Empires and Barbarians
Page 95
Kostrzewski 389, 390–1, 392
Krefeld-Gellep, cemetery at 318–19, 323–4, 331
Kulikowski, Michael 113, 114
kuning 46
Ladoga, Lake 476, 477, 501
laeti 314
Langobardi 96, 100, 101, 126, 127, 136
law texts
and new states 527
Leach, Edmund 14, 24
Lech, battle of the (955) 369
Leo, Emperor 249, 257, 259
Life of St Anskar 471, 511
Life of St Germanus of Auxerre 295
Life of St Severinus, The 258
Limigantes 85, 87, 88, 128, 183
Lincoln 485
Lincolnshire 485
Lindisfarne 453
literacy 518–19, 526–7
Liutizi 556, 571
Lombards 225–6, 240, 251–3, 260, 261, 374
burial practices 253
destruction of Heruli (508) 225, 226, 242, 257
destruction of kingdom of by Charlemagne
(mid-770s) 367
gathering of groups under 240
historical process behind expansion in
Middle Danube 251–2
kings 241
material culture 253
migration of and motivations behind expansion 157, 257–8, 356, 584, 587, 588–9
move to Italy (560s) 252, 589
move to Middle Danube region and becomes dominant power in 225, 251, 253, 257, 260
war with Gepids 226
Louis the German 368, 460, 461, 532
Louis the Pious 457, 468, 475
Ludi Apolinares 25, 113, 118
Luka Raikovetska system 416, 417, 419
Macedonia 403
Macrianus 40–1, 90
Magnus Maximus 179, 194, 214
Magyars 213, 369, 577, 613
Malchus of Philadelphia 246
manors 292–3, 298–9, 546
Marcomanni 6, 38, 61–2, 94, 95–6, 96
Marcomannic War 43, 96, 96–107, 109, 127, 128, 131, 136, 188, 363
and archaeological excavations 102–5
causes of 98–100
damage caused by barbarians 100
defeat of barbarians and restoring of order 97–8
and expansion of Wielbark culture 105–6
geographical displacement during 101–2, 106–7, 125–6
scale of and number of people involved 100
Marcus Aurelius 94, 95, 96–7, 98, 99, 100–1
Maroboduus 38, 40
Martel, Charles 367
Marxism/Marxists 47–8, 102–3, 467
Maslomelcz group 125
mass migration 347–50
definition 31–2
and social stress 329–31
Maurice, Emperor 401, 428
Mecklenburg 429
Mederichus 38–9
Mercia 459, 460
Merovech 306
Merovingian Franks 220, 286, 306–10, 363–7, 368, 371
political fragmentation of Empire 366–7
role of migration in sixth century 317–29
status groups in 320–1
metal production, Germani 52–3
Middle Danube 222–6, 257
Miesco I 533, 555
migration costs 594–5
military capability
of new states 522–4
military kingship
Germani and rise of 43–7
military retinues 61, 145, 150, 171, 284, 505
and new states 540–1, 547, 563–4
Miracles of St Demetrius 403, 404, 423
modern migration 141, 142, 146, 161, 353, 592–3, 602
Mogilany culture 410–11, 411, 412, 426
Moldavia 393, 439, 446
Moravia/Moravians xiii–xix 409, 411, 516–17, 532–3, 557, 563
and castles 521
Christian basilicas in 525
conversion to Christianity 518, 568
creation of 516–17, 532–3
fighting of Magyars 613
and imperial predation 558
military power of 522
trading of land 528
Musocius 424
Naristi 98, 101, 128, 132
nationalism 13–14
Nazis 13, 118–19
Nedao, battle of the (454) 207, 208, 223
Neolithic period 22
new states 610–12
and agricultural production 545–8, 552, 612
castle construction 521–2
church building 525
and codes of law 527
and communication 525–6
conversion to Christianity 517, 518, 519, 558, 567–72, 610
dynastic ambition as activating mechanism for state formation 553
fur and slave trade 564–5
and globalization 563–72
governmental capacity 521
and itineration 529–30, 551, 610
lack of secondary migration 575–6, 612–13
military capabilities 522–4, 564, 610, 611
and military retinues 540–1, 563–4
operating within distinct centre-periphery dichotomy 551
and population densities 550
products of long and complex processes of transformation 572–3
and record-keeping 526–7
relations with Empire 554–63, 574–5
rise of dynasties 531–9, 610
size and scale of 520–1
state-building 539–53
and swapping of land 528–9, 610
and trade networks 548–9, 552, 564–7, 573, 610, 611, 612
transformation and ‘peer polity interaction’ 573
nomads 7, 184–5, 211–12, 213, 220, 406
Norman Conquest 23, 267, 292, 298–9, 301–2, 327, 329–30, 349, 350, 487, 580, 614
North Africa
Vandal-Alan invasion of (429) 7, 73, 176, 340, 351, 354, 589
North European Plain 6, 7–8
Northern Crusades 556–7
Northumbria 496, 502, 510
Norway 274, 281, 372, 453–4, 464, 498, 528, 537
Notitia Dignitatum 340
Novotroitskoe 426
Ntaryamira, President Cyprien 1
Nydam boat 505
Odovacar 224, 225, 240, 243, 251, 254, 258, 261
Odry (Poland), cemetery at 49, 56
Offa, King of Mercia 454
Olaf the White 458
Oleg 479, 480, 535, 536, 551
Olympiodorus of Thebes 174, 175, 216, 220
Onegesius 228, 230
optimates 542, 542–3, 563
Ostrogoths 57, 70, 123, 220, 224, 339, 343, 347–8, 358, 375
conquering of by Byzantines (536) 241, 243–4
conquering of Italy 354, 586
destruction of by Justinian 361, 364, 378
Otto I, King 369, 554
Otto III, Emperor 515–16, 519, 555, 556, 559
Ottoman Empire 369, 380
Ottonians 554–63, 571
Palestinian refugees 29
Pannonia 126, 127, 207, 208, 225, 231–2, 253, 340
Parthian War 99
peasantry 614
peer polity interaction 573, 575
Peloponnese 402, 404, 431–2
Penkovka system 415–16, 419
Perigastes 424
Persia 137, 378, 379, 401, 402
Petchenegs 213, 521
Petrovskoe 493
philology 46
Piasts 515, 520, 521, 522–3, 528, 533–4, 549, 573
castle construction 534, 550
conversion to Christianity 567
military power of 522
rise to power 533–4, 550
and slave trade 567
Picts 287–8
Pippin 367, 456
place-name evidence
Anglo-Saxonization and 269–70
Frankish immigration 325
Viking migration 485, 487–8
ploughing/ploughs 74, 293, 430,
546
Poland 104, 371, 390–1, 392, 412, 520, 528, 563
agricultural economy 546
at start of first millennium 516
extent of lands 520
law books 527
military capability 522–3
and Piast dynasty see Piasts population density 550
and trade 549
trade in lands 528
Polesia 441
political migration 1, 29, 30–1, 33, 597–8
pollen studies 52, 429
Pomerania 371, 469
Portchester 285
Postumus, Emperor 108
Potgieter, Hendrik 144
pottery 141, 253–4, 373
Cernjachov 118
Germanic 53, 373, 374
Slavic 409–10, 412, 416, 430–1
Premyslids 428, 516, 521, 529, 531–2, 550, 573
primordialists 24, 25
Priscus 220, 227–8, 230, 231, 232
Procopius 243, 247, 261, 282, 392, 394, 400, 423, 430, 433, 586
Przeworsk system 103, 105, 391
disintegration of 371, 373, 384
Ptolemy 6, 8, 36, 115
Quadi 83, 83–4, 94–6, 97, 98, 99, 102, 127
Radagaisus 151, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186, 199, 338
Radulf, revolt of (639) 366
Raetia 196
Ragnar Lothbrok 458
Ravning Edge Bridge 525–6, 530
Recitach 249–50
Reginharius 456, 457, 458, 511
Regino of Prüm 368
Reihengräber cemeteries 318, 319, 320, 323, 324, 326, 327
Remigius of Rheims, Bishop 312
Rethra, cult of 571
Retief, Piet 144
return migration 447, 592–3
Riade, battle of (933) 369
Rodulf of the Rani 261
Roman Britain 269, 270–2
archaeological material 273–4
breaking down of systems thesis 271–2
British rebellion (409) 294–5
decline in investment in public monuments by towns 270–1
disappearance of villas 294, 295–6
rural prosperity and flourishing of villas 271
Romans/Roman Empire 333
Alamanni raids and assaults against 81–2, 108
civil wars 169, 194
collapse of eastern empire and reasons 378, 379, 380, 381–2
collapse of frontier 151–3
damage caused by invasions 175
decline 306, 307
fortifications 522
Germani raids against 59, 81–2, 89, 92, 96, 97
Gothic attacks on in third century 109–10, 111, 127, 338
immigration policies 136
migration in 598–603
new political bonds between immigrant leaders and 335
and Persian wars 59, 61, 379
recruitment of Germanic manpower into army 61, 74–5, 84, 90, 91
relations with periphery 561
resettlement of barbarians 168
resistance to barbarian migration over the border 336–7
ruling of Germani and diplomatic methods used to keep under control 81–9
third-century fighting against barbarians 107, 109–11
trade with Germani 61–2, 72–81, 91, 138, 139, 564
withdrawal of troops from frontiers due to civil wars 179
Roman Empire collapse (western) 339–59, 407, 506
conflict between immigrants and 353–4
connection with immigrant violence 338–40
and deals between local aristocrats and immigrants 341–2
impact of immigrants on imperial tax revenues 311, 339–40, 342
impact of on patterns of development 384
impact of on society and culture 349–50
and migration 332, 333–55, 349, 383
migration and development in period of 355–9
and relocation of landed resources 350–2
Rome
sacking of by Goths 196, 202
Romny-Borshevo system 416–17
Roxolani 98, 114
Rufinus of Aquileia 39
Rugi 115, 116, 222, 240, 243, 255, 258, 259, 344, 589
defeat of by Odovacar 251, 254
demise of kingdom of 224, 225, 240
and group identity 242, 243
maintaining of independence 242
role of information in migration 261
Runder Berg (Urach) 56–7, 62
Ruric 469, 478, 479, 480
Rurikids 434–7, 523, 549, 551–2, 566, 573
Rus 466–81
arrival in Russia 468–9
attack on Constantinople (475) 475–6, 480
developing of contacts with Islamic world 474–5
evolvement of political organization 475–7
fur trade 470–1, 473
and island king 478–9
in Kiev 479–81
military capabilities 523–4
origins 466–8
and slave trade 470, 479, 565–6, 567
state of 520
trade and trading routes 470–2, 473–4, 477–8, 493
Rusanova, Irina 395
Russia 10
agriculture 546
anti-Christianity 571
fortifications 521
hunting in 530
itineration in 529–30
law books 527
and military retinues 541
relocating of capital to Kiev by Rurikids 551–2
rise of Rurikids 534–7
Slavicization of 414–18, 426–7
and trade 549
treaty with Byzantiums 523, 535
and Viking migration 491–2, 514
Russian Primary Chronicle 56, 414, 417, 468–9, 479, 480, 518, 534, 536, 551–2
Russian Vikings 465–81 see also Rus
Ruzycankan group 125
Rwanda 1, 29, 161, 353, 584
Rybakov 390, 391
St Germain monastery 456
St Wenceslas Day massacre (995) 531, 570
Salian Franks 306, 383
Salona 432
Samanid dynasty 478, 565
Samo 343, 408, 430, 434, 444
Sarmatians 7, 83, 85, 97, 98, 113, 114, 115, 151, 168, 221–2
Sarskoe Gorodishche 492, 494
Sarus 193, 198
Sawyer, Peter 481–2
Saxon mercenaries 279, 282, 283
‘Saxon Shore’ 285–6
Saxons 37, 42, 366, 367, 374, 560 see also Anglo-Saxons
Scandinavia 281, 372, 509–11, 517 see also Vikings
Sciri 152, 174, 183, 187, 222, 224, 228, 239, 240, 255, 258, 261
Sclavenes 392–3, 394, 397, 398, 399–401, 402, 416, 420, 439
Scotland
Viking raids and settlement 453, 455, 487, 496, 582
Scots 287–8
‘Scythia’ 6–7
sea levels, rising 286
sea transport
and Viking migration 504–6, 512, 513, 583–4, 595–6
Second World War 29
Seljuk Turks 236
semi-sunken hut (Grubenhaus) 118
Serapio 36, 38
Serbs 11, 405, 405–6, 424–5, 444
Sergeric 193
service villages 542, 550, 561
Shchukin, Mark 120, 392
ships, Viking 503–4, 513
Sihtric, King 464–5
Siling Vandals 173, 176, 187, 189, 204, 338, 383
skulls 318
slaves/slave trade 91, 445, 542, 544, 548–9, 564, 565–7
Germanic 46, 55, 66, 75, 78, 81, 91, 139
and new states 564–5
and Rus 470, 479, 565–6, 567
and Vikings 498–9, 548
and women 566–7
Slavic Europe/Slavicization 386–451, 553, 582, 609
archaeological remains and creation of 388–9
Balkans 399–406, 419
Central Europe 406–16
extent of 386
lack of sources on creation of 387–8
Russia 414–18, 419
Slavic migration 9, 393–4, 419–45, 445–51, 582
absorption of outsiders 434–7
and collapse of Germanic culture collapse 438, 440–1
complexity of process 449–50
demographic significance 429–31
and fields of information 446, 591
flows of 420–8
and inherent mobility 446, 593
limitations of source materials on 449
as mass migration 438
motivations for 439–45
nature of units 445
and non-elite transfer/cultural emulation model 433
relations between Slavs and indigenous populations 428, 433–8, 450
return 447–8
scale and size of population units 420–7, 449–50
as shock to Slavs themselves 438–9
and transport logistics 448
and wave of advance model 422, 427, 449
Slavs xiii, xv 120, 374, 514, 540–2
and agriculture 430, 431, 447
and Avars 401, 424–5, 443–5, 447, 608–9
and collapse of Germanic Europe 607
conflict with Goths 442
contacts with east Roman Empire 607–8, 609
emergence of new states see new states
first documented appearance 392–3
inter-Slavic rivalry of nationalist era 390
language 395, 398
links with the Venedi 394–5, 396
and literacy 518
marked by lack of social differentiation 541
military effectiveness of 450
original homelands and competing visions on 389–98, 447
proto- 392–8
raiding of Roman Balkans 437, 439, 446, 448
relations with Ottonians and Carolingians 554–6
restructuring of society by ninth/tenth century 540–4
treatment of prisoners 428, 437
warrior class 439–40
Slovakia xiii 408, 410, 411, 520
Snake Walls 521
social-stress theory 320–1, 327–8, 329–32
Socrates Scholasticus 160
Sorbs 408, 444
Spain 189–90, 203, 456
Staraja Ladoga 476, 478, 492, 494, 498, 501, 507, 565
state-building
and new states 539–53
Stenton, Sir Frank 300
Stilicho 175, 178, 179, 180, 192, 196–7, 199, 214
Strabo 249
Strasbourg, battle of 40, 59, 62, 65, 73, 158
Strategicon of Maurice 422, 433, 434, 435, 437
subsidies, Roman 86–7, 139, 140, 181, 337
Suebi 225
Suebic knot 54
Suevi 82, 173–5, 176, 180–1, 184, 187, 189, 204, 221–2, 333
Sukow-Dziedzice system 412, 413, 414, 419, 426, 430–1, 434, 449
Svein 521, 524, 530, 539
Sviatoslav 552, 571, 574
Sweden 528
Syagrius 308, 309, 310
Synesius of Cyrene 180, 191, 192
Tacitus, Cornelius 6, 36, 38, 46, 115, 124
Germania 7, 16, 36, 391, 395