Pakistan- the Balochistan Conundrum

by Tilak Devasher

  5. Imperial Gazetteer of India, pp. 21–22.

  6. Syed Iqbal Ahmed, Balochistan: Its Strategic Importance, Karachi: Royal Book Co, 1992, p. 2.

  7. Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan, Straus and Girous, USA, 2002, Indian Viking edition, New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2003, p. 90; David O. Smith, The Quetta Experience: A Study of Attitudes and Values in the Pakistan Army, Washington D C: Wilson Centre, 2018, p. 25.

  8. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, pp. 19–23.

  9. Edward Wakefield, Past Imperative: My Life in India, 1927-1947, London: Chatto and Windus, 1966, p. 98 cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 21.

  10. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan Baluch, Inside Baluchistan: A Political Autobiography of His Highness Baiglar Baigi: Khan-E-Azam-XIII, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1975, pp. 263–64.

  11. Ainslie T. Embree (ed.), Pakistan’s Western Borderlands: The Transformation of a Political Order, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1977, p. xii.

  12. Government of Balochistan, http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=783, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  13. Imperial Gazetteer of India, p. 3.

  14. T. Holdich, The Gates of India, Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1977, pp. 285 and 289, cited in Syed Iqbal Ahmed, Balochistan: Its Strategic Importance, p. 3.

  15. Robert D. Kaplan, ‘Pakistan’s Fatal Shore’, The Atlantic, May 2009, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/05/pakistans-fatal-shore/307385/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  16. Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981, p. 8.

  17. Imperial Gazetteer of India, p. 89.

  18. Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan, p. 116.

  19. Ibid., p. 90.

  20. Captain Harry Willes Darell de Windt, A Ride to India across Persia and Baluchistan, 1891, cited in IFFRAS, Balochistan: Denial of Destiny, p. 26.

  21. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2004, pp. 78–79.

  22. Cited in Sylvia A. Matheson, The Tigers of Balochistan, Karachi: Oxford University Press (OUP henceforth), 1997, p. 11.

  23. Imperial Gazetteer of India, p. 10.

  24. Ainslie T. Embree (ed.), Pakistan’s Western Borderlands: The Transformation of a Political Order, p. xi.

  25. Syed Muhammad Abubakar, ‘Embattled Balochistan is now up against a different foe’, The Express Tribune, 22 July 2017, https://tribune.com.pk/story/1463981/embattled-balochistan-now-different-foe/, (accessed on 27 February 2018).

  26. Muhammad Sardar Khan Baluch, History of Baluch Race and Baluchistan, Quetta: Khair-un-Nisa, Nisa Traders, third edition 1984, p. 26, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, ‘Heterogeneity and the Baloch Identity’, 20 September 2011, http://intellibriefs.blogspot.in/2010/10/heterogeneity-and-baloch-identity.html, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  27. Sylvia A. Matheson, The Tigers of Balochistan, pp. 11–12.

  28. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 79.

  29. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, pp. 22–23.

  30. Imperial Gazetteer of India, pp. 53–57.

  31. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 23.

  32. Government of Balochistan, ‘Education Sector Plan, 2013–17’, p. 9, http://aserpakistan.org/document/learning_resources/2014/Sector_Plans/Balochistan%20Sector%20Plan%202013-2017.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  33. R.N. Frye, ‘Baluchistan’, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 1, p. 1005, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 19.

  34. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 2, p. 8, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, ibid.

  35. G.N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, Vol. 2, p. 255, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, ibid.

  36. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan Baluch, Inside Baluchistan, p. 107.

  37. Sir Olaf Caroe, The Pathans 550 bc—ad 1957, Karachi: OUP, 1958, p. 372.

  38. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 31.

  39. Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Balochistan’, 1911, cited in IFFRAS, Balochistan: Denial of Destiny, pp. 22–23.

  40. Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan, p. 95.

  41. Imperial Gazetteer of India, pp. 77–78.

  42. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Conflict in Balochistan’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, August 2006, p. 41, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/20.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  43. The levy system was started by Sir Robert Sandeman who, as deputy commissioner of the Dera Ghazi Khan district in 1867, employed a small number of tribal horsemen from the Marri and Bugti tribes. He extended the system to Balochistan by giving tribal leaders allowances for maintaining a certain number of armed horse and foot soldiers to keep order in their tribes and to produce offenders when crimes occurred.

  44. Saleem Shahid, ‘Plan to re-organise Levies Force approved’, Dawn, 12 September 2018, https://www.dawn.com/news/1432412/plan-to-re-organise-levies-force-approved, (accessed 3 January 2019).

  45. HRCP Report, 2006, p. 41.

  46. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Balochistan: Giving the People a Chance’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, June 2013, p. 31, http://www.hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/Balochistan%20Report%20New%20Final.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  47. Ibid.

  48. Government of Balochistan, ‘Budget White Paper 2015–16’, p. 10. https://balochistan.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=1414&Itemid=677, (accessed on 27 February 2018).

  49. ‘Odd foreign policy priority’, Dawn, 19 October 2015, https://www.dawn.com/news/1213936, (accessed on 27 February 2018).

  50. Hasnaat Malik, ‘Sindh says India wants ban on houbara hunts’, The Express Tribune, 8 January 2016, https://tribune.com.pk/story/1023863/desperate-measures-sindh-says-india-wants-ban-on-houbara-hunts/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  51. A Baloch proverb, cited in Farhan Hanif Siddiqi, The Political Economy of The Ethnonationalist Uprising in Pakistani Balochistan, 1999–2013, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, January 2015, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272183981_Political_Economy_of_the_Ethno-nationalist_Uprising_in_Pakistani_Balochistan_1999-2013, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  52. Gas from Sui is in a league by itself, as discussed in detail in a later chapter.

  53. Maqbool Ahmed, ‘Magic Mountain: The Reko Diq Gold and Copper Mining project’, Herald, September 2017, https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153283, (accessed 3 March 2018).

  54. Yousaf Ajab Baloch, ‘Plunder of Saindak’s Gold and Copper’, Daily Times, 14 October 2013, https://dailytimes.com.pk/107284/plunder-of-saindaks-copper-and-gold/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  55. Rehan Khattak, ‘Rs 6 billion Generated from Chamalang Coal Mines Project’, Associated Press of Pakistan, 21 June 2015, https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/balochistans-socioeconomic-development-updates-discussions.302433/page-4, (accessed on 27 February 2018).

  56. Seymour M. Hersh, ‘The Iran Plans: Would President Bush go to war to stop Tehran from getting the bomb?’ The New Yorker, 17 April 2006, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/04/17/the-iran-plans, (accessed on 27 February 2018).

  57. Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow, p. 7.

  58. Robert G. Wirsing, ‘Baloch Nationalism and the Geopolitics óf Energy Resources: The Changing Context of Separatism in Pakistan’, April 2008, https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/PUB853.pdf’, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  59. Ibid., p. 30.

  60. Ibid., pp. 6–7.

  61. Ibid., p. 6.

  62. Ibid., p. 10.

  63. Ibid.

  64. Khalid Mustafa, ‘Shelving of IP gas project:
Iran threatens to take Pakistan to The Hague’, The News, 28 February 2018, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/286409-shelving-of-ip-gas-project-iran-threatens-to-take-pakistan-to-the-hague, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  65. ‘Bonhomie marks opening of TAPI gas pipeline’, Dawn, 24 February 2018, www.dawn.com/news/1391340/bonhomie-marks-opening-of-tapi-gas-pipeline, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  2. The People

  1. Cited in International Forum for Rights And Security (IFFRAS), Balochistan: Denial of Destiny, London: European Media Ltd, 2012, fn. 5, p. 62.

  2. Government of Balochistan, ‘Balochistan Education Sector Plan 2013-2017’, http://aserpakistan.org/document/learning_resources/2014/Sector_Plans/Balochistan%20Sector%20Plan%202013-2017.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  3. Abdul Wahab, ‘A Province in Peril’, Newsline, June 2009, http://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/the-final-showdown/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  4. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series, ‘Baluchistan’, London: Clarendon Press, this edition, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1991, p. 29.

  5. G.P. Tate, Seistan: A Memoir on the History, Topography, Ruins and People of the Country, (in four parts, Part IV, The People of Seistan), Calcutta, 1912, p. 365, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2004, p. 5.

  6. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, 2004, p. 75.

  7. J. Hansman, ‘A Periplus of Magan and Melukha’, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, (BSOAS), London, 1973, p. 555; H.W. Bailey, ‘Mleccha, Baloc, and Gadrosia’, in BSOAS, No. 36, London, 1973, pp. 584–87, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 75.

  8. Interview with Munir Ahmad Gichki, in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 75.

  9. Muhammad Sardar Khan Baluch, History of Baluch Race and Baluchistan, pp. 14–16, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 75.

  10. Mir Khuda Bakhsh Bijarani, Searchlight on Baloches and Balochistan. pp. 9–10, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 75.

  11. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, ‘Hetrogenity and the Baloch Identity’, Hanken, Annual Research Journal, The Department of Balochi, Faculty of Languages and Literature, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Volume No.1, 2009, pp. 51–65, published online, 4 October 2010.

  12. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 131.

  13. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan Baluch, Inside Baluchistan: A Political Autobiography of His Highness Baiglar Baigi: Khan-E-Azam-XIII, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1987, pp. 255–96.

  14. Ibid., p. 51.

  15. Hittu Ram, Tarikh-e-Baluchistan, pp. 10–11, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, p. 35.

  16. H.H. Risley, Census of India 1901, Vol. 1, ‘Ethnographic Appendices’, p. 68, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 35.

  17. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, p. 41.

  18. Cited in Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan, Straus and Girous, USA 2002, Indian Edition, Viking, Penguin Books India, 2003, p. 88.

  19. Sylvia A. Matheson, The Tigers of Balochistan, Karachi: OUP, 1997, first published 1967, p. 2.

  20. Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981, p. 9.

  21. Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad, p. 113.

  22. Justin S. Dunne, ‘Crisis in Baluchistan: A Historical Analysis of the Baluch Nationalist Movement in Pakistan’, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006, p. 16, https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/2755/06Jun_Dunne.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  23. Denis Bray, The Life History of a Brahvi, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1913; M.B. Emeneau, Brahvi and Dravidian Comparative Grammar, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962, cited in Tariq Rehman, ‘The Balochi/Brahvi language Movements in Pakistan’, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XIX, No. 3, Spring 1996, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 144.

  24. Sherbaz Khan Mazari, A Journey to Disillusionment, Karachi: OUP, 1999, p. xii.

  25. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 124.

  26. Foreign Policy Centre, Balochis of Pakistan: On the Margins of History, London: Foreign Policy Centre, November 2006, p. 32, https://fpc.org.uk/publications/balochis-of-pakistan-on-the-margins-of-history/, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  27. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, pp. 109–10.

  28. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), ‘Conflict in Balochistan’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, August 2006, p. 42, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/20.pdf, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  29. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, pp.106–07.

  30. Mansoor Akbar Kundi, ‘Tribalism in Balochistan: A Comparative Study’ in Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema and Maqsudul Hasan Nuri (eds), Tribal Areas of Pakistan: Challenges and Responses, Islamabad: Islamabad Policy Research Institute, 2005, p. 20.

  31. Martin Axmann, Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism 1915-1955, Karachi: OUP, 2008, p. 79.

  32. Syed Iqbal Ahmed, Balochistan: Its Strategic Importance, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1992, p. 41.

  33. Foreign Policy Centre, Balochis of Pakistan, p. 31.

  34. Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad, p. 93.

  35. Janmahmad, ‘Essays on Baloch National Struggle in Pakistan’, p.164, cited in Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 106.

  36. Akhlaq Ullah Tarar, ‘Policing in Balochistan—an account’, The Nation, 6 October 2018, https://nation.com.pk/06-Oct-2018/policing-in-balochistan-an-account, (accessed 27 February 2019).

  37. Ibid.

  38. Provincial Assembly of Baluchistan Debates, Vol. II (7th June to 4th July 1972),

  https://sites.google.com/site/gulkhannasir/speeches-interviews/speech- against-the-tribal-system-on-the-floor-of-the-provincial-assembly-of-balochistan-on-june-8th-1972, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  39. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) ‘Human Rights in Balochistan and Balochistan’s Rights’, Report of the HRCP Fact-Finding Mission, October 2003, p. 56, http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/20.pd, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  40. Taj Mohammad Breseeg, Baloch Nationalism, p. 45.

  41. Henry Pottinger, Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde, Oxford: OUP, 2003 reprint, p. 57, cited in Justin S. Dunne: ‘Crisis in Baluchistan’, p. 15.

  42. Sherbaz Mazari, A Journey to Disillusionment, p. 16.

  43. A.B. Awan, Baluchistan: Historical and Political Processes, London: New Century Publishers, 1985, p. 2.

  44. Nina Swidler, ‘Beyond Parody: Ethnography Engages Nationalist Discourse’, in Paul Titus (ed.), Marginality and Modernity: Ethnicity and Change in Post-Colonial Balochistan, Karachi: OUP, 1996, p. 177.

  45. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 80.

  46. Sherbaz Khan Mazari, A Journey to Disillusionment, pp. xii–xiv.

  47. Sylvia A. Matheson, The Tigers of Balochistan, p. 12.

  48. Mian Abrar, ‘Balochistan: Tentative peace prevails but new challenges may be ahead’, Pakistan Today, 19 February 2016, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/19/news/balochistan-tentative-peace-prevails-but-new-challenges-may-be-ahead/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  49. Rafiullah Kakar, ‘Understanding the Pashtun Question in Balochistan’, The Express Tribune, 5 June 2015, https://tribune.com.pk/story/897858/understanding-the-Pashtun-question-in-balochistan/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  3. Religion

  1. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan: A Study of Baluch Nationalism, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden Gmbh, 1987, p. 70.

 
2. Shah Meer, ‘The Noorani attack proves Pakistan will continue being religiously intolerant’, The Express Tribune Blogs, 14 November 2016, http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/42909/the-noorani-attack-proves-pakistan-will-continue-being-religiously-intolerant/, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  3. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 75.

  4. E. Oliver, Across the Border, p. 24, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 71.

  5. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 75.

  6. E. Oliver, Across the Border, p. 24, cited in Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 71.

  7. Riccardo Redaelli, The Father’s Bow: The Khanate of Kalat and British India 19th, 20th century, Florence: Maestrale, 1997, p. 21, cited in Naseer Dashti, The Baloch Conflict with Iran And Pakistan, Bloomington: Trafford Publishing, 2007, p. 28.

  8. Inayatullah Baloch, The Problem of Greater Baluchistan, p. 75.

  9. Nina Swidler, ‘Beyond Parody: Ethnology Engages Nationalist Discourse’, in Paul Titus (ed.), Marginality and Modernity: Ethnicity and Change in Post-Colonial Balochistan, Karachi: OUP, 1996, p. 169.

  10. Sharif Khan, ‘85,000 enrolled in 1,095 seminaries in Balochistan’, The Nation, 18 August 2017, http://nation.com.pk/national/18-Aug-2017/85-000-enrolled-in-1-095-seminaries-in-balochistan, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  11. Frederic Grare, ‘Balochistan: The State Versus the Nation’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 2013, http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/11/balochistan-state-versus-nation-pub-51488, (accessed on 3 March 2018).

  12. International Crisis Group (ICG), Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan, Asia Report, No. 119, 14 September 2006, pp. i-ii, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/119-pakistan-the-worsening-conflict-in-balochistan.pdf, (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  13. Human Rights Watch, ‘We Are the Walking Dead: Killings of Shia Hazaras in Balochistan, Pakistan’, Annex II, 2014, www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0614_ForUplaod.pdf; (accessed on 2 March 2018).

  14. Ali Dayan Hasan, ‘Balochistan: Caught in the Fragility Trap’, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), June 2016, https://www.usip.org/publications/2016/06/balochistan-caught-fragility-trap, (accessed on 27 February 2018).