Perkin

by Ann Wroe

  4 Fortune’s smile

  Dürer’s Fortuna: ‘The Little Fortune’; ‘Nemesis (The Great Fortune)’; ‘Fortune in a Niche’; ‘Promenade’.

  Edward and Fortune: ‘Lament of the Soul of Edward IV’, third stanza. In most editions of Skelton, and in Sutton & Visser-Fuchs, Laments (see Notes, p. 492), p. 514.

  ‘a ball of Fortune’: Bacon, Henry VII, p. 163. ‘Fortune had not allowed him’: CSPM, p. 330.

  Henry/ Our Lady: Will, p. 2; Bacon, Henry VII, p. 59; AH, pp. 21, 27.

  Lucky Saturdays: Bacon, Henry VII, p. 32; HRHS, p. 67.

  Henry’s ships: Ian Arthurson, ‘The King’s Voyage into Scotland: The war that never was’, in England in the Fifteenth Century, ed. D. Williams (Woodbridge, 1987), p. 7. Another was called the Bonaventure: PRO E 404/81/3, warrant of Dec. 2nd 1493.

  Gambling and tennis: EH, pp. 90–102 passim. Tennis and life: da Salo, Giuoco della Palla (see Notes, p. 477), pp. 4–5.

  Totum nihil: Dunbar, ‘To the king’, l. 74.

  ‘perfectly secure’: CSPM, p. 331. The sum lost: EH, p. 114; PRO E 101/414/16, f. 1r.

  ‘slippery and lubric’: Caxton, Eneydos, p. 320.

  Sickness and hailstones: LC, pp. 216–17.

  Little crosses: Molinet, Chroniques, vol. 5, pp. 145–8; Waas, Legendary Character, p. 100.

  Comet and waters: Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 132–6.

  Commines on the wars: Mémoires, book 5, ch. xx.

  ‘queasy’ and ‘all quavering’: Paston Letters, vol. 5, nos 774, 841, 900.

  Sweating sickness: AH, pp. 7–9.

  Henry’s governance: The standard general accounts are S. B. Chrimes, Henry VII (1972) and R. L. Storey, The Reign of Henry VII (1968). Bacon’s account, though not the most accurate, remains the best-written and, in some ways, the most perceptive.

  Uncertainty in1503: L&P, vol. 1, pp. 231–9 passim.

  Road-guides: EH, p. 114; PRO E 101/414/6, ff. 35v, 39v.

  News-lags and flying tales: C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Some Examples of the Distribution and Speed of News in England at the time of the Wars of the Roses’, England, France and Burgundy (see Notes, p. 485), passim; Paston Letters, vol. 5, nos 830, 835.

  Spanish postal problems: e.g. PI, vol. 4, pp. 410, 464; CSPS, pp. 67, 74.

  ‘letters about rumours’: Conway, Relations, p. 175.

  Henry’s caution: CSPM, p. 331; AH, p. 11; L&P, vol. 1, p. 234.

  ‘blazing and thundering’: Bacon, Henry VII, p. 139.

  conspiracies blossoming: AH, p. 65. England split asunder: Ibid., p. 67.

  Networks of conspirators: Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, ch. 8, passim, esp. pp. 87–92 for Yorkist loyalties. Dr Arthurson’s impressively thorough study of the conspiracy is recommended for readers who prefer, or wish to compare, the official version of this story. Old court servants: Ibid.; LC, pp. 203, 204, 221, 227–8.

  The yeoman of the chamber: GC, p. 246; LC, p. 196.

  Elizabeth d’Arcy: W. E. Hampton, ‘Sir James Tyrell: with some notes on the Austin Friars London . . .’, The Ricardian, vol. iv, no. 63 (Dec. 1978), p. 19. Thanks to Bill Hampton for this. Tyrell’s circle: See pp. 166–7 of this book and Madden, ‘Documents’, pp. 208–9.

  Debenham’s pardon: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 380. His posts:CPR HVII, vol. 1, p. 341. His loyalties and interests: Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, pp. 91–2; Francis Pierrepont Barnard, Edward IV’s French Expedition of 1475: The Leaders and their Badges (Oxford, 1925), pp. 99–101.

  Conspiring Whites: Rot. Parl., vol. 6, p. 455.

  Cumbrian conspirators: Campbell, Materials, vol. 1, pp. 2, 249, 615.

  Lumley and Robinson: PRO36th Report of the Deputy Keeper (1875), App. I, p. 20. Thanks to Bill Hampton for this reference.

  Thwaites: See The Coronation of Richard III: The Extant Documents, ed. Anne F. Sutton & P. W. Hammond (Gloucester, 1983), p. 405. Thanks to Livia Visser-Fuchs for this reference. Thwaites at Margaret’s farewell: Nicolas, Privy Purse, p. 165.

  Cecily: C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Piety of Cecily Neville: A Study in Late Medieval Culture’, in England, France and Burgundy, pp. 135–56.

  The Berkhamsted network: W. E. Hampton, ‘The White Rose under the First Tudors’, part 1, The Ricardian, vol. vii, no. 97 (June 1987), pp. 414–17.

  Cecily’s will: Wills from Doctors’ Commons, ed. John Gough Nichols & John Bruce, Camden Society no. 83 (1863), pp. 1–8.

  Lessy’s bond: CCR HVII, nos 790, 825. In Cecily’s will: Doctors’ Commons, pp. 3–4, 8.

  Clerical conspirators: LC, p. 203; AH, p. 73; HRHS, p. 69; GC, p. 257.

  Money sent to Flanders: HRHS, p. 69.

  Taylor’s secret signs: Pollard, Henry VII, vol. 1, p. 83; Rot. Parl., vol. 6, p. 455. Secret tokens: PRO KB 8/2, 3 and ch. 9, passim.

  Folding letters: See Richard’s to Bernard de la Forsa (Plate 11; BL MS Egerton 616/6), evidently folded, first horizontally and then twice vertically, until it was about two inches square; also Commines, Mémoires, book 3, ch. ii.

  ‘a foot in two shoes’: CSPM, p. 177.

  Debenham and Savage: W. A. J. Archbold, ‘Sir William Stanley and Perkin Warbeck’, EHR vol. xix, no. lv (1899), p. 533; Rot. Parl., vol. 6, p. 504; PRO KB 9/956, nos 7, 8, 17, 19, 23, 24.

  The sergeant-farrier: CPR HVII, vol. 1, pp. 137–8, 422; PRO E 404/81/1, warrant of Jan. 3rd 1492.

  Letter to Harlakenden: Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, p. 66; PRO KB 9/51/8. His standing: Kentish Visitations of Archbishop William Warham and his Deputies, 1511–1512, ed. K. L. Wood-Legh (Kent Archaeological Society, 1984), p. 118.

  Clifford and Fitzwater: PRO KB 9/934/5, nos 4, 5.

  Fitzwater’s warning: Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 26 and n. At Henry’s coronation: Campbell, Materials, vol. 1, p. 92.

  Clifford at the jousts: Black, Wedding, pp. 27, 37, 40. Vergil on him: AH, p. 72 and n. At Elizabeth’s coronation: Leland, Collectanea, vol. 4, pp. 214–15, 221. Chamberlain of Berwick: CPR HVII, vol. 1, p. 85 (March 15th 1486).

  Clifford in Brittany: PRO E36/130, ff. 22v, 130v.

  Embassy with Richmond: Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 369–71.

  Clifford and Stanley: Archbold, ‘Stanley’, pp. 530–1.

  Stanley’s career: DNB under Stanley, p. 812; Gairdner, Richard III/Perkin Warbeck, pp. 227–8, 238; Campbell, Materials, vol. 2, p. 69; PRO E 404/79/164. Rents and fees: LC, pp. 204–5. His petition to Henry: Campbell, Materials, vol. 1, pp. 138–9.

  Henry ‘relaxing a little his affection’: AH, p. 77.

  The girdle-clasp: PRO E 154/2/5, p. 26.

  Bulkeley: M. R. Hicks, ‘Sir William Stanley of Holt: Politics and Family Allegiance in the later Fifteenth Century’, Welsh History Review 14 (1988–9), p. 16.

  ‘if he knew for sure . . .’: AH, p. 75.

  Clifford’s wife: PRO E 404/80/127.

  Witness to the protocols: Génard, ‘Marguerite d’York’, p. 22; BL MS Facs 295 (a), p. 9.

  ‘by such favour’: GC, p. 256.

  Twelfth Night: Ibid., pp. 251–2. The monster: ‘Douze triomphes’ in Gairdner, Memorials, pp. 309, 320.

  Thomas Langton: L&P, vol. 1, p. 392.

  The Kendal cell: Madden, ‘Documents’, pp. 173–7, 205–9.

  Keating’s pardon: Campbell, Materials, vol. 2, p. 397; CPR HVII, vol. 1, p. 263.

  Tyrell’s remarks: Madden, ‘Documents’, pp. 208–9.

  Kendal’s career in Rhodes: CSPV, pp. 153, 167, 169.

  De Vignolles’s testimony: Madden, ‘Documents’ pp. 173–7; BL MS Cotton Caligula D vi.

  Kendal’s letters: L&P, vol. ii, Apps x–xiv.

  His official appearances (and missteps): CPR HVII, vol. 1, p. 368; C. G. Bayne and W. H. Dunham, Select Cases in the Council of Henry VII, Selden Society, vol. 75 (1958), pp. xxxi, 29; Madden, ‘Documents’, p. 172 n.

  Many more ‘great men’: HRHS, p. 69; Molinet, Chroniques, vol. 5, p. 48; CSPM, p. 328.

  Merchant supporters: Rot. Parl., vol. 6, p. 504. John Heron: LC, p. 217; GC, p. 281. Other London merchants: CPR HVII,
vol. 2, pp. 16–24 passim, 39, 47.

  bonds for allegiance: J. R. Lander, Crown and Nobility, 1450–1509 (1976), pp. 281–5, passim; CCR HVII 1485–1500, nos 612, 686 (Hayes), 687 (de Lysa and Barley), 734, 737 (Hastings); Hampton, ‘White Rose’ (see Notes, p. 497), p. 416.

  a ‘general decision’: AH, p. 69.

  The letter of credit: Hall, Chronicle, p. 465.

  The Bagnall group: PRO KB9/78/8.

  The St Andrew’s plot: Archbold, ‘Stanley’, pp. 532–3; PRO KB9/956/9, 15. Done very subtly: AH, p. 69.

  Range of supporters: Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, App. B, pp. 220–1; PRO KB9/52. Richard’s captains: Archbold, ‘Stanley’, p. 534.

  Mountford’s service: PRO E 405/78, mem. 53r; E 36/130, f. 58v; E 404/80/369; E 404/81/62. His father’s standing: Barnard, French Expedition (see Notes, p. 497), pp. 123–5. At little Henry’s inauguration: L&P, vol. 1, p. 404. The Kendal indulgence: Painter, Quincentenary (see Notes, p. 490), p. 105.

  Corbet’s father: GC, p. 260.

  Vergil on labourer-recruits: AH, p. 81.

  West Country posts: PRO E 101/414/6, passim; C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Speed of News’ (see Notes, p. 496), pp. 120–1; EH, p. 113.

  The Earl of Oxford/ John Paston: Paston Letters, vol. 6, no. 1012 (1487).

  Henry’s spies: PRO E 101/414/6, E 101/414/16, passim; BL MS Add. 7099, ff. 3r, 18r. Spies in Ireland: L&P, vol. 2, p. 298; Analecta Hibernica, pp. 35, 54. In general: Ian Arthurson, ‘Espionage and Intelligence from the Wars of the Roses to the Reformation’, Nottingham Medieval Studies XXXV (1991), pp. 134–54.

  Heralds as spies: e.g. PRO E 404/82 (warrant to Rouge Dragon of April 24th 1496), and other warrants passim; E 36/130 passim. Guilhem: E 101/414/6, f. 20v. Trumpeters: Arthurson, ‘Espionage’, pp. 144–5.

  Spying in Calais: Arthurson, ‘Espionage’, p. 145; Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, pp. 135, 148; BL MS Add. 46454, ff. 3r, 7r, 8r.

  Instructions to Wiltshire: L&P, vol. 1, pp. 220–4.

  ‘no spy so good’: Commines, Mémoires, book 3, ch. viii.

  De Puebla’s lodgings: PI, vol. 4, p. 551 (CSPS, p. 102).

  Henry outdoors: PI, vol. 4, p. 598; L&P, vol. 1, pp. 350–64 (interview with the Provost of Cassel, 1508). ‘Opening his heart’: CSPS, p. 186.

  Warham staying: PRO E 404/81/2, warrant of July 5th 1493; E 404/81/3, warrant of Nov. 9th for extra pay owing.

  ‘endeavour by all proper means’: Madden, ‘Documents’, pp. 179–80.

  Secret notes to Richmond: Ibid., pp. 200–4, esp. p. 204; BL Cotton Caligula D vi, ff. 18r–25r passim, esp. ff. 20v–21r, 25r.

  François du Pon: PRO E 404/79/22; E 404/81/1, warrant of March 27th 1492; E 404/81/3, warrants of Nov. 19th 1493 and Feb. 1st 1494. John Stoldes: E 404/81/3, two identical warrants of December 9th 1493. Horses: E 404/81/2, warrant of July 23rd 1493.

  The galvanising moment: AH, p. 69.

  ‘an invention would have troubled nobody’: A point also made by Gairdner, Richard III/Perkin Warbeck, p. 314.

  ‘held it for a certainty’: AH, pp. 65, 67.

  Marginalia in André: BL Cotton Domitian xviii, ff. 210v, 211v.

  Writing to ‘friends: AH, p. 69 n. The boy’s own friends: Ibid., p. 63.

  Henry/ Tournai: Campbell, Materials, vol. 2, p. 30; PRO E 405/ 76 mem. 3r; PRO E 404/81/3, warrant of July 4th 1492.

  Letter to Talbot: Halliwell, Letters, vol. 1, p. 172; BL MS Add. 46454, f. 6r.

  ‘the son of a boatman’: Madden, ‘Documents’, p. 202; BL Cotton Caligula D vi, f. 18v.

  ‘surmised us falsely’: BL MS Harleian 283, f. 123v; Bacon, Henry VII, pp.

  252–3.

  Edmund de la Pole’s complaint: L&P, vol. 1, p. 184.

  ‘a certain French spy’: PRO E 405/78, mem. 64r.

  Brampton returning: Cecil Roth, ‘Perkin Warbeck and his Jewish Master’ (1920), pp. 156–7.

  His pardon: Ibid, p. 161; CPR HVII, vol. 1, p. 274.

  Brampton’s exemptions: PRO E 404/83, warrant of Nov. 22nd 1499.

  The Anne of Fowey: PRO E 405/78, mem. 29v; Spont, ‘Marine’, p. 418 n. 6; Campbell, Materials, vol. 1, p. 329.

  Meno’s rewards: CPR HVII, vol. 2, pp. 14, 44 (denization), 84. His positions and jobs: Conway, Relations, pp. 167, 183. As a spy: PRO E 101/414/6, ff. 13r, 23v, 31v, 38v, etc.

  Heron’s slip of paper: PRO E 101/687/10.

  Crumbs from Bretons: see Ch. 7, pp. 359–60.

  The pair of scissors: Wilhelm Busch, England under the Tudors, vol. 1, King Henry VII, tr. Alice Todd (1865), p. 91.

  Margaret’s ynportunidad: PI, vol. 4, p. 404.

  ‘Not very good sense’: ‘Douze triomphes’ in Gairdner, Memorials, p. 316.

  Philip’s chain: Weightman, Margaret of York, p. 131.

  Kildare’s pardon: CPR HVII, vol. 1, pp. 423, 425. His letter: L&P, vol. 2, pp. 55–6.

  Philip with Richard: Molinet, Chroniques, vol. 5, pp. 4–5, 7–8, 11–12.

  Margaret’s chess sets: Hommel, Marguerite d’York, p. 160.

  Commines on Burgundians: Mémoires, book 1, ch. ii.

  Miseries of Bruges: Octave Delpierre, Précis analytique des documents . . . des archives de la Flandre-Occidentale à Bruges (Bruges, 1840), vol. 1, Comptes du territoire du Franc, pp. 145–7.

  Warham and Poynings’s embassy: AH, pp. 68–71 and n.; William Camden, Remains Concerning Britain, ed. R. D. Dunn (Toronto, 1984), pp. 247, 451.

  Breaking off trade: Tudor Royal Proclamations, vol. 1, The Early Tudors(1485–1553), ed. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (New Haven and London, 1964), p. 35.

  ‘our great voyage’: PRO E 404/81/2 and various warrants of Sept. 1493.

  Anti-Hansa riots: LC, p. 198.

  The counter-embargo: Philpot, Maximilian, p. 203; ADN B 2151, f. 115r; LC, p. 200.

  Economic effects of the embargo: T. H. Lloyd, The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1977), p. 283.

  Garter’s visit: Molinet, Chroniques, vol. 5, p. 47; PRO E 404/81/3, warrant of July 5th.

  ‘no deceit more deep’: Vergil, Three Books, p. 198.

  Molinet’s epithets: Chroniques, vol. 5, p. 80 (all but one from 1497, after seeing the confession). Hall also uses the metaphor of a cheating merchant ‘which had falsely feigned his name and stock’, attributing it to Poynings and Warham in their embassy: Chronicle, p. 466.

  ‘a stockfish bone’: ‘As a Midsummer Rose’, ls 12–13.

  Trinkets from Flanders: H. S. Cobb, The Overseas Trade of London: Exchequer Customs Accounts 1480–1 (London Record Society, 1990), pp. 20–5 and passim.

  32,755 years: Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400–1580 (1992), p. 214.

  Vergil’s appreciation: AH, pp. 67, 68 n, 69.

  De Melun on the staff: ADN B 2155, f. 64r; Compte rendu des séances de la Commission Royale d’Histoire, vol. 11, part ii (Brussels, 1846), p. 680.

  Geryon: HRHS, pp. 318–19.

  Henry to Philip: L&P, vol. 2, pp. 58–9.

  Maximilian’s first meeting: Philpot, Maximilian, p. 165; Maximilian, Weisskunig, p. 218 and n. (b); CSPV, p. 227; Regesta Imperii XIV, vol. 1, part i, no. 136.

  The ‘compromise’: Regesta Imperii XIV, vol. 1, part i, no. 176.

  His obligation: Zurita, Historia, vol. 5, f. 87v.

  Henry on Maximilian: Madden, ‘Documents’, pp. 202, 204; BL Cotton Caligula D vi, ff. 19v, 25r; CSPS, p. 457.

  Maximilian’s ‘secret knowledge’: Weisskunig, pp. 55, 64–5; Waas, Legendary Character, pp. 109–10.

  Frederick’s treasure: CSPV, pp. 225–6.

  Enquiries of his own: Gairdner, Richard III/Perkin Warbeck, pp. 282–3. His note: TLA Maximiliana IVa, 101, 4. Stück (f. 142).

  Maximilian on Richard’s history: CSPV, vol. 4, pp. 482–3; Zurita, Historia, vol. 5, f. 59v.

  Margaret and the Bishop of Cambrai: CSPM, p. 292; ASM Borgogna Cartella 521 (Feb. 11th 1495).

  Brascha at work: CSPM, pp. 279–80, 281; Lichnowsky, HausesHabsburg (see Notes, p. 494)
, vol. 8, nos 1939, 1946.

  Charles and Margaret’s marriage: Vander Linden, Itinéraires (see Notes, p. 486), pp. 49–58.

  Henri de Berghes: Weightman, Margaret of York, p. 198; L’Abbé A-J. Nameche, Cours d’Histoire Nationale, part 4, vol. 8 (Louvain, 1869), p. 143 n.

  Maximilian hunting: Benecke, Maximilian, pp. 19, 122, 123; Waas, Legendary Character, ps 32, 49, 105–7, 112; Molinet, Chroniques, vol. 5, p. 60.

  Umbzotler: Benecke, Maximilian, p. 32.

  The hunting party: Molinet, Chroniques, vol. 5, p. 9.

  ‘exactly as he likes’: Regesta Imperii XIV, vol. 1, part i, no. 2122; CSPV, p. 221.

  Ludovico Bruno: CSPV, pp. 221, 237; Ulmann, Maximilian (see Notes, p. 491), vol. 1, p. 411.

  ‘going to win England’: CSPV, pp. 221, 232. Naturelli: Ibid., p. 219.

  Impatience with Maximilian: Waas, Legendary Character, pp. 26–7, 33, 63 (Machiavelli’s).

  His new coins: Tudor Royal Proclamations, p. 42 (1498). Henry’s sigh: CSPS, p. 457.

  Ferdinand and Isabella offering mediation: PI, vol. 5, pp. 306, 373 (CSPS, pp. 53, 57, 67).

  autoridad: Zurita, Historia, vol. 5, f. 20r.

  The biggest burla: CSPS, p. 93.

  Letter of July 20th 1495: PI, vol. 4, pp. 400–1 (CSPS, p. 61). Identical protests, PI, vol. 4, p. 519 (and others).

  ‘The only princes he trusted’: CSPS, p. 190 (1498).

  up to their necks: PI, vol. 4, p. 486 (CSPS, p. 85).

  ‘if the King of the Romans clings on’: PI, vol. 4, p. 398 (CSPS, p. 59).

  ‘We were rather displeased’: Correspondencia de Guiterre Gomez de Fuensalida, pub. for the Duke of Berwick and Alba (Madrid, 1907), p. 3.

  York’s cipher code: CSPS, Bergenroth’s preface, p. lxxxv.

  The Duke of Milan’s quandary: CSPM, p. 327; CSPS, p. 130.

  ‘by the faith of his heart’: PI, vol. 4, p. 598. ‘Although he argued . . .: Zurita, Historia, vol. 5, f. 90v.

  Worries about Henry’s security: CSPS, p. 21.

  Indemnities owed to Scotland: PRO E 404/81/2, warrant of July 6th 1493.

  Ward and Baker: Ibid., warrant of July 9th.

  Troops to the coasts: AH, p. 69. Ships to the sea: Conway, Relations, App. iv, pp. 148–9; PRO E 404 81/2, warrants of June 26th and July 4th. ‘sailings to and fro’: Conway, Relations, p. 41.