Collected Essays

by Graham Greene

  ‘Do you dine in Hall?’

  ‘No, we have ordered our mutton at the Mitre,’

  and the local manners:

  ‘What shall we do?’

  ‘Go and screw Scraper up,’ said an undergraduate in his second year.

  ‘Splendid!’ replied Sir Sydney Dawson. ‘Get a hammer and gimlet and some screws.’

  Mr Scraper was an unpopular tutor, and they did not care for consequences. . . . The Dean heard the noise, and summoning two tutors, went with the porter carrying a lantern to the scene of the disturbance.

  ‘What is the matter, Mr Scraper?’ said the Dean.

  ‘I am screwed up, sir,’ said Mr Scraper.

  One notices in this wild scene outside Mr Scraper’s window an odd change in the character of one college: ‘A friend of Dawson’s who was a Brasenose man sank on his knees overcome by wine, and began to recite a portion of Demosthenes’ oration on the crown.’

  But above all I value the book for its picture of Sir Sydney Dawson, imprudent, good-hearted, arrogant, the apotheosis of the wining club. With his aristocratic brutality and his spendthrift kindliness, he must have been every inch a blue waistcoat. Take, for example, the incident of the explosive cigars in Sir Sydney’s room: ‘“I keep them for my tradesmen. The fellows come here worrying for orders and I give them a cigar, which soon starts them,” replied the baronet laughing’, but when he had blown up Mr Mole, scorched his face, and tumbled him in a bowl of goldfish, he feels for the tutor – ‘“By Jove, this is not right. I must write a letter of apology.”’ In the theatre ‘as if to show his contempt for Oxford society, Sir Sydney Dawson took out his handsome cigar-case, and lighted up, though he knew it was against the rules’, but his treatment of Franklin who does lines for commoners in return for a consideration (‘“I am one of the servitors of the college. Perhaps you do not know what that is,” he added with a sad smile’) shows he has a kind heart. ‘“I wonder what a poor man at Oxford is like. I should like to see him. Perhaps an hour or two with a poor man would do me good, always supposing he’s a gentleman. I can’t stand a cad.”’

  It may be argued, of course, that, because the author, Edwin J. Brett, had never been to Oxford, this whole setting is imaginary, an Oxford of the heart, but I do not see why the well-known argument in favour of immortality should not apply here too – that ‘an instinct does not exist unless there is a possibility of its being satisfied’, and certainly the instinct exists in this confused uncertain age – a will to return to Sir Sydney’s reckless self-assurance and his breakfasts, to ‘mutton at the Mitre’, a dogcart ‘spanking along the Iffley Road’, to screwing Scraper up.

  1938

  PART III

  Some Characters

  [1]

  POETRY FROM LIMBO

  MISS GUINEY began this magnificently thorough anthology in 1913.*1 Her work was nearly finished when she died in 1920, and it was completed by her friend, Mr Edward O’Brien, who brought up to date the biographical and bibliographical notes. Miss Guiney in her introduction makes the modest claim that the value of the collection is as much historical as literary; the scholar must decide on that, but the general reader will be astounded by its wealth of little-known poetry.

  The term recusant has been given the widest possible meaning – to include any Catholic who suffered from the civil power for his faith, but the contributions have been wisely confined to those which have some bearing on Catholic doctrine or ideals. Many of the poets, of course, are familiar: More himself. Constable, Lodge, Southwell, Surrey; some have been known only to specialists, and a few make their appearance for the first time in print. It is by no means a purely heroic company, and far from a saintly one – here is the turncoat Alabaster and cowardly, light-headed Copley, who, when he was a student in Rome – so Father Parsons reported – went up to the pulpit to preach with a rose in his mouth. It is a pleasant irony that this Bye Plot conspirator, who made a confession implicating his friends, should have been the author of the fine stoic lines:

  Give me the man that with undaunted spirit

  Dares give occasion of a Tragedie.

  Here, too, are the merely unattractive or the grotesque – Myles Hogarde, of Pudding Lane, with his eye for other men’s errors, and Pickering, the too-careful Dominican of the Pilgrimage of Grace, who tried to rewrite the popular songs of that wild and hopeful year in a seemly and pedantic way:

  It is wrytyn in the machabies – Loke well the storie –

  Accingemini potentes que estote filii.

  It is interesting to watch how, among these unprofessional poets, the heroic and the uncertain, the rash and the too politic, the main themes change. At first the theme is social – the decay of charity and hospitality: the greed for wealth. Men who were born in the pre-capitalist age describe with indignation the new capitalist spirit – which they still hope to see pass:

  Such bribyng for the purse, which ever gapes for more,

  Such hordyng up of worldly wealth, such keeping much in store . . .

  Such falshed undercraft, and such unstedfast wayes,

  Was never sene within men’s hartes, as is found nowadayes.

  This is the theme, too, of the magnificent and anonymous marching song of the Pilgrims of Grace: it is astonishingly explicit in a poem by William Forrest, who inventories in minute detail the old just wages for a winter or a summer day, and such post-Reformation abuses as paying a woman less than a man for the same work. As time goes on, this theme vanishes: people can no longer remember the old social system; if the subject re-emerges, as in one of Lodge’s poems, it is in the form of nostalgia for something which will never return:

  Then, then did flourish that renowned time,

  When earth and ashes thrusted not to clime.

  This was the swan-song of the social conscience among Roman Catholic poets.

  The subject of martyrdom next began to take the principal place as the Douai victims accumulated: the peril of informers, the activities of Topcliffe, the warder knocking at the cell-door; and the anonymous author of Calvary Mount recounts the whole routine of martyrdom, from the stretching of the joints to the last horrible ride. Again we notice the concreteness of the expression, which became yet barer with the years, until in a poem, not printed here as it dates from 1646, we read:

  But quick and live they cut him down

  And butcher him full soon:

  Behead, tear and dismember straight,

  And laugh when all is done.

  A practised poet, of course, dealt very differently and most exquisitely with the same material:

  Rue not my death rejoyce at my repose

  It was no death to mee but to my woe

  The bud was opened to let out the rose

  The cheynes unloosed to let the captive goe;

  but we can be glad that those others – who were only poets by accident – stuck to the bare fact.

  It is not till the second half of this period that the third subject emerges – the doctrinal. The social changes had been obvious from the start and martyrdoms did not take place in a corner: it needed time for men to feel the weight of the sacramental loss. It was not really oppressive until they had reached that state described by Constable in a sonnet outside the scheme of this book: ‘Hope, like the hyena coming to be old.’ An anonymous poet writes on ‘the new learning’; William Blundell of Crosby carefully notes the changes one by one and concludes in a tone which reminds us of his cavalier descendant:

  The time is now as all men see

  new faiths have kild ould honestie.

  And Constable in a sonnet describes the Blessed Sacrament with the exactness of a theologian – again we note the admirable, almost prosaic precision of these poets, which seems more alive to us today than the rich imagery of Spenser.

  Only occasionally do I feel inclined to quarrel with the editor – for the suggestion that the lovely singable lament over Walsingham may have been written by Southwell (surely it lacks altogether the heavy intelle
ctual ground-swell of his poetry?) and for the inclusion of so much of Surrey’s beautiful and inapposite verse. This is to draw the net too wide – the mainspring of his poetry was mainly aristocratic. It wasn’t the faith he missed in prison so much as the ‘palme play’ at Windsor, the cry of hounds, ‘the wanton talk, the divers change of play’, the favour of a Court. He seems more out of place in the company of the martyrs than the coward Copley or poor uncertain Alabaster: dying a patrician death on Tower Hill, unacquainted with that dingy cell in Newgate which was known to more base-born recusants as Limbo.

  1939

  AN UNHEROIC DRAMATIST

  ROGER BOYLE, Earl of Orrery, is one of the great bores of literature, and it can hardly have been a labour of love for Mr Clark to edit for the first time eight ponderous heroic plays, hardly lightened by two attempts at comedy. Yet all admirers of the period will be grateful: there is a peculiar satisfaction in seeing one more gap in Restoration scholarship filled with such immense efficiency: no crack between the bricks. Not for them the rather hollow excuse that Orrery was the pioneer of heroic drama in England. They will read with gorged satisfaction that one of these plays. The Tragedy of Zoroastes, has never before been printed and that Orrery’s first play (Mr Clark leaves us in no doubt of this). The Generall, has been previously printed only in a private edition of eighty copies. Another great booming bogus piece, The Tragedy of King Saul, is added to the Orrery canon for the first time. All this, with the really magnificent notes on Restoration stage-craft, is a not unworthy harvest of eight years’ labour.*2

  Roger Boyle (let us extend praise as far as it will go) was not always a worse poet than was Lee in his earliest plays: there are a few charming lines to be unearthed in The Generall (Mr Clark curiously prefers the maturer, emptier Henry the Fifth):

  Death which mankind in such high awe does keep

  Can only hold us in eternal sleep,

  And if a life after this life remains,

  Sure to our loves belong those happier plains,

  There in blest fields I’ll pass the endless hours.

  And him I crown with love, I’ll crown with flowers.

  It is very minor poetry, of course, but it does shine out among the heroic sentiments. Otherwise the chief pleasure in this his best play is in the period note. Surfeited with action on the screen, one finds a curious charm in the passivity and irrelevance of a scene which opens: ‘Filadin: Lett us then of our mistresses discourse.’

  Roger Boyle was not the man for heroic drama. Dryden with his inalterable belief in authority which took him logically by way of Cromwell to the Catholic Church, yes: Lee with the turbulent generous mind that brought him to Bedlam, yes: but we are aware of too great a gap between the man and his poetry when we get as low as Settle, and Boyle presents us with the same incongruity. Mr Clark has written his life in greater detail, though with infinitely less charm, than Eustace Budgell (to whose eighteenth-century biography he might surely have paid the tribute of a footnote), and the portrait he rather stiffly draws is that of a very polite man, a man who lived on the dubious borderline between patronage and treachery. He played no part in the Civil War in England, being fortunate enough to be occupied in Ireland against the Catholic rebels: on the King’s death he began to correspond with Charles II, but Cromwell got possession of the letters and in a remarkable scene, which Mr Clark should have given in detail, presented him with the choice between the Tower and a command in Ireland. Boyle, of course, took the command, and on Cromwell’s death began again his political moves. But he was forestalled by Monck: the patriot always moves faster than the politic. Nevertheless he became a friend of the King, wrote plays at the Royal command and, when he had the gout, served in Ireland, intrigued against Ormonde, and died unlamented by Burnet at the age of fifty-nine.

  A man quite remarkably free from the impediments of friendship, how can he do else but write a little hollowly on that favourite heroic theme?

  But that I may be better understood

  Knowe friendshipp is a greater tye than blood.

  A sister is a name must not contend

  With the more high and sacred name of friend.

  Burnet, if not his chaplain Morrice, saw through his pretence to religion, and there is one moment in The Generall when a somewhat similar dramatic situation allows a direct comparison with Dryden. It will be remembered how Don Sebastiano dealt with the theme of suicide:

  Brutus and Cato might discharge their Souls,

  And give them furlo’s for another world:

  But we like Centries are oblig’d to stand

  In starless nights, and wait th’ appointed hour.

  But hear the politic accents of Burnet’s ‘very fickle and false man’ in the character of Altemara:

  When I am forc’d of two ills one to choose.

  ‘Tis virtue then the greatest to refuse.

  When in this straight I by the Gods am plac’d,

  I’ll rather cease to Live than live unchaste.

  Without religion and without friendship, Orrery tried to write heroic dramas: the succession of plays, one imitated from the other, soon palled, even on Pepys, and he tried his hand at comedy. Guzman is quite unreadable buffoonery, but of Mr Anthony it is just possible to say that it is as good as the worst of D’Urfey. He was, if that is in his favour, a clean writer, but then he seems to have had as little passion as he had religion.

  1937

  DOCTOR OATES OF SALAMANCA

  MISS LANE is to be congratulated on her courage in undertaking so grim and unrelieved a work as a biography of Titus Oates (a work that has deterred biographers for nearly two hundred and fifty years) as well as on her skill and scholarship. No biographer can ever have been able to claim with more likelihood of truth that his work is definitive.*3

  It is interesting sometimes to speculate on how our ideas of a period would be modified if one character or one episode were removed. A man like Titus Oates occurs like a slip of the tongue, disclosing the unconscious forces, the night-side of an age we might otherwise have thought of in terms of Dryden discussing the art of dramatic poesy, while his Thames boatmen rested on their oars and the thunder of an indeterminate sea battle came up from the Medway no louder than the noise of swallows in a chimney. The reach of human nature in his day, if Oates had not enlightened us, would not have extended much lower than the amiable vices of the Court: Rochester acting Dr Bendo, Sedley prancing naked on the Epsom balcony, sin fluttering with the unimportance of a fan through the delicate cadences of Etherege’s prose, that played so charmingly with the same counters, the Park, the Mulberry Gardens, the game of ombre, and as night falls ‘’tis now but high Mall, Madam, the most entertaining time of all the evening’. And reaching the other way, would our hand have extended, without the martyrs of the Plot, much further than the piety of Bunyan? Until Oates came on the scene, it seemed hardly a period for courage any more than for evil. The career of Oates ploughed up the age and exposed the awful unchanging potentialities of human nature.

  If we wished to present a portrait of evil in human terms it would be hard to find a more absolute example than the Salamanca doctor. At no point in his career does he seem to have been touched by any form of idealism. At no point is it possible to say that he was led on by a false fanaticism, or that he did wrong with any idea that right might come. His career was one of unexampled squalor, from his snotty-nosed childhood. ‘I thought that he would have been a natural,’ his mother is said to have reported, ‘for his Nose always run and he slabbered at the mouth, and his Father could not endure him; and when he came home at night the Boy would use to be in the Chimney corner, and my Husband would cry take away this snotty Fool, and jumble him about, which made me often weep, because you know he was my child.’ Yet the early years are the lighter side of Oates’s life. So long as he was unsuccessful we can be entertained by the grotesqueness of his career: expelled from school, sent down from Cambridge, turned out of his living, wanted for his first perjury (he had coveted
a schoolmaster’s post at Hastings and therefore brought against the poor man an accusation of committing an unnatural offence in the church porch), a chaplain in the Navy and expelled again. The shadows fall with his success – his ‘conversion’ to Catholicism, his stay at St Omer’s College, and last the Plot itself.

  Miss Lane is careful to give only such details of the Plot and the trials as come directly within the scope of her subject. She does not concern herself, for example, in any detail with the unsolved murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, a wise austerity perhaps in a book so long and necessarily so unrelieved in its horror. Her judgement of Charles II is admirably balanced and her condemnation brief and pointed. Of Oates’s final trial she writes: ‘King James left Oates to the Law, which was precisely what King Charles had done in the case of Oates’s victims; but whereas Charles knew those victims to be innocent, James was convinced that Oates was guilty.’ We prefer this final sentence on the King to the sentimental championship of Mr Arthur Bryant: ‘Alone, vilified, driven on every side, Charles remained calm and patient, etc.’ The King, it is true, was fighting for the survival of the House of Stuart, but those innocent men, cut down from the gallows while still alive to be drawn and quartered, may well have wondered whether the price the King paid was not too vicarious. ‘Let the blood lie on them that condemned them,’ Charles is reported to have said, ‘for God knows I sign with tears in my eyes’, but even if an appeal is made to God, responsibility cannot be so easily shifted and tears are more becoming after a crime than at the moment of commission. Perhaps this was the chief horror in the career of Oates, the corruption he exercised through fear. If he had had one redeeming quality, physical or mental, if he had charmed as some dictators have done with bonhomie or inspired confidence with false oratory, the corruption would have seemed less extreme, but fear was his only weapon, and Charles II joins the poor ex-schoolmaster William Smith as one of those on whose cowardice Oates found he could rely.