ZeroZeroZero
Page 41
liquid, 311, 313, 325, 336
mafia control of, 115–16, 119, 211, 217, 219, 220, 230, 236, 239, 247, 308
media coverage of, 60, 163–64, 221, 226, 238
merchandise used for, 180–81, 310–11, 327–36
money laundering for, 192–200, 222–26, 236–37, 241–57
“mules” used for, 202, 315–25, 346
overland transportation of, 21–22, 44, 52–53, 59, 61, 63, 120, 127
police operations for, 53, 60, 115–16, 208, 219–36; see also specific operations
political aspect of, 130, 154–57, 212
price of, 20, 21–22, 30–33, 118–19, 182, 197–98, 218, 314
production of, 75–76, 112–14, 125–27, 129, 157, 207–9
profits from, 44–45, 73–77, 118–19, 123–24, 127, 160, 182–83, 216–17, 292
purity of, 207–9, 235, 378
refineries for, 188, 198, 215–16, 227–28
seizure of, 64–65, 89, 119, 178–82, 192, 197–99, 207, 213, 218, 222, 233–36, 245, 289, 291, 307–9, 325–36, 343–47, 377
shipments of, 180–81, 222, 230–36, 279–81, 288–311, 318, 329–30
shooting up and snorting of, 113, 120
social impact of, 105–11
statistics on, 207–9, 314–15
in suitcases, 310, 319–20, 329
“targets” for, 114–17, 123–24
trafficking in, 19–21, 34, 37–43, 73–77, 80, 89, 127, 146–52, 160–62, 207–40, 371–78
tunnels used for, 40, 43, 127
U.S. market for, 34, 38–39, 51–53, 59, 73–77, 127, 289
white gold, 378
Cocaine Cowboys War, 360–61
cocaine hydrochloride, 75
cocaine paste, 126
cocaine sulfate, 75
cocoa, 333–34
coca leaves, 75–76, 113–14, 126, 227–28, 304–5
Colas, Stéphane, 300
Colombia:
armed forces of, 155–57, 166
banking in, 248–49
cartels in, 20–23, 33, 114, 127–29, 149–66, 186, 218, 255, 286, 293, 302–6, 357–66; see also specific cartels
cocaine trafficking in, 125–30, 142–49, 174, 291, 294–96
coca plantations in, 135, 188, 198
constitution of, 148, 151, 153, 165
demilitarized zone in, 155–56
disappearances in, 159–60
drug enforcement in, 154–66, 188–90
economy of, 128, 129–30
elections in, 154, 155–56
extraditions from, 148, 149, 151, 162–66, 221–22, 285
government of, 128, 131, 140–41, 151, 154–57, 163, 165, 166
guerrilla movements in, 132, 137–43, 152–57, 160–62, 176, 188, 189, 190
human rights violations in, 152–54, 163–64
informers in, 148–51, 157–66
Italian operations in, 131, 164, 170, 173–206, 213, 216–18, 222–23, 227–36, 247
kidnappings in, 143, 154–55, 160–62, 191, 201
Mexican operations in, 127–28, 129, 131, 152, 157, 158, 186
murders in, 144, 159–60, 165–66, 186, 191–92
narco-state of, 131, 132, 155–57, 158
paramilitary groups in, 136–42, 152–57, 160–66, 176, 184–88, 189, 190, 191–92
peasants in, 136–42, 152–54, 156
political situation in, 130, 151, 154–57, 166
torture in, 140, 160–62, 205
U.S. relations with, 127, 131, 148–49, 154–66, 189
violence in, 127, 130, 131, 140, 144, 152–66, 186, 189, 191–92, 205
see also specific cities and provinces
Colombiamoda, 159
Colombo family, 279
Coluccio family, 185
communism, 125, 132, 142, 152, 265, 266, 278, 282
concentration accounts, 256
Connoisseur (dealer), 117–24
Conrad, Joseph, 289
Conté, Ousmane, 321
Cooperativas de Vigilancia y Seguridad Privada (Special Vigilance and Private Security Services) (CONVIVIR), 141–42
Córdoba, Colombia, 136, 138, 141, 152
Coronel Villarreal, Ignacio (Nacho), 41, 53, 67, 363–64
Correa, Julio César (Julio Fierro), 145–52, 157–62
Correa Paris, Mariana, 151
Cosa Nostra, 167–68, 169, 170, 214, 233–34
Cosío Vidaurri Martínez, Sara Cristina, 31–32
cosmetic cuts, 118–19
Costa, Antonio Maria, 247
Costa Rica, 31–32, 335
Costilla Sánchez, Jorge Eduardo (El Coss), 60–61
Counter-Narcotics Group, Italian, 229–30, 234–35, 302
Counterterrorism Rapid Response units, 302
coyotes (human traffickers), 289
Credito Sammarinese Bank, 199
crematoriums, 160–61
Cristal Oro beer, 134, 148
Cruz Álvarez, Juan Alberto de la (El Juanillo), 61
Cuernavaca, Mexico, 49
Culiacán, Mexico, 39, 43, 48, 51, 53
Curaçao, 312, 313–14
Czech Republic, 272, 275–76, 277
Da Bruno restaurant massacre (2007), 168, 202
Dadeland Mall massacre (1979), 360–61
Daniel and Felipe (Colombian drug traffickers), 183–84, 190
Dakar, Senegal, 320–21
Dayton Accords (1995), 154
Del Ponte, Carla, 255, 257
De Pascale, Stefano (Lo Spaghetto), 227, 229
D’Ercole, Antonio, 299
Dereix Martínez, Martha, 137, 143, 164
Diano, Adriana, 215
Digep General Machine Works, 272
Dimitrova, Blaga, ix
DNA, 62, 98
“Doctor Travel,” 305–9
Domínguez Coello, Alejandro, 99–100
Donald Duck Snackbar, 312
Don Arturo (opium grower), 16–20, 28
dopamine, 36
Dormicum, 46
Drogas la Rebaja (Discount Drugs), 130
drug addiction, 63–64, 113, 117–22, 158
Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. (DEA), 24–34, 51–55, 61, 91–92, 148–52, 157–62, 178, 185–86, 198, 222, 223, 239, 245, 255, 280–81, 300, 321, 327, 359, 362
drug trafficking:
air transport in, 55, 190–91, 198, 202, 313
arrests and imprisonment for, 25, 31–34, 40–44, 47, 48, 53–61, 93, 97
author’s reporting on, 5–15, 78–90, 91, 168, 186–87, 240, 289–90, 310, 312–13, 337–42, 371–78
banks used by, 129, 222–26, 241, 247–52, 270–71, 274
bosses in, 5–15, 20–21, 25, 28–29, 34, 39–58, 93, 98–99, 168, 172–75
bribes and corruption by, 21, 22–23, 48, 60, 127, 221–22
cartels for, 20–21, 24, 27, 28, 29–31, 33, 34, 41–46, 49, 50–71, 89–90; see also specific cartels
children used by, 94, 96–97, 115, 127, 313, 352
competition in, 29–31, 34, 51, 57–60, 103, 125–27
dealers in, 25, 33, 112–24, 312
economic impact of, 28–29, 34, 51–52, 125–27
envy and fear in, 17–18, 28, 42–43, 47, 148, 183, 188, 196
extortion in, 64, 174, 263–66
front businesses for, 173–80, 192–93, 196–97
honor code in, 5–15, 68–69, 96–97, 200–201, 204, 264
informers in, 5–15, 19–34, 51, 59, 91–96, 131, 148–61, 213, 236
international operations of, 51–52, 377–78
kidnappings in, 66, 68, 99, 101, 102, 143, 154–55, 160–62, 169, 212, 267–68
management of, 15, 22, 29–31, 33, 53, 93–94, 125–27
media coverage of, 24, 34, 46, 53–55, 163–64
money laundering in, 48, 64, 78, 127, 129, 192–200, 251–57
paramilitary forces and, 48–49, 62–63, 80–90, 91, 93–96; see also specific forces
police operations for, 5–15, 19–34, 59, 94, 97, 99–100, 219–36; see also specific operations
political impact of, 28, 32, 37, 70–71, 100, 154–57
profits from, 21–22, 44–45, 51–52, 73–77, 118–19, 216–17
rewards offered for, 50, 92, 97, 99
risks in, 187, 219, 301, 305–9
rules of, 8–12, 65–66, 210–11, 261–62, 264, 319–20
social impact of, 61–64, 68–69, 95, 105–11
torture used in, 24–34, 45–46, 60, 67–68, 95–102, 140, 160–62, 205
trafficking methods of, 15–18, 22, 28–33, 39–43, 47, 53, 78–94, 148, 154–57
violence as result of, 20–21, 40–47, 56, 68–71, 78–90, 91, 92–103
wars in, 20–21, 34, 42–45, 50–51, 60, 65–69
women involved in, 129, 133–36, 219–26, 357–66, 367
zones designated for, 29–31, 42–43, 57–60, 93–94, 125–27
see also specific drugs and markets, 169
DuBois, Joe, 91–92
Dugan, John, 245–46
Duisburg, Germany, 168, 202
Durango, Mexico, 25, 367–70
ecstasy (drug), 51, 283
Ecuador, 102, 114, 179, 330, 333–34
Edwards, Lucy, 250–52
Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army) (ELN), 157
Ejército Popular de Liberación (Popular Liberation Army) (EPL), 140
Ejército Revolucionario Popular Antiterrorista de Colombia (Popular Revolutionary Anti-Terrorist Army of Colombia) (ERPAC), 165
El Aro, Colombia, 153–54
El Bigotito (clown), 95–96
El Búfalo plantation, 23–24
El Cincuenta y siete discothèque, 101
Eldredge, John, 61
El Hummer (head of Los Zetas in the Reynosa area), 101
Elle, 354–55
El Paso, Tex., 44, 61, 127
El Salvador, 348–56
Emilia Romagna, Italy, 195–96, 198, 251–52
Eola (sniffer dog), 345
Epaminonda, Angelo, 212
ephedrine, 119
Erythroxylum coca, 113–14
Erythroxylum novogranatense, 113–14
Escobar, Pablo (El Magico), 21, 22, 28–29, 127–29, 130, 139, 140, 142, 149, 150, 161, 164, 170, 217, 223, 239, 259, 280, 281, 294
Esparragoza Moreno, Juan José (El Azul), 41–42
Espinoza Pérez, Juan Napoleón, 354
Espinoza Ramírez, Juan Diego (El Tigre), 364, 365
ethanol, 113, 118
ether, 113, 118
Eugenio Montale nursery school, 340
Eural Trans Gas, 287
Euromaidan, 286
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 314–15
European Union (EU), 286–87, 302
Fabergé eggs, 271–72
Fainberg, Ludwig (Tarzan), 278–82
Falcone, Giovanni, 151, 192, 255
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 28, 41, 59, 80, 91–92, 222, 251, 252, 263, 268–69, 273–74, 276, 279, 284, 306, 351
Federal Judicial Police, Mexican, 31, 59, 62
Félix Gallardo, Miguel Ángel (El Padrino), 20, 21–23, 24, 25, 28–31, 32, 34, 39, 40, 57–60, 256, 362–63, 364
Ferraro, Loredana, 219, 225
FEZ (Los Zetas special forces), 95–96
Figueroa, Sandra, 329
Filiberto Fuduli, 172
Finance Guard, Italian, 229–30, 234–35, 302, 328, 329, 332, 344–45
Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy, 203
First Interamericas Bank of Panama, 129
First San Fernando Massacre (2010), 102–3
Firtaš, Dmitro, 285, 286–87
Fish Scales cocaine, 118
Fiumicino (Rome Airport), 202, 239, 327, 330, 332, 345
Florence, 344–45
Flores, Margarito and Pedro, 51
Florida, 294, 360–61
Florida Cocaine War, 360–61
“Flower Deal, The,” 235–36
Fonseca Carrillo, Ernesto (Don Neto), 20, 24, 31, 32, 39, 44
Forgione, Francesco, 204
Fortugno, Francesco, 170–71
Fox, Vicente, 69–70
France, 213, 216, 236, 291, 314, 315
Fratini, Walter, 139–40
Frispa (mule dog), 346
Fuduli, Bruno, 171–206, 292
Fuentes, Daniel, 91–92
Fuentes Ávila, José Luis, 365
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) (FARC), 33, 141, 142–43, 153–57, 176, 188, 189
Fuerzas Especiales de Arturo (FEDA), 48–49
Futur Program, 196
Gambino family, 279
García Ábrego, Humberto, 59
García Ábrego, Juan, 30, 59
García Márquez, Gabriel, 129
García Simental, Teodoro (El Teo), 366–67
Garza Ayala, Víctor, 368
Gaviria, Alejandro, 248
Gaviria, Lucia, 135–36, 137, 143–48, 157–60
Gazprom, 285–86
Geneva, Switzerland, 255–57
Genoa, 291, 329, 333
Genovese family, 276
Gioia Tauro, Italy, 172, 177, 179, 180, 183, 198, 201, 291, 302, 305, 330, 332, 333, 334
Gioiosa Jonica, Italy, 170, 173, 174–75, 185, 186, 191, 193, 199, 215
Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino Club, 168, 193
Girati group, 340
global economy, 131–32, 173, 194, 241–42, 246–50, 287
Glugech, Valeri (Globus), 273
Godoy, Leonel, 65
Gofas, Antonios (the Gentleman), 231–32
Golden Triangle, 25, 38
gomeros (opium peasants), 16–20, 62
Gómez, Sergio (El Checo), 59
Gómez Herrera, Salvador (El Chava), 59–60
Gómez Martínez, Servando (La Tuta), 64
Gomorrah (film), 339
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 29
Graham, Makeeba, 334
Granarolo, Italy, 196, 198–99
Grand Hotel Baglioni, 196
Gratteri, Nicola, 238
Great Alliance for Change, 154
Great Britain, 119, 154, 243–46, 249–50, 314–15
Greece, 232–33
Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales (Special Forces Airmobile Group) (GAFE), 92, 94
Guadalajara, Mexico, 24–28, 31, 32, 39, 40–41, 45, 50, 67–68, 128, 190
Guamuchilito, Mexico, 44
Guardian, 287
Guatemala, 80–90, 91, 94, 357
Guildford, England, 328
Guinea-Bissau, 315–25
Gulf cartel, 43, 44, 57–63, 91–92, 93, 98, 185, 256, 296, 304
Gutiérrez Guzmán, Manuel Jesús (Manolo), 306
Gutiérrez Rebollo, José de Jesús, 45
Guzmán, Yovanna, 135
Guzmán Decena, Arturo (El Z1), 92, 97, 98
Guzmán Loera, Arturo (El Pollo), 43–44
Guzmán Loera, Joaquín Archivaldo (El Chapo; Shorty), 30, 39–56, 65–66, 67, 98, 306, 357, 369
Guzmán López, Édgar, 48
hacienda Campamento, 136–41, 143
Hacienda Nápoles, 128
Hamburg, 1
80
Harding, Luke, 287
hashish, 237, 296
HBUS, 253–54
Heidi (Locatelli’s secretary), 222
Hello Kitty logo, 303
Hermes Forensic Solutions, 249
Hermitage Museum, 271
Hermosillo, Mexico, 45
Hernández, Hugo, 102
heroin, 35, 49, 51, 120, 185, 213–16, 221, 231–32, 273, 279
Herrera, Hélmer (Pacho), 129
Hezbollah, 254–55
Highway 101, 102
Highway 105, 68
Historical Clarification Commission, Guatemalan, 84
Homer, 288–89
Homies Unidos, 352
homing pigeons, 112
Hong Kong, 195, 303
Hotel Roma, 232
house arrest, 195–96, 213, 227, 238, 252
Howell, Kiana, 334
HSBC, 253–54
Huánuco coca, 114
human trafficking, 61, 289
Hungary, 269–70, 271, 272, 278
hydrochloric acid, 75, 113, 118
ideograms, 303–4
“Igres” investigation, 229–30
Iliad, The (Homer), 288–89
Il Papavero clothing store, 215
inert cuts, 118
Inkombank, 270–71
Intercontinental Hotel, 150–51
International Book Fair (2011), 67–68
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 257
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 247, 249
Internet, 43, 49, 54, 67, 93, 94, 103, 162, 182, 236, 237
INTERPOL, 32, 42, 237, 239, 264
Interstate 25 (I-25), 61
Interstate 35 (I-35), 42, 61
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 154
Irvine, Calif., 362
Islamic terrorism, 187, 319
Israel, 154, 260–61, 268–69, 279, 282
Italy:
arrests and imprisonment in, 168, 171–81, 185–206, 213, 216, 298, 300
banks in, 192–93, 198–99, 251–52
bribery and corruption in, 221–22
cocaine market in, 119, 167–206, 210–40, 291, 297–302, 377–78
Colombian operations in, 131, 164, 170, 173–206, 213, 216, 217–18, 222–23, 227–36, 247
drug trafficking in, 119, 167–81, 185–206
economy of, 173, 178, 247–48
emigration from, 213–14
extraditions to, 193–94, 221–22, 236
fugitives in, 174, 238–40
government of, 168, 170, 204–5
gross domestic product of (GDP), 168
harbor facilities of, 177, 178–81, 183, 185, 186, 191, 198, 201, 343–47
informers in, 151, 171–85, 213
kidnappings in, 169, 212