204One North Carolina extension agent: Lu Ann Jones, Mama Learned Us to Work: Farm Women in the New South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 85.
204In 1909, a teenager named Mollie Tugman: Ibid., 87.
204Tugman was inspired by articles: Ibid., 99.
204Another Carolinian named H. P. McPherson: Ibid., 87.
204Poultry was the state’s fastest: Powell, The Encyclopedia of North Carolina.
205“Save hens, raise hens, eat eggs”: Government advertisement, San Francisco Chronicle, April 7, 1918.
205Another poster featuring a hen stated: Government advertisement, American Poultry Advocate 26, 1917, 182.
205That March, the post office agreed: George J. Mountney, Poultry Products Technology, 3rd ed. (London: Taylor & Francis, 1995), 22.
205One entrepreneur in California: Joseph Tumback, How I Made $10,000 in One Year with 4200 Hens (n.p.: Joseph H. Tumback, 1919).
205The wife of a textile manufacturer: Jones, Mama Learned Us to Work, 93.
205In Delaware, Celia Steele: Frank Gordy, “National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: First Broiler House,” National Park Service, 1972.
206In 1925, farmers on Delmarva: Gordon Sawyer, The Agribusiness Poultry Industry; A History of Its Development (New York: Exposition Press, 1971), 37.
206A U.S. Department of: Ibid., 46.
206In 1928, the Republican National: Webster’s Guide to American History: A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium (Springfield, MA: Merriam, 1971), s.v. “Chronology 1928; Republican National Committee Advertisement.”
206What had begun as: Jones, Mama Learned Us to Work, 99.
206By then, ten thousand railroad cars: Ibid.
207As a band played and the crowd: American Magazine 152 (1951), 104.
207With Chicken Little: Martin J. Manning and Herbert Romerstein, Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), s.v. “Disney Image.”
207The agency promptly seized: Solomon I. Omo-Osagie, Commercial Poultry Production on Maryland’s Lower Eastern Shore: The Role of African Americans, 1930s to 1990s (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2012), 49.
207Soon chicken was standard: Williams-Forson, Building Houses Out of Chicken Legs, 66.
208chickens were said to be: M. B. D. Norton, A People and a Nation: A History of the United States: Volume II: Since 1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 747.
208But the internment of Japanese: Sawyer, The Agribusiness Poultry Industry, 77.
208By the time the war ended: Big Chicken: Pollution and Industrial Poultry Production in America (Washington, D.C.: Pew Environment Group, 2011), 9.
208In a 1945 meeting in Canada: Margaret Elsinor Derry, Art and Science in Breeding: Creating Better Chickens (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012), 165; American Poultry Journal: Broiler Producer Edition, vols. 89–93 (1958): 90.
208Smarting from a federal conviction: Marc Levinson, The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2011), 234.
209On the Chicken of Tomorrow Committee: Karl C. Seeger, The Results of the Chicken-of-Tomorrow 1948 National Contest (University of Delaware, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1948).
209The goal was to draw on the expertise of small: Levinson, The Great A&P, 241.
209Given the old emphasis on egg: The Chicken of Tomorrow, directed by Jack Arnold, 1948, Audio Productions Inc., accessed May 14, 2014, https://archive.org/details/Chickeno1948.
209The committee also cosponsored: Susan Merrill Squier, Poultry Science, Chicken Culture: A Partial Alphabet (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011), 51.
209Contests in forty-two of the forty-eight states: American Poultry 25 (1949).
209Then they were weighed: Derry, Art and Science in Breeding, 165.
210A 1951 issue of the Arkansas Agriculturalist: Ibid., 50.
210Until the early 1950s: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, United States Census of Agriculture, 1954 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1956), 9.
210The only exception: Alissa Hamilton, Squeezed: What You Don’t Know about Orange Juice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 25.
210Advances in nutrition and: “Production Systems,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accessed March 24, 2014, http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/poultrysystems.html.
211John Tyson, for example: Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture, “Tyson Foods, Inc.,” accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2101.
211By providing feed and water to the birds: “Donald John Tyson—Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Chronology: Donald John Tyson, Social and Economic Impact,” accessed March 22, 2014, http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6375/Tyson-Donald-John.html.
211Only the largest operations: Marvin Schwartz, Tyson: From Farm to Market (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991), 10.
211“Just keep it simple: Christopher Leonard, The Meat Racket: The Secret Takeover of America’s Food Business (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), epigraph.
211Tyson’s son Don studied: Schwartz, Tyson, 9.
211“We’re not committed”: Brenton Edward Riffel, The Feathered Kingdom: Tyson Foods and the Transformation of American Land, Labor, and Law, 1930–2005 (ProQuest, 2008), 146.
212So the new generation: Derry, Art and Science in Breeding, 186.
212“Modern science . . . threatens”: Ibid., 177.
212When a bill to tighten inspections: Riffel, The Feathered Kingdom, 116.
212By 1960, 95 percent of Arkansas: Ibid., 121.
212While they muttered about: Kendall M. Thu and E. Paul Durrenberger, Pigs, Profits, and Rural Communities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), 150.
212Attempts by growers: Ben F. Johnson, Arkansas in Modern America, 1930–1999 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 192.
212For the first time in American history: “Poultry Production,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/printpoultry.html.
213“It soon became obvious”: Sawyer, The Agribusiness Poultry Industry, 52.
213Tyson’s $10 million in net sales: Riffel, The Feathered Kingdom, 147.
213But each bird weighed: Gerald Havenstein, “Performance Changes in Poultry and Livestock Following 50 Years of Genetic Selection,” Lohmann Information 41 (December 2006): 30.
213Hungry markets opened up overseas: Poultry and Egg Situation, no. 205–222 (1960): 14.
213Upstart businessmen like Frank Perdue: Richard L. Daft and Ann Armstrong, Organization Theory and Design (Toronto: Nelson Education, 2009), 44.
213“It takes a tough”: Philip Scranton and Susan R. Schrepfer, Industrializing Organisms: Introducing Evolutionary History (New York: Routledge, 2004), 226.
213More than half of the nation’s: “Injustice on Our Plates: Immigrant Women in the U.S. Food Industry,” Southern Poverty Law Center, November 2010, accessed May 14, 2014, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/injustice-on-our-plates.
213It is often ugly, low-paid: “The Cruelest Cuts,” Charlotte Observer, February 10–15, 2008, http://www.charlotteobserver.com/poultry/.
214Fifty years after the Chicken of Tomorrow: Jeanine Bentley, “U.S. Per Capita Availability of Chicken Surpasses That of Beef,” U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, September 20, 2012, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2012-september/us-consumption-of-chicken.aspx#.Uy3BjV76Tvo.
214By 2001, the average American: Profiling Food Consumption in America (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart
ment of Agriculture, 2003), ch. 2.
214In 2012, Tyson recorded: Tyson Foods, Inc., RBC Capital Markets Consumer & Retail Investor Day Presentation, December 6, 2012.
214The sign commemorates: “Chicken of Tomorrow,” University of Arkansas, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.uark.edu/rd_vcad/urel/info/campus_map/454.php.
214The marker near Razorback Stadium: “The John W. Tyson Building,” Poultry Science, Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food & Life Sciences, University of Arkansas, accessed March 22, 2014, http://poultryscience.uark.edu/4534.php.
11. Gallus Archipelago
215This last is touted: “Cobb500,” Cobb-Vantress, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.cobb-vantress.com/products/cobb500.
215The Cobb 700 made: “Cobb 700 Broiler Sets New Standard for High Yield,” The Poultry Site, October 1, 2007, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/12958/cobb-700-broiler-sets-new-standard-for-high-yield.
216In 2010, as the backyard: “CobbSasso,” Cobb-Vantress, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.cobb-vantress.com/products/cobbsasso.
216Three major breeding companies control: D. L. Pollock, View from the Poultry Breeding Industry (Princess Anne, MD: Heritage Breeders, 2006).
216Based in Arkansas like its parent: Cobb-Vantress homepage, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.cobb-vantress.com/.
216More than three hundred U.S. breeder: “Industry Economic Data, Consumption, Exports, Processing, Production,” U.S. Poultry & Egg Association, accessed March 20, 2014, http://www.uspoultry.org/economic_data/.
216In 1950, before the Chicken: Ewell Paul Roy, “Effective Competition and Changing Patterns in Marketing Broiler Chickens,” Journal of Farm Economics 48, no. 3, part 2 (August 1, 1966): 188–201, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1236327?ref=search-gateway:822036029853343f575f5e09154af4c5.
216In 2010, only forty-seven days were: The Business of Broilers: Hidden Costs of Putting a Chicken on Every Grill (Washington, D.C.: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2013), http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/reports/the-business-of-broilers-hidden-costs-of-putting-a-chicken-on-every-grill-85899528152.
216New vaccines based: “Flip-Over Disease,” Poultry News, in cooperation with Merck, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.poultrynews.com/New/Diseases/Merks/202600.htm.
216During the 1990s: Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson, Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior (New York: Scribner, 2005), 69.
217An Israeli team recently: “Bald Chicken ‘Needs No Plucking,’ ” BBC News, May 21, 2002, accessed March 22, 2014, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2000003.stm.
217Academic researchers such as: Ian J. H. Duncan and Penny Hawkins, The Welfare of Domestic Fowl and Other Captive Birds (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2010).
217As a longtime meat eater: Karen Davis, Prisoned Chickens, Poisoned Eggs: An Inside Look at the Modern Poultry Industry (Summertown, TN: Book Publishing Company, 1996); P. C. Doherty, Their Fate Is Our Fate: How Birds Foretell Threats to Our Health and Our World (New York: The Experiment LLC, 2012); Steve Striffler, Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America’s Favorite Food (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).
218Founded in 1954 by broiler: “History of the National Chicken Council,” National Chicken Council, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-ncc/history/.
218Senator Chris Coons of Delaware: “Delaware Senator Chris Coons Announces Formation of US Senate Chicken Caucus; Georgia Senator Johnny Isakson to Co-chair,” National Chicken Council, October 4, 2013, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/delaware-senator-chris-coons-announces-formation-us-senate-chicken-caucus-georgia-senator-johnny-isakson-co-chair/.
219He arrived in 1974: Bill Roenigk, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
220Not long after my visit: Stephanie Strom, “F.D.A. Bans Three Arsenic Drugs Used in Poultry and Pig Feeds,” New York Times, October 1, 2013, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/business/fda-bans-three-arsenic-drugs-used-in-poultry-and-pig-feeds.html?_r=0.
220Every week, they process: Ann E. Byrnes and Richard A. K. Dorbin, Saving the Bay: People Working for the Future of the Chesapeake (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 142.
221Chickens now produce 100 million: Anna Vladimirovna Belova et al., “World Chicken Meat Market—Its Development and Current Status,” Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 15–30, doi:10.11118/actaun201260040015.
221Steele’s success, after all: Matt T. Rosenberg, “Largest Cities Through History,” accessed March 22, 2014, http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm.
221Saudi Arabian leaders: “USDA International Egg and Poultry Review,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, November 20, 2012, 15: 47.
222To feed this demand: Carolina Rodriguez Gutiérrez, “South America Eyes an Optimistic Future,” World Poultry, October 25, 2010, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.worldpoultry.net/Home/General/2010/10/South-America-eyes-an-optimistic-future-WP008070W/.
222Many American plants: Delmarva Agriculture Data: Weekly Broiler Chicks Report, U.S. Department of Agriculture, March 6, 2011, 15: 11.
222The expanded Fakieh Poultry Farms: “Fakieh Poultry Farms,” Fakieh Group, accessed May 14, 2014, http://www.bayt.com/en/company/fakieh-group-1412762/.
222“The attitude of a gentleman”: D. C. Lau, trans., Mencius (Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1970), 53.
222In his Remembrance of Things: Marcel Proust, Swann’s Way (Remembrance of Things Past, vol. 1), trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff (n.p.: Digireads, 2009).
223He’s agreed to with only: Bill Brown, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
224The 600 million chickens: Peter Singer and Jim Mason, The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2006), 24.
225Continuing south, I pass: “History of Temperanceville,” The Countryside Transformed: The Railroad and the Eastern Shore of Virginia, 1870–1935, accessed March 22, 2014, http://eshore.vcdh.virginia.edu/node/1935.
225This is part of a Tyson plant: “Firefighters Contain Weekend Fire at Tyson Plant,” Meat & Poultry, December 2, 2013, http://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/news_home/Business/2013/12/Firefighters_contain_weekend_f.aspx?ID=%7B9CA8E3E6-0DC7-4653-B5CF-B6ECB7578A2F%7D&cck=1.
225Instead of encountering: Karen Davis, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
226“The industry has created chickens”: Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson, Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 219.
226The litany of horrors: “Chickens,” United Poultry Concerns, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.upc-online.org/chickens/chickensbro.html.
228It is a haunting refrain: Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (New York: New York Review, 1975).
228Her words echo back: Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), 11.
228“No, for the sake of a little flesh”: Ibid., 28.
228More recently, the writer J. M. Coetzee: J. M. Coetzee and Amy Gutmann, The Lives of Animals (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 21.
229When a Western aid organization: Kevin McDonald, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.
229Though linguists say this: Vivienne J. Walters, The Cult of Mithras in the Roman Provinces of Gaul (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1974), 119.
229With the exception of a brief period: Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life (New York: Scribner, 2004), 240.
229During the 1789 revolution: “Living in the Languedoc: Central Government: French National Symbols: The Cockerel (Roost
er),” accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.languedoc-france.info/06141212_cockerel.htm; Nicholas Atkin and Frank Tallett, The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003), 43.
229France’s official seal is: “Living in the Languedoc.”
229The bird appears on coins: Lawrence D. Kritzman et al., Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 424.
229One of the perks of that high office: Pascal Chanel, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
230“We wired to the Picassos”: Alice B. Toklas, The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook (New York: Perennial, 2010), 92.
230That chicken is mentioned in: Jon Henley, “Top of the Pecking Order,” Guardian, January 10, 2008, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/10/ethicalliving.animalwelfare.
230The celebrated gastronomical: Ibid.
230In 1862, a local count organized: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, eds., The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman (London: Google eBook, 1863).
230But a French colleague explained to: W. B. Tegetmeier and Harrison Weir, The Poultry Book: Comprising the Breading and Management of Profitable and Ornamental Poultry, Their Qualities and Characteristics; to Which Is Added “The Standard of Excellence in Exhibition Birds,” Authorized by the Poultry Club (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1867), 257.
231Every December, four contests: “Les Glorieuses De Bresse, Votre Marché Aux Volailles Fines,” accessed May 14, 2014, http://www.glorieusesdebresse.com/.
231Granted an appellation d’origine contrôlée: Squier, Poultry Science, 159.
233About 250 farms raise 1.2 million Bresse: “Producers’ Portraits: Christophe Vuillot,” Rungis, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.rungismarket.com/en/vert/portraits_producteurs/vuillot.asp.
233“The problem is to find”: Georges Blanc, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
234Though dressed simply in his chef whites: Georges Blanc Vonnas Hotel Restaurant, Official Website, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.georgesblanc.com/uk/index.php.
Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? Page 37