Operation Valuable Fiend

by Albert Lulushi

  “Liaison with the British in Washington on Projects FIEND and VALUABLE.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 28, 1951.

  “Local Reaction to Apprehension of Zejnel Shehu Group.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Loeb Estate Covert Site” Box 46, volume 4, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Materials for Consultants Meeting.” Box 51, volume 22, file 2 of 2. July 9, 1952.

  “Meeting in Frankfurt on BGFIEND.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. May 2, 1951.

  “Meeting of Joint Policy Committee.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. November 3, 1949.

  “Meeting of the Joint Policy Committee for Operation BGFIEND.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. November 21, 1949.

  “Meeting on Albania.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. May 4, 1949.

  “Meeting on FIEND on 27 February 1950.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. March 1, 1950.

  “Meeting with Ex-King Zog.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 20, 1951.

  “Meeting with Lord Jellicoe and Mr. Joyce.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. November 12, 1949.

  “Meeting with OSO Re: Current Situation in Albania.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. April 11, 1951.

  “Memo.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. April 3, 1950.

  “Memo 28 June 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Memo for the record of Conversations with King Zog.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. June 17, 1949.

  “Memo from B.Y. Berry to General Van Fleet and General Jenkins.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 25, 1949.

  “Memo of 2 September 1949.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. September 2, 1949.

  “Memorandum.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 27, 1949.

  “Memorandum for the Record.” Box 46, volume 4, file 1 of 2. July 21, 1952.

  “Memorandum of 21 September 1949.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. September 21, 1949.

  “Memorandum of 27 September 1949.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. September 27, 1949.

  “Memorandum of 28 October 1949.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. October 28, 1949.

  “Memorandum of a Conversation with Ahmet Zogu.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. May 5, 1949.

  “Memorandum of a Conversation with Mithat Frasheri.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. April 30, 1949.

  “Memorandum of Meeting 10 September 1949.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. September 12, 1949.

  “Memorandum of Understanding on Establishment of Pixie Base in Germany.” Box 46, volume 4, file 1 of 2. January 31, 1951.

  “Memorandum on FIEND-VALUABLE Operation.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. December 6, 1949.

  “Minutes Fiend/Valuable Conference Rome, 22-24 October 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.

  “Monthly Project Status Report, October 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.

  “Monthly Project Status Report, September 1951.” Box 49, volume 18, file 2 of 2. n.d.

  “NCFA Declaration.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Note to Military Junta.” Box 46, volume 5. July 17, 1953.

  “Note to Military Junta on Situation of Red and Green Team Members Who Took Refuge in Yugoslavia.” Box 46, volume 5. April 15, 1953.

  “OBOPUS Security Review of Apple/2—Part I.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. December 10, 1953.

  “OBOPUS Status Report, February 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “OBOPUS Status Report, January 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “OBOPUS Status Report, March 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “OBOPUS Status Report, May 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 2 of 2. n.d.

  “OBTUSE Routing Sheet.” Box 47, volume 9. January 8, 1960.

  “Offie’s Memo, 6 July 1949.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 6, 1949.

  “OPC Cable 1424.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. March 28, 1950.

  “OPC Liaison with Other Intelligence Services.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. March 7, 1950.

  “OPC Plans and Operations in Albania.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. May 17, 1950.

  “Operation Valuable.” Box 48, volume 13, file 2 of 2. n.d.

  “Operational Plan and Operational Clearance Request for Coup-de-Main Team Members.” Box 51, volume 22, file 2 of 2. July 16, 1952.

  “Operational Review, OBSTACLE/OBDURATE.” Box 45, volume Obdurate. January 31, 1955.

  “Operations Against Albania.” Box 45, volume 1, file 1 of 2. February 2, 1953.

  “OSO/OPC Infiltration, Albania, 24 June 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. June 26, 1951.

  “Outline for Operational Plan for Albania.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Paramilitary Plans for Coup d’Etat(s) in Albania.” Box 45, volume 1, file 1 of 2. February 6, 1953.

  “Plan for Albania.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. June 15, 1949.

  “Policy—Albania.” Box 49, volume 17, file 2 of 2. July 6, 1951.

  “Possessions of Deceased Agents.” Box 53, volume 29, file 1 of 2. March 31, 1955.

  “Progress Report BGFiend/BGFlume for May and June 1951.” Box 49, volume 17, file 2 of 2. July 10, 1951.

  “Project BGFIEND.” Box 46, volume 2, file 1 of 2. July 1, 1949.

  “Project OBDURATE (Approval)” Box 45, volume Obdurate. August 26, 1954.

  “Project Outline BGFIEND.” Box 46, volume 2, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Projected 1952 OPC and OSO Operations in Albania.” Box 46, volume 2, file 2 of 2. December 12, 1952.

  “Proposal to Overthrow Present Regime in Albania.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. January 11, 1949.

  “Pros and Cons of Proposal to Detach Albania from the Soviet Orbit.” Box 45, volume 1, file 2 of 2. June 4, 1952.

  “QKFervor Activities 1951.” Box 49, volume 16. n.d.

  “Reasons for Conducting OPC Albanian Operation on Joint Basis with British.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 11, 1949.

  “Recapitulation of OBOPUS Operations, 1 January to 31 December 1953.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. February 18, 1953.

  “Reconsideration of OSO’s Operations Against Albania.” Box 49, volume 16. n.d.

  “Red and Green Team Commitments.” Box 46, volume 5. June 9, 1956.

  “Relations between CHARITY and BGFIEND.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. August 21, 1950.

  “Release of Apple Case for Use by Office of Training.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. April 20, 1954.

  “Renewal of Project OBDURATE.” Box 45, volume Obdurate. August 29, 1955.

  “Report of Conversation with King Zog.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 23, 1951.

  “Report of Halil Nerguti.” Box 46, volume 5. February 8, 1952.

  “Report of Interview between Colonel Smiley and Zotos.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. n.d.

  “Request for Authorization for Reproduction of the Albanian Lek.” Box 50, volume 19. n.d.

  “Resistance Situation.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. August 21, 1950.

  “Review of Apple/3 W/T Contacts.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. August 18, 1953.

  “RNCASTING Correspondence, 16 March 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Scheduled Airdrop to Albania—Instructions of the Director of Central Intelligence.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. April 18, 1951.

  “Security Review of Apple Team Operations.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. October 21, 1953.

  “Security Review of Willow Team Operations.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. March 9, 1954.

  “SGAA-5441.” Box 52, volume 25, file 2 of 2. August 14, 1953.

  “SHAM/OBOPUS Announcment by RNLUMPIT re His Withdrawal.” Box 52, volume 27, file 2 of 2. April 29, 1954.

  “SHAM/OBOPUS Transmittal of RNCASTING Message.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. May 1, 1954.

  “Situation Report and Recommendations for Action.” Box 52, volume 26, file 2 of 2. December 3, 1953.

  “Special
Leaflet devoted to RNPUTLOG.” Box 52, volume 27, file 2 of 2. June 12, 1954.

  “Special Leaflet, April 20 1954.” Box 52, volume 27, file 2 of 2. n.d.

  “Status of Former King Zog of Albania.” Box 52, volume 26, file 2 of 2. December 3, 1953.

  “Status of Former King Zog of Albania.” Box 52, volume 27, file 1 of 2. December 24, 1953.

  “Summary of MacLean Profiles for Albanian Politicians.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  “Telecon Conference.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 24, 1949.

  “Telegram from Middle East.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. November 3, 1949.

  “Telegrams 1, 2, 3.” Box 48, volume 14, file 2 of 2. November 18–19, 1949.

  “Telephone Conversation Concerning visit of ex-King Zog (Albania) to Department.” Box 49, volume 18, file 1 of 2. August 1, 1951.

  “Termination Approval for OBHUNT.” Box 48, volume 11. January 31, 1958.

  “Termination of AIRBRAKE, AIRWORTHY, and RNDEPLOY.” Box 47, volume 7. April 9, 1954.

  “Text of proposed telegram to US diplomatic missions.” Box 48, volume 14, file 1 of 2. August 25, 1949.

  “The Albanian Operation.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. March 21, 1949.

  “The Independence of Albania.” Box 49, volume 17, file 1 of 2. June 20, 1951.

  “The Possibility of an appeal to Senator McCarthy for investigation of the NCFA.” Box 46, volume 3. May 15, 1953.

  “Tirana Trials of CIA Agents.” Box 47, volume 6, file 1 of 2. April 1954.

  “Training of Pixies for BGFIEND.” Box 46, volume 4, file 1 of 2. January 19, 1951.

  “Translation of French text handed Colonel Fiske by emissary of Yarborough.” Box 48, volume 13, file 1 of 2. July 26, 1949.

  “Transmittal of BGFiend Documents.” Box 46, volume 4, file 1 of 2. April 12, 1950.

  “Transmittal of BGFiend Documents.” Box 49, volume 15, file 1 of 2. n.d.

  Books, Articles, Online Sources, and Interviews

  “A Look Back . . . The National Committee for Free Europe, 1949.” CIA.gov. May 29, 2007. https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/a-look-back.html (accessed February 26, 2013).

  “Abas Kupi, 75, Was Leader of Resistance in Albania.” New York Times (1923–Current file). January 11, 1976. http://search.proquest.com/docview/122972189?accountid=34227.

  “Agjenti 91-vjecar i CIA: Misioni per te rrezuar Hoxhen.” Forumi Shqiptar. August 19, 2009. http://www.forumishqiptar.com/showthread.php?p=2165894 (accessed March 1, 2013).

  Agnelli, Gianni. Interview by Pat Mitchell and Jeremy Isaacs. Cold War (Episode 3: Marshall Plan). CNN. 1998.

  “Albania expected to resume secret talks with Britain.” The CIA Records Search Tool at NARA II in College Park, Maryland (hereafter CREST Database). August 26, 1985.

  “Albania Seeks to Resume Trade with Italy.” CREST Database. July 19, 1950.

  “Albanians Seize Briton.” New York Times (1923–Current file). February 16, 1944. http://search.proquest.com/docview/107041264?accountid=34227 (accessed December 22, 2013).

  Amery, Julian. Sons of the Eagle. London: Macmillan & Co., 1948.

  “Assembly of Captive European Nations, Records, 1953–1972.” University of Minnesota Immigration History Research Center. October 5, 2012. http://www.ihrc.umn.edu/research/vitrage/all/am/GENassembly.htm (accessed April 19, 2013).

  Barber, Michael. “John le Carré: An Interrogation.” New York Times. September 25, 1977. http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/03/21/specials/lecarre-interrogation.html (accessed January 1, 2014).

  Barber, Tony. “6.5m in war gold returns to Albania after 49 years.” The Independent, February 23, 1996.

  Benanti, Paolo. La Guerra Piu Lunga. Rome, Italy: Mursia, 1964.

  Benson, Robert L. “The Venona Story.” NSA.gov. January 15, 2009. http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/coldwar/venona_story.pdf (accessed February 27, 2013).

  Berger, D. H., Major, USMC. “The Use of Covert Paramilitary Activity as a Policy Tool: An Analysis of Operations Conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency, 1949–1951.” Federation of American Scientists, Intelligence Resource Program. May 22, 1995. http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/berger.htm (accessed April 12, 2013).

  Bethell, Nicholas. Betrayed. New York: Time Books, a division of Random House, 1984.

  ———. “Profits and losses of treachery.” Independent. September 6, 1994. http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profits-and-losses-of-treachery-victims-of-kim-philbys-betrayals-are-staking-a-claim-to-the-cash-realised-at-a-recent-auction-of-his-effects-says-nicholas-bethell-1447065.html (accessed February 20, 2013).

  Blumenthal, Ralph. “Axis Supporters Enlisted by US in Postwar Role.” New York Times (1923–Current file). June 20, 1982. http://search.proquest.com/docview/121990260?accountid=34227.

  Borovik, Genrikh. The Philby Files. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1994.

  Burke, Michael. Outrageous Good Fortune. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984.

  CIA History Staff. “DCI’s First 100 Days.” Central Intelligence Agency. April 14, 2007. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/95unclass/100Days.html (accessed April 14, 2013).

  “CIA Museum Directorate of Science and Technology.” CIA.gov. July 23, 2012. https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum/experience-the-collection/text-version/collection-by-subject/directorate-of-science-and-technology.html (accessed February 26, 2013).

  “CIA’s Role in the Overthrow of Arbenz.” CIA Freedom of Information Act. May 12, 1975. http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000919933.pdf (accessed May 1, 2013).

  Colby, William and Peter Forbath. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978.

  Cook, Joan. “Exhibition and Sale of Royal Jewels to Start Today.” New York Times (1923–Current file). April 1, 1959. http://search.proquest.com/docview/114673562?accountid=34227.

  “Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania).” The Hague Justice Portal. February 15, 2013. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=6287 (accessed June 12, 2013).

  Corke, Sarah-Jane. “US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945-53” in Studies in Intelligence. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.

  The Cost of Treachery. VHS. Produced by BBC. 1984.

  Cullather, Nicholas. Secret History: The CIA’s Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala 1952–1954. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006.

  Dervishi, Ferdinand. “Mehmet Shehu vrer për Kadri Hazbiun: Pi raki e puthet me diversantët.” Infoarkiv: Arkiva Mediatike Shqiptare. May 29, 2010. http://lajme.shqiperia.com/lajme/artikull/iden/1046851779/titulli/Mehmet-Shehu-vrer-per-Kadri-Hazbiun-Pi-raki-e-puthet-me-diversantet# (accessed April 14, 2013).

  ———. “Radioloja.” enver-hoxha.net. n.d. http://www.enver-hoxha.net/content/content_shqip/navig-majtas/cont.nga_shtypi_dhe_mediat/radioloja.pdf (accessed April 13, 2013).

  Djilas, Milovan. Conversations with Stalin. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962.

  Dodani, Mark. “Zbarkimi i Hamit Matjanit, Hazbiu si fshatar në bandat e veriut.” Interview by Fatos Veliu. BalkanWeb. August 17, 2012.

  ———. “Në verën e ‘52-it u futëm në grupin diversionist të Zenel Shehut.” Interview by Fatos Veliu. BalkanWeb. August 16, 2012.

  Dorril, Stephen. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service. New York: The Free Press, 2000.

  Dosti Family. Hasan Dosti: Një Jetë për Çështjen Shqiptare. Tirana: BOTART, 2008.

  “E vranë apo e helmuan Alush Lleshanakun?” Zeri Yt! Media Sociale Shqiptare. April 16, 2011. http://www.zeriyt.com/e-vrane-apo-e-helmuan-alush-lleshanakun-t83541.0.html (accessed April 13, 2013).

  Elkins, Walter. “Labor Service Division List of Units.” US Army in Germany. February 20, 2013. http://usarmygermany.com/Units/HqUSAREUR/USA
REUR_LaborSvc.htm#List1977.

  Elsie, Robert. “1983 Abaz Ermenji: Overthrowing the Communist Regime.” Texts and Documents of Albanian History. n.d. http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_3/AH1983.html (accessed March 5, 2013).

  ———. Historical Dictionary of Albania. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010.

  ———. Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.

  “Ex-Albanian Envoy Seized with Revolver on Plane.” New York Times (1923–Current file). March 1, 1971. http://search.proquest.com/docview/119386219?accountid=34227.

  “Ex-King Zog Buys Syosset Estate with ‘Bucket of Diamonds, Rubies.’” New York Times (1923–Current file). September 19, 1951. http://search.proquest.com/docview/111901371?accountid=34227.

  Felix, Christopher. A Short Course in the Secret War, Fourth Edition. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 2001.

  Fischer, Bernd Jürgen. Albania at War, 1939–1945. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1999.

  “Foreign Relations, 1950–1955 The Intelligence Community.” US Department of State Archive. December 21, 2007. http://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96783.pdf (accessed April 13, 2013).

  “Former King Zog of Albania Dead.” New York Times (1923–Current file). April 10, 1961. http://search.proquest.com/docview/115358276?accountid=34227.

  Fowler, Brenda. “Banished for Their Father’s Sins.” New York Times (1923–Current file). May 17, 1992. http://search.proquest.com/docview/108942151?accountid=34227.

  “Free Albania Unit Named.” New York Times (1923–Current file). August 27, 1949. http://search.proquest.com/docview/105828528?accountid=34227.

  “From ‘Sons of the Eagle’ to Michael Burke.” Burke Collection, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University, n.d.

  Gashi, Agim. “Ja e vërteta për vrasjen e deputetit Bardhok Biba.” Akllapi Net. September 6, 2009. http://agim.poeticforum.com/t5059-ja-e-verteta-per-vrasjen-e-deputetit-bardhok-biba (accessed April 13, 2013).

  ———. “Postvrasja e deputetit Bardhok Biba/Përkujtohet 60-vjetori i vrasjes së 14 burrave.” Akllapi Net. September 6, 2009. http://agim.poeticforum.com/t5058-postvrasja-e-deputetit-bardhok-biba-perkujtohet-60-vjetori-i-vrasjes-se-14-burrave (accessed April 13, 2013).