War Comes to the Big Bend

by Zane Grey

“I think not. The parasite or fungus lives inside the wheat.”

  “Never heard that before. No wonder smut is the worst trouble for wheat raisers in the Northwest. I’ve fields literally full of smut. An’ we never are rid of it. One farmer has one idea, an’ someone else another. What could be of greater importance to a farmer? We’re at war. We’ve got to win the war. The men who claim to know say that wheat will win the war. An’ we lose millions of bushels from the smut. That’s to say it’s a terrible fact to face. I’d like to get your ideas.”

  Dorn, happening to glance again at Miss Anderson, an act that seemed to be growing habitual, read curiosity and interest and something more in her direct blue eyes. The circumstance embarrassed him, though it tugged at the flood gates of his knowledge. He could talk about wheat and he did like to. Yet here was a girl who might be supposed to be bored. Still she did not appear to be. That warm glance was not politeness.

  “Yes. I’d like to hear every word you can say about wheat,” she said with an encouraging little nod.

  “Sure she would,” added Anderson with an affectionate hand on her shoulder. “She’s a farmer’s daughter. She’ll be a farmer’s wife.”

  He laughed at this last sally. The girl blushed.

  Dorn smiled and shook his head doubtfully. “I imagine that good fortune will never befall a farmer,” he said.

  “Well, if it should,” she replied archly, “just consider how I might surprise him with my knowledge of wheat . . . Indeed, Mister Dorn, I am interested. I’ve never been in the Big Bend before . . . in your desert of wheat. I never before felt the greatness of loving the soil . . . or caring for it . . . of growing things from seed. Yet the Bible teaches that, and I read my Bible. Please tell us. The more you say, the more I’ll like it.”

  Dorn was not proof against this eloquence. And he quoted two of his authorities, Heald and Woolman, of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, where he had studied for two years.

  “Bunt, or stinking smut, is caused by two different species of microscopic fungi that live as parasites in the wheat plant. Both are essentially similar in their effects and their life history. Tilletia tritici or the rough-spored variety is the common stinking smut of the Pacific regions, while Tilletia fœtans, or the smooth-spored species, is the one generally found in the eastern U.S.

  “The smut berries, or balls, from an infected head contain millions of minute bodies, the spore or seeds of the smut fungus. These reproduce the smut in somewhat the same way that a true seed develops into a new plant. A single smut ball of average size contains a sufficient number of spores to give one for each grain of wheat in five or six bushels. It takes eight smut spores to equal the diameter of a human hair. Normal wheat grains from an infected field may have so many spores lodged on their surface as to give them a dark color, but other grains that show no difference in color to the naked eye may still contain a sufficient number of spores to produce a smutty crop if seed treatment is not practiced.

  “When living smut spores are introduced into the soil with the seed wheat, or exist in the soil in which smut-free wheat is sown, a certain percentage of the wheat plants are likely to become infected. The smut spore germinates and produces first a stage of the smut plant in the soil. This first stage never infects a young seedling directly, but gives rise to secondary spores, called sporida, from which infection threads may arise and penetrate the shoot of a young seedling and reach the growing point. Here the fungus threads keep pace with the growth of the plant and reach maturity at or slightly before harvest time.

  “Since this disease is caused by an internal parasite, it is natural to expect certain responses to its presence. It should be noted first that the smut fungus is living at the expense of its host plant, the wheat, and its effect on the host involves the consumption of food, the destruction of food in the sporulating process, and the stimulating or retarding effect on normal physiological processes.

  “Badly smutted plants remain in many cases undersize and produce fewer and smaller heads. In the Fife and Bluestem varieties the infected heads previous to maturity exhibit a darker green color, and remain green longer than the normal heads. In some varieties the infected heads stand erect, when normal ones begin to droop as a result of the increasing weight of the ripening grain.

  “A crop may become infected with smut in a number of different ways. Smut was originally introduced with the seed, and many farmers are still planting it every season with their seed wheat. Wheat taken from a smutty crop will have countless numbers of loose spores adhering to the grains, also a certain number of unbroken smut balls. These are always a source of danger, even when the seed is treated with fungicides.

  “There are also chances for the infection of a crop if absolutely smut free seed is employed. First, soil infection from a previous smutty crop, and second, soil infection from wind-blown spores. Experiments have shown separated spores from crushed smut balls lose their effective power in about two to three months, provided the soil is moist and loose, and in no case do they survive a winter.

  “It does not seem probable that wheat smut will be controlled by any single practice, but rather by the combined use of various methods . . . crop rotation, the use of clean seed, seed treatment with fungicides, cultural practices and breeding, and selection of varieties.

  “Failure to practice crop rotation is undoubtedly one of the main explanations for the general prevalence of smut in the wheat fields of eastern Washington. Even with an intervening summer fallow, the smut from a previous crop may be a source of infection. Experience shows that a fall stubble crop is less liable to smut infection than a crop following summer fallow. The apparent explanation for this condition is the fact that the summer fallow becomes infected with wind-blown spores, while in a stubble crop the wind-blown spores, as well as those originating from the previous crop, are buried in plowing.

  “If clean seed or properly treated seed had been used by all farmers, we should never have had a smut problem. High percents of smut indicate either soil infection or imperfect treatment. The principle of the chemical treatment is to use a poison that will kill the superficial spores of the smut and not materially injure the germinating power of the seed. The hot-water treatment is only recommended when one of the chemical steeps is not effective.

  “Certain cultural practices are beneficial in reducing the amount of smut in all cases, while the value of others depends to some extent upon the source of the smut spores. The factors that always influence the amount of smut are the temperature of the soil during the germinating period, the amount of soil moisture, and the depth of seeding. Where seed-borne spores are the only sources of infection, attention to these three factors will give the only cultural practices for reducing the amount of smut.

  “Early seeding has been practiced by various farmers, and they report a marked reduction in smut. The replowing of the summer fallow after the first fall rains is generally effective in reducing the amount of smut. Very late planting . . . that is, four or five weeks after the first good fall rains . . . is also an effective practice. All tillage of summer fallow, other than plowing, seems to be beneficial.

  “No smut-immune varieties of wheat are known, but the standard varieties show varying degrees of resistance. Spring wheat generally suffers less from smut than winter varieties. This isn’t due to any superior resistance, but rather to the fact that they escape infection. If only spring wheat was grown, our smut problem would largely disappear . . . but a return of this practice isn’t smart, since winter wheat is much more desirable. It seems probable that the conditions that prevail during the growing season may have considerable influence on the percent of smut in any given variety.”

  When Dorn finished his discourse, to receive the thanks of his listeners, they walked back through the yard toward the road. Mr. Anderson, who led the way, halted rather abruptly.

  “M-m-m. Who’re those men talkin’ to my driver?” he queried.

  Dorn then saw a couple of strangers
standing near the motorcar engaged in apparently close conversation with the chauffeur. Upon the moment they glanced up to see Mr. Anderson approaching, and they rather hurriedly departed. Dorn had noted a good many strangers lately—men whose garb was not that of farmers, whose faces seemed foreign, whose actions were suspicious.

  “I’ll bet a hundred they’re IWWs,” declared Anderson. “Take my hunch, Dorn.”

  The strangers passed on down the road without looking back.

  “Wonder where they’ll sleep tonight?” muttered Dorn.

  Anderson rather sharply asked his driver what the two men wanted. And the reply he got was that they were inquiring about work.

  “Did they speak English?” went on the rancher.

  “Well enough to make themselves understood,” replied the driver.

  Dorn did not get a good impression from the shifty eyes and air of taciturnity of Mr. Anderson’s man. And it was evident that the blunt rancher restrained himself. He helped his daughter into the car, and then put on his long coat. Next he shook hands with Dorn.

  “Young man, I’ve enjoyed meetin’ you an’ have sure profited from same,” he said. “Which makes up for your dad. I’ll run over here again to see you . . . around harvest time. An’ I’ll be wishin’ for that rain.”

  “Thank you. If it does rain, I’ll be happy to see you,” replied Dorn with a smile.

  “Well, if it doesn’t rain, I won’t come. I’ll put it off another year an’ cuss them other fellers into holdin’ off, too.”

  “You’re very kind. I don’t know how I’d . . . we’d ever repay you in that case.”

  “Don’t mention it. Say, how far did you say it was to Wheeler? We’ll have lunch there.”

  “It’s fifteen miles . . . that way,” answered Dorn. “If it wasn’t for . . . for Father, I’d like you to stay . . . and break some of my bread.”

  Dorn was looking at the girl as he spoke. Her steady gaze had been on him ever since she entered the car, and in the shade of her hat and the veil she was adjusting, her eyes seemed very dark and sweet and thoughtful. She brightly nodded her thanks as she held the veil aside with both hands.

  “I wish you luck . . . good bye,” she said, and closed the veil.

  Still Dorn could see here eyes through it and now they were sweeter, more mysterious, more provocative of haunting thoughts. It flashed over him with dread certainty that he had fallen in love with her. The shock struck him mute. He had no reply for the rancher’s hearty farewell. Then the car lurched away and dust rose in a cloud.

  Chapter Three

  W ith a strange knocking of his heart, high up toward his throat, Kurt Dorn stood stockstill, watching the moving cloud of dust until it disappeared over the hill.

  No doubt entered his mind. The truth, the fact, was a year old—a long-familiar and dreamy state—but its meaning had not been revealed to him until just a moment past. Everything had changed when she looked out with that sweet steady gaze through the parted veil and then slowly closed it. She had changed. There was something intangible about her that last moment, baffling, haunting. He leaned against a crooked old gate post, that as a boy he had climbed, and the thought came to him that this spot would all his life be vivid and poignant in his memory. The first sight of a blue-eyed, sunny-haired girl, a year and more before, had struck deep into his unconscious heart; a second sight had made her an unforgettable reality, and a third had been realization of love.

  Somehow it was sad, regrettable, incomprehensible, and yet his inner being swelled and throbbed. Her name was Lenore Anderson. Her father was one of the richest men in the state of Washington. She had one brother Jim, who would not wait for the Army draft. Kurt trembled and a hot rush of tears dimmed his eyes. All at once his lot seemed unbearable. An immeasurable barrier had arisen between him and his old father, a hideous thing of blood, of years, of ineradicable difference; the broad acres of wheat land so dear to him were to be taken from him; love had overcome him with headlong rush and love that could never be returned, and cruelest of all there was the war calling him to give up his home, his father, his future, and go out to kill and be killed.

  It came to him, while he leaned there, that, remembering the light of Lenore Anderson’s eyes, he could not give up to bitterness and hatred, whatever his misfortunes and his fate. She would never be anything to him, but he and her brother Jim and many other young Americans must be incalculably all to her. That thought saved Kurt Dorn. There were other things besides his own career, his happiness, and the way he was placed, however unfortunate from a selfish point of view, must not breed a morbid self-pity.

  The moment of his resolution brought a flash, a revelation of what he owed himself. The work and the thought and the feeling of his last few weeks there at home must be intensified. He must do much and live greatly in little time. This was the moment of his renunciation, and he imagined many a young man, who had decided to go to war, had experienced a strange spiritual division of self. He wondered also if that moment was not for many of them a let-down, a throwing-up of ideals, a helpless retrograding and surrender to the brutalizing spirit of war. But it could never be so for him. It might have been, had not that girl come into his life.

  The bell for the midday meal roused Kurt from his profound reverie, and he plodded back to the house. Down through the barnyard he saw the hired men coming, and a second glance discovered to him that two unknown men were with them. Watching for a moment, Kurt recognized the two strangers that had been talking to Mr. Anderson’s driver. It appeared they were talking earnestly now. Kurt saw Jerry, a trusty and long-tried employee, rather unceremoniously break away from these strangers. But they followed him, headed him off, and with vehement words and gesticulations appeared to be arguing with him. The other hired men pushed closer, evidently listening. Finally Jerry impatiently broke away and tramped toward the house. These strangers sent sharp words after him—words that Kurt could not distinguish, though he caught the tone of scorn. Then the two individuals addressed themselves to the other men, and in close contact the whole party passed out of sight behind the barn.

  Thoughtfully Kurt went into the house. He meant to speak to Jerry about the strangers, but he wanted to consider the matter first. He had misgivings. His father was not in the sitting room, nor in the kitchen. Dinner was ready on the table, and the one servant, an old woman who had served the Dorns for years, appeared impatient at the lack of promptness in the men. Both father and son, except on Sundays, always ate with the hired help. Kurt stepped outside to find Jerry washing at the bench.

  “Jerry, what’s keeping the men?” queried Kurt.

  “Wal, they’re palaverin’ out there with two IWW fellers,” replied Jerry.

  Kurt reached for the rope of the farm bell, and rang it rather sharply. Then he went in to take his place at the table, and Jerry soon followed. Old man Dorn did not appear, which fact was not unusual. The other hired men did not come until Jerry and Kurt were half done with the meal. They seemed excited and somewhat boisterous, Kurt thought, but once they settled down to eating, after the manner of hungry laborers, they had little to say. Kurt, soon finishing his dinner, went outdoors to wait for Jerry. That individual appeared to be long in coming, and loud voices in the kitchen attested to further argument. At last, however, he lounged out and began to fill a pipe.

  “Jerry, I want to talk to you,” said Kurt. “Let’s get away from the house.”

  The hired man was a big lumbering fellow, gnarled like an old oak tree. He had a good-natured face and honest eyes.

  “I reckon you want to hear about them IWW fellers?” he asked as they walked away.

  “Yes,” replied Kurt.

  “There’s been a regular procession of them fellers the last week or so, walkin’ through the country,” replied Jerry. “Today’s the first time any of them got to me. But I’ve heard talk. Sunday when I was in Wheeler the air was full of rumors.”

  “Rumors of what?” queried Kurt.

  “All kinds,”
answered Jerry nonchalantly, scratching his stubby beard. “There’s an army of IWWs comin’ in from eastward. Idaho an’ Montana are gittin’ a dose now. Short hours, double wages, join the union, sabotage . . . whatever that is . . . capital an’ labor fight, threats if you don’t fall in line, an’ Lord knows what all.”

  “What did those two fellows want of you?”

  “Wanted us to join the IWW,” replied the laborer.

  “Did they want a job?”

  “Not as I heerd. Why, one of them had a wad of bills that would choke a cow. He did most of the talkin’. The little feller with the beady eyes an’ the pockmarks . . . he didn’t say much. He’s Austrian an’ not long in this country. The big stiff . . . Glidden, he called himself . . . must be some shucks in that IWW. He looked an’ talked oily at first . . . very persuadin’, but, when I says I wasn’t goin’ to join no union, he got sassy an’ bossy. Thet made me sore, so I told him to go to hell. Then he said the IWW would run the whole Northwest this summer . . . wheat fields, lumberin’, fruit harvestin’, railroadin’ . . . the whole caboodle, an’ that any workman who wouldn’t join would get his, all right.”

  “Well, Jerry, what do you think about this organization?” queried Kurt anxiously.

  “Not much. It ain’t a square deal. I ain’t got no belief in them. What I heerd of their threatenin’ methods is like the way this Glidden talks. If I owned a farm, I’d drive such fellers off with a whip. There’s goin’ to be bad doin’s if they come driftin’ strong into the Big Bend.”

  “Jerry, are you satisfied with you job?”

  “Sure. I won’t join the IWW, an’ I’ll talk ag’in’ it. I reckon a few of us will hev to do all the harvestin’. An’ considerin’ thet, I’ll take a dollar a day more in my wages.”

  “If Father does not agree to that, I will,” said Kurt. “Now how about the other men?”

  “Wal, they all are leanin’ toward promises of little work an’ lots of pay,” answered Jerry with a laugh. “Morgan’s on the fence about joinin’. But Andrew agreed. He’s Dutch an’ pig-headed. Jansen’s way too glad to make trouble for his boss. They’re goin’ to lay off the rest of today an’ talk with Glidden. They all agreed to meet down by the culvert. An’ that’s why they was arguin’ with me . . . wanted me to come.”