Sea of Cortez

by John Steinbeck

  FAMILY ASTACIDEA, fresh-water crayfish “ HOMARIDAE (Nephropsidae) Atlantic lobsters

  TRIBE ANOMURA (§ O-10, p. 109) SUPERFAMILY THALASSINIDEA (ghost shrimps, etc.)

  FAMILY AXIIDEA (Loamediidae). (Calastacus, Axius, Axiopsis, etc.)

  FAMILY CALLIANASSIDAE (Upogebidae). (Calli anidea, Callianassa, Upogebia, etc.)

  ANOMUROUS FORMS

  § Q numbers

  ALL THE ANOMURA EXCEPT THE THALLASINIDEA

  SUPERFAMILY PAGURIDEA

  FAMILY PAGURIDAE. The hermit crabs “ COENOBITIDAE. Robber crabs, land crabs

  FAMILY LITHODIDAE. The stone crabs (Hapa logaster, Cryptolithodes, etc.)

  SUPERFAMILY GALATHEIDAE

  FAMILY GALATHEIDAE, macrurous forms, but treated here with the Anomura for taxonomic consistency

  FAMILY PORCELLANIDAE. Porcelain crabs

  SUPERFAMILY HIPPIDEA. Sand bugs, sand crabs

  FAMILY ALBUNEIDAE (Albunea and Lepidopa)

  “ HIPPIDAE (Hippa, Emerita) (§ O-10, p. 182 and § R-15, 18, 19, and 22)

  TRIBE ANOMURA, SUPERFAMILY THALASSINIDEA

  FAMILY AXIIDAE

  ANOMUROUS FORMS

  TRIBE ANOMURA (Less the THALASSINIDEA)

  Phylum Mollusca

  GLOSSARY OF TERMS AS USED IN THIS WORK

  ABORAL. The upper surface of a starfish, brittle-star, or sea-urchin, as opposed to the under or oral surface whereon the mouth is situated.

  ALGAE. Simple plants, often unicellular; the higher forms include the seaweeds.

  AMBULACRAL GROOVE. A furrow bisecting the underside of the rays of starfish through which the tube feet are protruded.

  AMPIIIPOD. Literally, “paired-legs.” Minute shrimp-like crustaceans, laterally compressed; the beach hoppers, sand fleas, skeleton shrimps, etc.

  ANASTOMOSING. Dictionary definition: “Union or intercommunication of any system or network of lines, branches, streams, or the like.”

  ASSOCIATION. An assemblage of animals having ecologically similar requirements.

  ATOKOUS. The sexually immature stage of certain polychaet worms.

  AUTONOMY. Reflex, or seemingly voluntary, separation of a part or a limb from the body, followed by regeneration.

  BUNODID ANEMONE. One of a family of sea-anemones characterized by a bumpy or warty body wall.

  CALCAREOUS. Containing deposits of calcium carbonate; calcification.

  CERATA. Dorsal projections which take the place of gills.

  COMMENSAL. An organism living in, with, or on another, generally partaking of the same food.

  COSINE WAVE. A wave graphically represented by a curving line, the peaks and troughs of which are equal and complementary.

  CTENOPHORE. A type of jellyfish characterized by the possession of meridional rows of vibrating plates which propel and orient the animal.

  DACTYL. Term applied to the last joint of a crustacean leg.

  DEIIISCENCE. A bursting discharge, usually of eggs or sperm.

  DROWNED CORAL FLAT. A flat containing coral, some heads of which have been suffocated by sand.

  ECHIUROID. A worm-like animal related to the sipunculids, in which the body is variably sac-like, usually with thin skin, and having often a spoon-shaped proboscis.

  ECOLOGY. The study of the mutual relations between an organism and its physical and sociological environment.

  ELYTRA. Shield-like scales of certain worms.

  ENDEMIC. Dictionary example: “An endemic disease is one which is constantly present to a greater or less degree in any place, as distinguished from an epidemic disease, which prevails widely at some time, or periodically....”

  EPITOKOUS. Sexually mature stage in polychaet worms, characterized by changes of the posterior end which enable normally crawling worms to be free-swimming.

  ETIOLOGY. Dictionary definition: “1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes, especially the investigation of the causes of any disease. 2. The assignment of a cause or reason; as, the etiology of a historical custom.”

  FLORIATE. Flower-like.

  GASTROPOD. Literally, “stomach-foot.” Belonging to a group of animals comprising the snails, slugs, sea-hares, etc.

  GYMNOBLAST. Belonging to a group (of hydroids) in which the polyps lack the skeletal cups of other hydroids into which the soft parts can be withdrawn.

  HOLOTHURIAN. Sea-cucumber. One of a group of echinoderms, or spiny-skinned animals, some varieties of which, under the commercial name bêche-de-mer or trepang, are used by the Chinese for food.

  HYDROID. A small, plant-like, usually colonial animal.

  INTERTIDAL. See Littoral.

  INTROVERT. A closed tubular pocket capable of being unrolled and extended inside out.

  ISOPOD. Literally, “same legs.” Usually small crustaceans in which all the legs are similar, comprising the pill-bugs, sow-bugs, and many marine forms.

  ISOTHERM. A line joining or marking equal temperatures.

  LITTORAL. Region of the shore bounded by its highest normal submergence at high tide and most extreme emergence at low tide. Intertidal.

  MUTATION. In the life history of a species, the sudden appearance of a new trait that breeds true and becomes eventually one of the characters of the species or of the new species thus formed.

  MYSIDS. Usually minute crustacea, called “opossum shrimps” because of their possession of marsupial plates within which the young develop.

  NUDIBRANCH. Literally, “naked gill.” One of a group of shell-less gastropods, often brilliantly colored and of delicately beautiful form.

  OPHIURAN. Brittle-star or serpent-star. Members of one of the five classes of echinoderms or spiny-skinned animals.

  PAPILLA. Small elevation; in holothurians, modified tube feet not used for locomotion.

  PELAGIC. Free-floating at or near the surface of the sea.

  PLANKTON. Generally microscopic plant and animal life floating or weakly swimming in the upper layer of a body of water.

  POLYCHAETS. Usually elongate worms characterized by the possession of abundant chaetae or bristles.

  POLYCLADS. Flatworms in which the intestinal tract has extensive ramifications.

  POLYP. An invertebrate having a hollow cylindrical body, closed and attached at one end and opening at the other by a central mouth surrounded by tentacles. May be an individual (as an anemone) or a member of a colony (as a coral polyp).

  PORCELLANIDS. Crabs of the family Porcellanidae, often called porcelain crabs because of the carapace texture of typical examples.

  QUATERNARY, OR RECENT. The latest of the epochs into which geologists divide the history of the earth. Late Quaternary includes the present time.

  RESPIRATORY TREE. The respiratory organ of holothurians; so named because it resembles a tree inside out. Fresh water is taken in at what corresponds to the trunk and penetrates to the delicate branches, which provide great absorption area in proportion to the volume.

  SCALAR. Mathematical term. An abstract quantity having magnitude but not direction, such as volume, mass, weight, time, electrical charge, and always indicated by a real number.

  SERPULID. A polychaet worm which builds a calcareous tube, usually coiled.

  SESSILE. Attached, therefore not moving.

  SIPHONOPHORE. A type of jellyfish. The Portuguese man-o‘-war and other spectacular forms belong to this group.

  SIPUNCULIDS. Worm-like animals characterized (among other things) by the possession of an introvert, and of rough, cuticle-like skin. Capable of great expansion: contracted, some of them merit the name peanut worm.

  SYNDROME. A group of signs and symptoms occurring together and characterizing a disease.

  SYNONYMY. The various names used to designate a given species or group.

  TAXONOMY. A sub-science of biology concerned with the classification of animals according to natural relationships and with the rules governing the system of nomenclature.

  TECTIBRANCHS. A group of sometimes shell-less gastropods to which belong the sea-hares and b
ubble-shells.

  TELEOLOGY. The assumption of predetermined design, purpose, or ends in Nature by which an explanation of phenomena is postulated.

  TENSOR. A mathematical term for the stretching factor which is necessary to change one vector, or force, into another vector having a different amount of force and direction. (Thus, if one imagines a given force A traveling south at 40 miles an hour, and another force B traveling southeast at 60 miles an hour, mathematically to translate force A into force B, the factor which changes one into the other must have not only force and direction, but stretching power, to pull A equal to B, and that factor is called the tensor.) Tensor is the quantity necessary in Einsteinian physics to translate vectors from one set of co-ordinates (frame of reference) to another.

  TEREBELLID WORM. A polychaet worm which builds a sandy or pebbly tube, cemented usually to the underside of rocks by its own mucus.

  THIGMOTROPISM. An innate tendency to seek enclosing contact with a solid or rigid surface, as in a burrow.

  TROPISM. Innate involuntary movement of an organism or any of its parts toward (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus.

  TURBELIARIAN WORMS. The large group of flatworms to which the polyclads belong.

  UBIQUITOUS. Occurring everywhere (though not necessarily abundantly) in the total area under consideration.

  VECTOR. A mathematical term for an abstract quantity such as velocity, acceleration, or force, having both magnitude and direction. It may also have position in space, but this is not necessary. A vector is symbolized or represented by an arrow.

  XEROPHYTIC. Plants structurally adapted to withstand drought.

  Zoom. Individual member of a colony or compound organism, having more or less independent life of its own.

  INDEX

  Abalone

  “Abanico” (sea-fans)

  Abyssinia

  Acanthochitona exquisitus

  Actinaria of the Canadian Arctic Expedition (Verrill)

  Actinians

  “Actinians of Porto Rico” (Duerden) n.

  Agassiz

  Agiabampo; estuary

  Agua Verde Bay

  Aguja Point

  Albacore

  Alcyonaria specimens, preservation of

  Aletesn.

  Algae

  Algal zonation

  Almazán, General

  Amanita muscaria

  Ameba

  Amortajada Bay

  Amphioxus

  Amphipods

  Anemones ; bunodid; commensal; preservation of specimens; sand; zoanthidean

  Angel Custodia. See Guardian Angel Island

  Angel de la Guardia. See Guardian Angel Island

  Angeles Bay

  Annelids; preservation of specimens

  Antarctica

  Apaches

  Aphrodisiacs

  Arbacia incisan.n.

  Archiv für Pathologie und Pharmacologie

  Arco, Cape

  Arles

  Artemis

  Arthropoda

  Associations, animal

  Asteroids

  Astrangia pedersenin.

  Astrometis

  Astrometis sertuliferan.

  Astropyga pulvinatan.

  Atlantis

  Auk, great

  Autotomy

  Avalon

  Bacon, Roger

  Baja, Point. See Point Baja

  Baja California

  Balboa Beach

  Baldibia, Gilbert

  Balistes flavomarginatus

  Balistidae

  “Barco” (red snapper)

  Barnacles

  Barnhart

  Batete. See Botete

  Bats

  Bay of Valparaiso

  Beach-hoppers

  Beagle

  Beche-de-mer

  Beethoven

  Beroë

  Berry, Anthony (Tony)

  Bimaculatus

  Biologists, speculations on

  Bivalves

  Boats, speculations on

  Bolin, Dr. Rolph

  Bonito

  Boodin

  Borrego (big-horn sheep)

  Botete

  Bouin’s solution

  Brancusi

  Bristle-chitons

  Brittle-stars. ; preservation of specimens; sand burrowing

  “Bromas” (barnacles)

  Bryozoa

  Bunodids

  “Burral” (snails)

  Bushmen, Australian

  Butler, Dr. Nicholas Murray

  Butterfly rays

  Cabrillo Point

  Cake urchins

  California (New Albion, Carolina Island) ; Central ; Gulf of. See Gulf of California; Southern

  Callinectes bellicosusn.

  Callinectes crabs

  Callopoma fluctuosumn.

  Calvin, Jack

  Camacho, General

  Cambrian period

  Campoi, Don José

  Cannibalism

  Cape Arco

  Cape Horn

  Cape San Lucas

  Capitalism

  “Caracol” (snails)

  Carditamera affinisn.n.

  Caribbean Treasure (Sanderson)

  Carmel

  Carolina Island

  Carpenter

  Castillo Najera

  Catfish

  Caymancito Rock

  Cayo Islet (Cayo)

  Cedros Island

  Cedros Passage

  Central California

  Centrechinus mexicanus

  Cerianthusn. ; preservation of specimens

  Chamberlin

  Charles II,

  Chione

  Chioraera leonina

  Chitons (sea-cradles) ; preservation of specimens

  Chiton virgulatus

  Chloeia viridis

  Chorodesn.

  Chorodes occidentalis Montgomery n.

  Chris

  Ciguatera

  Cipango

  Clams : boring ; Chione; hacha ; garbanzo; pinnan. ; Pismo: razor; ruffled ; Tivela

  Clavigero.

  Cliona

  Cliona celata

  Club urchins

  Clypeaster rotundusn.

  Clypeaster rotundus (A. Agassiz)n.

  Coast Pilot

  Coccidiosis

  Coelenterate

  Collecting, at night; speculations on

  Collecting equipment

  Collectivism

  Colletto, Tiny

  Colorado River (Red River)

  Commensal animals

  Communism

  Concepción Bay; tides

  Conception, Point

  Conchs; stalk-eyed

  Cones (snails)

  Coolidge, Calvin

  Cooper

  Corallines

  Corals ; green

  Cordonazo

  Cormorants

  “Cornuda” (hammer-head shark)

  Corona, Captain

  Coronado Island

  Cortés

  Cortés, Sea of. See Sea of Cortez

  Coryphaena equisetis Linn.n.

  Cos

  Cosmogony, tidal theory of

  Costello, Jimmy

  Crabs ; commensal; dromiaceous; fiddler ; flat; grapsoid; hermit ; larval; masked; pea; pelagic ; porcelain; preservation of specimens; Sally Lightfoot ; spider; swimming

  Crayfish; and man, compared

  Crustacea

  Ctenophores

  Cuba

  Cucumbers. See Sea-cucumbers

  Cushion star

  Cypselurus californicusn.

  Dali

  Darwin, Charles

  Darwin, George

  Dawson, Dr. E. Yalen.n.

  Day, Francis

  Dentaliums

  Descent from the Cross (Dali)

  Dialectic

  Diodontidae

  Dirac’s equations

  Djetta

  “Dog, The” (Dog ----- Point)

  Dolabell
a californican.

  Dolphins

  Dominance

  Doré

  Drake

  Drinking, speculations on

  Dromiaceous crabs

  Duerdenn.

  Eagle rays

  Echinoderms; fossil

  Echiuroid worms

  Ecologyn.

  Eddington

  Eel

  Eel, moray. See Moray eel

  Eel-grass

  Einstein

  El Mogote. See Mogote, El

  Eltonn.

  Emerson

  Encope californican.

  Encope californica Verrill

  Encope grandisn.

  Encope grandis L. Agassizn.

  Encyclopaedia Britannican.

  Endocrinology

  Enea, Sparky

  England

  Ensenada

  Ensenada de Anpe

  Enteropneust

  “Epibioses of the Gullmar Fjord II” (Gislén)n.

  Epstein

  Eretmochelys imbricata (Linn.)n.

  “Erizo” (urchins)

  Espiritu Santo Island

  Estero de la Luna; tides

  Ethics

  Etiology

  Euapta godeffroyin.n.

  Eucidaris thouarsiin.

  Eurythoë

  Eviscerating animals

  “Evolutional Series toward Death and Renewal” (Gislén)

  Faery

  Fascism

  Fer, M. de

  Fiddler crabs

  Fisher starfish monograph

  Fishes ; albacore; bonito ; botete; catfish ; commensal; flying ; mackerel ; Mexican sierra ; poisonous ; puerco; puffer ; preservation of specimens ; sardines; schools ; sharks ; skipjack ; swordfish ; transparent; tuna

  Fishes of India (Day)

  Fish schools, speculations on

  Flattely and Walton

  Flatworms ; preservation of specimens; turbellarian

  Flying fish; northern

  Ford, Henry

  Frascr

  “Friars, The,”

  Fruit-flies

  Garbanzo clams

  Gars (needle-fish).

  Gastropods

  Geodia

  Geograpsusn.

  Geograpsus lividusn.

  Germo alalungan.

  Gilbert

  Gislén, Dr. Torstenn.

  Goethe

  Goniopsisn.

  Good Hope, Cape of

  Gorgonians

  Grapsoids

  Great auk

  Greco, El

  Grouse