gallatin Papers (SR), reel 26.
73. American commissioners to British commissioners, August 24, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1.
74. Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (September 1, 1814), 3:28.
75. Goulburn to SSWC, November 26, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 2.
76. See chapter 9: The Crisis of 1814.
77. LL to Wellington, November 26, 1814, in Wellington, Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 9:456; speech of Lord Liverpool, November 21, 1814, in Parliamentary Debates, 29:368.
78. LL to Wellington, October 28, 1814, in Wellington, Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 9:384.
79. Speeches of Alexander Baring and Marquis of Lansdowne, November 21, 1814, in Parliamentary Debates, 29:383, 414. See also speeches of Earl Donoughmore and George Pon
sonby, November 21, 1814, ibid., 385, 415–16.
80. London Morning Chronicle, November 22, 1814. For similar sentiments, see Naval Chronicle 32 (July-December, 1814), 425.
81. John Quincy Adams to William H. Crawford, October 5, 1814, in Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, 5:152.
82. See Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (September 8 and 21, 1814), 3:32, 39. Clay had once reportedly bet $50,000 on a hand of cards, but the hand was never played out because “a bystander swept the cards from the table & thus broke up the game.” The story may be apocryphal, but it illustrates Clay’s reputation for high stakes gambling. See Harrison, Diary of Thomas P. Cope (May 15, 1812), 272.
83. Clay to SS, August 18, 1814, in Monroe Papers (LC), reel 5; Clay to William H. Crawford, August 22, 1814, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:972.
84. Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams, 69.
85. LL to FS, September 2, 1814, in Wellington, Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 9:214; LL to SSWC, September 15, 1814, in Bickley, Manuscripts of Earl Bathurst, 289, See also LL to FS, September 23, 1814, and LL to Wellington, September 27 and November 4, 1814, in Wellington, Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 9:278, 290, 406.
86. LL to FS, September 2, 1814, to SSWC, September 11, 1814, and to Wellington, October 28, 1814, in Wellington, Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 9:214, 240, 384.
87. British commissioners to American commissioners, September 19, 1814, in ASP: FR, 3:718. See also SSWC to Henry Goulburn, September 20, 1814, and to British commissioners, September 27, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1.
88. Clay to William H. Crawford, September 20, 1814, in Hopkins and Hargreaves, Papers of Henry Clay, 1:979.
89. British commissioners to American commissioners, October 21, 1814, in SD (M36), reel 1.
90. Ibid.
91. SSWC to British commissioners, October 17, 18 and 20, 1814, in Goulburn Papers (UM), reel 1.
92. See James A. Carr, “The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent,” Diplomatic History 3 (Summer, 1979), 273–82. The British also gave little thought to Astoria, a trading post on the Columbia River that had been sold to the British North West Company in October 1813 and then claimed by the Royal Navy two months later, or to Prairie du Chien, a frontier outpost in present-day Wisconsin that they had captured in July 1814. They occupied Cumberland Island in Georgia at the end of the war but had only just seized it in January 1815.