235Joyce was raised on: Ron Joyce, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
237She says that improving the lives of: Leah Garces, telephone interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
12. The Intuitive Physicist
239In 1847, as The Fancy: Barry Popik, “ ‘Why Did the Chicken Cross the Road?’ (Joke),” The Big Apple (blog), August 28, 2009, accessed March 24, 2014, http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/why_did_the_chicken_cross_the_road_joke.
239In L. Frank Baum’s 1907: L. Frank Baum, Ozma of Oz (Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Media Group, LLC, 2003).
239“Get away, yuh dumb”: Edmund Wilson, I Thought of Daisy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, with Ballantine Books, 1953), 126.
239The term birdbrain: Online Etymology Dictionary, s.v. “birdbrain,” accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bird-brain.
239and chickenshit were: Urban Dictionary, s.v. “chickenshit,” accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=chickenshit.
240The only thing dumber than: William Lindsay Gresham, Nightmare Alley (New York: New York Review Books, 2010).
240The Italian neuroscientist Giorgio Vallortigara: Giorgio Vallortigara, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013. For his research papers, see “Research Outputs Giorgio Vallortigara,” University of Trento, Italy, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www4.unitn.it/Ugcvp/en/Web/ProdottiAutore/PER0033020.
240Descartes declared that: Lilli Alanen, Descartes’s Concept of Mind (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 86.
241Chickens also use each eye: Giorgio Vallortigara, “How Birds Use Their Eyes: Opposite Left-Right Specialization for the Lateral and Frontal Visual Hemifield in the Domestic Chick,” Current Biology (January 9, 2001), 23.
241Recently, a research team: Silke S. Steiger, “Avian Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertoires: Evidence for a Well-Developed Sense of Smell in Birds?” Proceedings: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1649 (October 22, 2008): 2309–317, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25249806?ref=search-gateway:7c9847c5706d0eb705f2b66ea9b88456.
241The bird also recalls faces of humans and chickens: Carolynn L. Smith and Sarah L. Zielinksi, “The Startling Intelligence of the Common Chicken,” Scientific American 310, no. 2, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-startling-intelligence-of-the-common-chicken/.
241“Even if chickens had a grammar”: George Page, “Speak, Monkey,” New York Times, March 11, 2000, accessed March 22, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/12/books/speak-monkey.html.
241Since then, a German linguist: Gail Damerow, Storey’s Guide to Raising Chickens: Care, Feeding, Facilities (North Adams, MA: Storey Pub., 2010), 30.
242Chicks also are capable of adding: R. L. Fontanari Rugani et al., “Arithmetic in Newborn Chicks,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1666 (2009): 2451–460, doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0044.
243In 2012, an Australian: Andy Lamey, “Primitive Self-Consciousness and Avian Cognition,” ed. Sherwood J. B. Sugden, Monist 95, no. 3 (2012): 486–510, doi:10.5840/monist201295325.
244He founded the Hi-Bred: Margaret Derry, Art and Science in Breeding: Creating Better Chickens (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012), 143.
244American hatcheries churn out 500: Zoe Martin, “Iowa Leads Nation in Many Ag Production Sectors,” Iowa Farmer Today, March 13, 2014, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.iowafarmertoday.com/news/crop/iowa-leads-nation-in-many-ag-production-sectors/article_63e4a5d6-aa01-11e3-9e9d-001a4bcf887a.html.
244The hens lay more than: J. A. Mench et al., “Sustainability of Egg Production in the United States—The Policy and Market Context,” Poultry Science 90, no. 1 (2010): 229–40, doi:10.3382/ps.2010-00844.
244Nine out of ten laying hens: “Birds on Factory Farms,” ASPCA, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/farm-animal-cruelty/birds-factory-farms.
244Eight birds may be assigned: Wilson G. Pond and Alan W. Bell, Encyclopedia of Animal Science (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2005), s.v. “Layer Housing: enrciched cages.”
244Vicious pecking, avian hysteria: Donald D. Bell and William D. Weaver Jr., eds., Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production (New York: Springer, 2013), 92.
244Birds are debeaked: Tom L. Beauchamp and R. G. Frey, The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 756.
244Disturbing conditions like fatty: Nuhad J. Daghir, Poultry Production in Hot Climates (Wallingford, CT: CABI, 2008), 202.
244“In no way can these living conditions”: “Factory Egg Farming Is Bad for the Hens,” Environmental Organizers’ Network, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.wesleyan.edu/wsa/warn/eon/batteryfarming/hens.html.
244“A gallinaceous madhouse”: Roy Bedichek, Adventures with a Texas Naturalist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961), 115.
245Chickens are excluded: Mench, “Sustainability of Egg Production in the United States.”
245Banned in the European Union: James Andrews, “European Union Bans Battery Cages for Egg-Laying Hens,” Food Safety News, January 19, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/01/european-union-bans-battery-cages-for-egg-laying-hens/#.Uy7Hyl76Tvo.
245Costco and Walmart sell only: “Barren, Cramped Cages: Life for America’s Egg-Laying Hens,” The Humane Society of the United States, April 19, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/confinement_farm/facts/battery_cages.html.
245A new $1.8 million research facility: “Laying Hen Facility Opens New Doors for Research Achievements at MSU,” ANR Communications, December 12, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.anrcom.msu.edu/anrcom/news/item/laying_hen_facility_opens_new_doors_for_research_achievements_at_msu.
245Animal welfare scientist Janice: Janice Siegford, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
248Sheila Ommeh, who is tall: Sheila Ommeh, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
13. A Last Cause
251Chung is the protector of the: Nguyen Dong Chung, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
252That fact worries the Chinese biologist: Han Jianlin, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
253One-third of South Asians: “Highest Prevalence of Malnutrition in South Asia,” Bread for the World, June 25, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.bread.org/media/coverage/news/highest-prevalence-of.html.
253Chicken meat and eggs: David Farrell, “The Role of Poultry in Human Nutrition,” Poultry Development Review, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2013, http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3531e/i3531e.pdf.
254The country’s rapid development: “Vietnam Population 2014,” World Population Review, April 2, 2014, accessed March 23, 2014, http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/vietnam-population/.
254The number of birds: Le Thi Thuy, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
254After China, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore: “Global Poultry Trends 2013: Asia Puts More Emphasis on Trading Prepared Products,” The Poultry Site, September 11, 2013, accessed March 24, 2014, http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2894/global-poultry-trends-2013-asia-puts-more-emphasis-on-trading-prepared-products.
255Recent research suggests: T. M. Tumpey, “Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus,” Science 310, no. 5745 (2005): 77–80, doi:10.1126/science.1119392.
255In the late 1990s: K. M. Sturm-Ramirez et al., “Reemerging H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 Are Highly Pathogenic to Ducks,” Journal of Virology 78, no. 9 (2004): 4892–901, doi:10.1128/JVI.78.9.4892-4901.2004.
255All 1.6 million of the city-state’s: Paul K. S. Chan, “Outbreak of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in Hong Kong in 1997,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 34, no. Supplement 2: Emerging Infections in Asia (May 01, 20
02), accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/4483086?ref=search-gateway:d5ff295abb4b1cd99e8ddb8a5ee36030.
255“From the tips of their combs”: John Farndon, Bird Flu: Everything You Need to Know (Thriplow, U.K.: Icon, 2005), 9.
255In 2004, Thai prime minister: Chanida Chanyapate and Isabelle Delforge, “The Politics of Bird Flu in Thailand,” Focus on the Global South, accessed March 23, 2014, http://focusweb.org/node/286.
255In 2013, a new strain of the H7N9: Robert J. Jackson, Global Politics in the 21st Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 506.
256Some researchers argue that: C. Larson, “Tense Vigil in China as Nasty Flu Virus Stirs Back to Life,” Science 342, no. 6162 (2013): 1031, doi:10.1126/science.342.6162.1031.
256This radical approach: Hongjie Yu et al., “Effect of Closure of Live Poultry Markets on Poultry-to-Person Transmission of Avian Influenza A H7N9 Virus: An Ecological Study,” Lancet 383, no. 541 (February 8, 2014).
256Other researchers say that disinfecting: Q. Liao and R. Fielding, “Flu Threat Spurs Culture Change,” Science 343, no. 6169 (2014): 368, doi:10.1126/science.343.6169.368-a.
256“This feature of chicken”: Page Smith and Charles Daniel, The Chicken Book (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 194.
257Only farmed salmon: “Salmon Have the Most Efficient Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of All Farmed Livestock,” Mainstream Canada, accessed March 24, 2014, http://msc.khamiahosting.com/salmon-have-most-efficient-feed-conversion-ratio-fcr-all-farmed-livestock.
257Meat production accounts: Henning Steinfeld, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006), 112.
257The British economist Thomas Malthus: Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
257A billion chickens: “Global Poultry Trends 2013: Chicken Imports Rise to Africa, Stable in Oceania,” The Poultry Site, November 13, 2013, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2972/global-poultry-trends-2013-chicken-imports-rise-to-africa-stable-in-oceania.
257Global poultry exports: Ibid.
257U.S. consumers eat four times: “Per Capita Consumption of Poultry and Livestock, 1965 to Estimated 2014, in Pounds,” National Chicken Council, last modified January 10, 2014, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/per-capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated-2012-in-pounds/.
257Mexicans are the leading egg eaters: Carrie Kahn, “It’s No Yolk: Mexicans Cope with Egg Shortage, Price Spikes,” NPR, September 18, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/09/18/160968082/its-no-yolk-mexicans-cope-with-egg-shortage-price-spikes.
257In China, people eat twenty-two pounds: Janet Larsen, “Plan B Updates: Meat Consumption in China Now Double That in the United States,” April 24, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2012/update102.
258In 2012, for the first time: Ibid.
258Fujian Sunner Development Co.: “Fujian Sunner Development Co., Ltd. Class A,” Morningstar, accessed March 23, 2014, http://quicktake.morningstar.com/stocknet/secdocuments.aspx?symbol=002299&country=chn; “China Rich List: #151 Fu Guangming & Family,” Forbes, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/profile/fu-guangming/.
258Tyson Foods intends to build ninety: David Kesmodel and Laurie Burkitt, “Inside China’s Supersanitary Chicken Farms,” Wall Street Journal, December 9, 2013, accessed March 23, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303559504579197662165181956.
258In 2014, the Chinese: Ian Johnson, “China Releases Plan to Incorporate Farmers into Cities,” New York Times, March 17, 2014, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/world/asia/china-releases-plan-to-integrate-farmers-in-cities.html?_r=0.
258By heating, cooling, and pressurizing: Alton Brown, “Tastes Like Chicken,” Wired, September 15, 2013, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/09/fakemeat/.
258Another California startup: “Hampton Creek, Named by Bill Gates as One of Three Companies Shaping the Future of Food, Debuts First Product at Whole Foods Market,” Business Wire, September 20, 2013, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130920005149/en/Hampton-Creek-Named-Bill-Gates-Companies-Shaping.
259The chicken in China: Fang Zhang, Animal Symbolism of the Chinese Zodiac (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1999), 100.
260“Don’t try to convey your enthusiasm”: Roy Edwin Jones, introduction in A Basic Chicken Guide for the Small Flock Owner (New York: W. Morrow, 1944).
260Upscale Neiman Marcus: “Beau Coop,” Neiman Marcus, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.neimanmarcus.com/christmasbook/fantasy.jsp?cid=CBF12_O5415&cidShots=m,a,b,c,z&r=cat44770736&rdesc=The%20Fantasy%20Gifts&pageName=Beau%20Coop&icid=CBF12_O5415.
260Just as the Victorian Fancy cooled: Jonel Aleccia, “Backyard Chickens Dumped at Shelters When Hipsters Can’t Cope, Critics Say,” NBC News, July 7, 2013, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/backyard-chickens-dumped-shelters-when-hipsters-cant-cope-critics-say-f6C10533508.
261“The snare is carried in a basket-like case”: Fay-Cooper Cole and Albert Gale, The Tinguian: Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1922).
262Nguyen Quir Tuan: Nguyen Quir Tuan, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
264Brisbin, the man who saved Gardiner: I. Lehr Brisbin, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.
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Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? Page 38
