Masters and Commanders
Page 78
5. The Times, 24/4/1971
6. ALAB 11/64
7. KENN 4/2/4
8. ed. Wheeler-Bennett, Action This Day, p. 61
9. Ibid., p. 165
10. Churchill, Finest Hour, p. 20
11. LH 15/15/1
12. ALAB 6/4/21
13. Howarth, Intelligence Chief Extraordinary, pp. 143, 164–5
14. BRGS 1/1/47 and 1/2
15. Ibid., p. 166
16. CAB 69/4–1–4
17. AVON 20/1/22
18. Interview with General Sir David Fraser, 8/6/2006
19. MHI Pogue Interview, 17/12/1946, p. 5
20. Brendon, Churchill, p. 163
21. ed. Taylor, Churchill, p. 199
22. KENN 4/2/4, 18/3/1942
23. Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 35
24. Nel, Mr Churchill’s Secretary, p. 74
25. MHI Lincoln Papers letter of 5/1/1954
26. ed. Bland, Interviews, pp. 610–11
CHAPTER 5: GYMNAST FALLS, BOLERO RETUNED: FEBRUARY–APRIL 1942
1. For some reason the money was paid in 1969 to St Paul’s School, Athens
2. BRGS 2/11, 10/2/1942
3. KENN 4/2/4
4. Ibid.
5. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 235
6. Mosley, Backs to the Wall, p. 245; ed. Dilks, Cadogan, p. 447
7. ed. Dilks, Cadogan, p. 446
8. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/32
9. MHI Hull Interview 1973 section 4, p. 38
10. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 392
11. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, p. 719; Gilbert, ‘Churchill and D-Day’, pp. 24–5
12. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, pp. 392–3
13. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, p. 719
14. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 74; Gilbert, ‘Churchill and D-Day’, pp. 24–5
15. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, pp. 398–9
16. KENN 4/2/4
17. Ibid.
18. Sherwood, White House Papers, ii, p. 523
19. Ibid., pp. 523–4
20. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 421
21. Butler, Grand Strategy, iii Part ii, p. 573
22. BRGS 2/12, 23/3/1942
23. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 214
24. Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall, p. 254
25. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 215
26. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 437
27. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 71/19
28. Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall, pp. 261–3
29. AVON 20/1/22
30. KENN 4/2/4
31. MHI Caraway Interview 1971 section 6, p. 29
32. KENN 4/2/4
CHAPTER 6: MARSHALL’S MISSION TO LONDON: APRIL 1942
1. ASTL Major Buckley’s Recollections
2. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 249
3. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 314
4. Morison, American Contributions, p. 15
5. ALAB 9/3/8
6. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 310
7. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 528
8. Ibid., p. 523; Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 308; Bryant, Turn of the Tide, p. 284
9. MHI Handy Interview 1974 section 4, p. 11
10. Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 35
11. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 309
12. ed. Bland, Interviews, p. 434
13. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 315; Butler, Grand Strategy, iii Part ii, Appendix iii
14. CAB 79/56 COS Cmtee No. 112 (42), 9/4/1942
15. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 317; Steele, First Offensive, pp. 117–18
16. Fenby, Alliance, p. 115
17. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 246
18. Ibid.
19. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 251
20. LH 15/15/2
21. Ibid.
22. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, pp. 105–6
23. Ibid.
24. LH 15/15/1
25. Ibid.
26. Mosley, Marshall, p. 202
27. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 247
28. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 313
29. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 530–31
30. Marshall Papers Verifax 631–660
31. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/32
32. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 449
33. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 247
34. CAB 79/56 COS Cmtee No. 118, 14/4/1942
35. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 89
36. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 533
37. CAB 69/4/59
38. Ibid., pp. 61–2
39. CAB 69/4, Defence Committee no. 10 (1942), 14/4/1942
40. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 89
41. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 289–90
42. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, pp. 319–20
43. LH 15/15/1
44. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 248
45. Howard, Mediterranean Strategy, p. 29
46. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 248
47. Morgan, FDR, p. 638
48. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 249
49. Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning, p. 191
50. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 249
51. Morison, American Contributions, p. 19
52. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, passim; KENN 4/2/4
53. Mosley, Marshall, p. 202
54. ALAB 12/8/8; ed. Bland, Interviews, pp. 429, 436, 608
55. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 250
56. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 523
57. Ibid., pp. 458–9
58. Kimball and Rose, ‘Churchill and D-Day: Another View’, p. 31
59. Mosley, Marshall, pp. 204–5
60. AVON 20/1/22
61. Dimbleby and Reynolds, An Ocean Apart, pp. 141–2
62. MHI Wedemeyer 1972 Interview section 4, p. 31
63. MHI Pogue Interview, 17/12/46, p. 4
CHAPTER 7: THE COMMANDERS AT ARGONAUT: APRIL–JUNE 1942
1. Historian Ronald Lewin reviewing Fraser, Alanbrooke in The Times, 13/5/1982
2. KENN 4/2/4
3. Ibid.
4. Gilbert, ‘Churchill and D-Day’, p. 24
5. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 86
6. ed. Eade, Secret Session Speeches, p. 74
7. Halifax Diary, 13/6/1942
8. FDR President’s Secretary’s File Box 83
9. Ibid.
10. KENN 4/2/4
11. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 497
12. ed. Ferrell, Eisenhower Diaries, pp. 59–60
13. KENN 4/2/4
14. Sherwood, White House Papers, ii, p. 567
15. Ibid.
16. FRUS, 1942, iii, p. 594
17. LH 15/15/1
18. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 503
19. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, p. 75
20. BRGS 1/2. According to Martin Middlebrook and Chris Everitt, The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book, 1939–1945, 1985, this raid on Cologne involved 1,103 bombers, of which 43 were lost
21. BRGS 2/12, 1/6/1942; KENN 4/2/4
22. AVON 20/1/22
23. BRGS 2/12, 8/6/1942
24. Black, Roosevelt, p. 745; Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 183–5
25. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, pp. 132–6
26. Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 183–5
27. KENN 4/2/4, 10/6/1942
28. CAB 195/1 WM (42) 74th
29. Ibid.
30. KENN 4/2/4
31. AVON 19/1/11
32. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 216
33. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/33
34. Sandys, Chasing Churchill, p. 150
35. Halifax Diary, 18/6/1942
36. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, pp. 217–19
37. Ibid.
38. MHI Wedemeyer 1972 Interview section 4, p. 7
39.
CAB CCS 27th Meeting, 19/6/1942
40. ed. Danchev, Anglo-American Alliance, p. 158
41. JACB 1/14/B
42. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 267
43. JACB 1/14/C
44. CAB CCS 28th Meeting, 23/6/1942 section 2, American–British Conversations, p. 334
45. MHI Wedemeyer 1972 Interview section 4, p. 15
46. JACB 1/14/C
47. eds Freedman and others, War, Strategy, p. 180
CHAPTER 8: THE MASTERS AT ARGONAUT: JUNE 1942
1. Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 33
2. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 515
3. Ibid.; JACB 1/14/E
4. MHI Wedemeyer 1973 Interview section 5, p. 6
5. Tully, FDR, p. 304
6. Ibid.
7. Colville, Fringes, p. 382
8. CAB 65/30, pp. 83–90
9. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 255
10. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 342–3
11. ALAB 9/3/8
12. KENN 4/2/4
13. JACB 1/14/F
14. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 344–5
15. CHUR 4/277 War Cabinet Paper No. 278 (42)
16. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 129; Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 344–5
17. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 232
18. Holmes, World at War, pp. 362–3
19. Attlee, As It Happened, p. 123
20. ed. Bland, Interviews, p. 622
21. Morgan, FDR, p. 635
22. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 220
23. Butler, Grand Strategy, iii Part ii, p. 627
24. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 270
25. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 334; Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, 22/6/1942
26. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/33; Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall, p. 287; Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 334; ed. Bland, Papers, iii, p. 249
27. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/33
28. Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 39
29. JACB 1/14/H and I; Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 333
30. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 333
31. Eichelberger, Jungle Road to Tokyo, pp. 22–4
32. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 271
33. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 257
34. Bryant, Turn of the Tide, pp. 331–2
35. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 271
36. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 216
37. LH 15/15/1, 31/4/1948 and 14/4/1948
38. MHI Handy Interview 1974 section 4, p. 3, and Hull Interview 1973 section, 4, p. 42
39. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 309
40. ALAB 9/3/8
41. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, p. 134
42. ALAB 11/73
43. MHI Handy Interview 1974 section 4, pp. 5–6
44. Mosley, Marshall, p. 204
45. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 250
46. Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 514
47. MHI Hull Interview 1973 section 4, p. 53
48. ed. Bland, Interviews, p. 588
49. Evening Standard, 28/8/1982, p. 15; Scotsman, 21/8/1982
50. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, pp. 272–3; KENN Papers 4/2/4
51. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 273
52. ALAB 11/9
53. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, p. 141
54. KENN 4/2/4
CHAPTER 9: TORCH REIGNITED: JULY 1942
1. KENN 4/2/4, p. 180B
2. ed. Bland, Interviews, p. 580
3. Black, Roosevelt, p. 798
4. Keegan, Second World War, p. 312
5. ALAB 11/9
6. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 79
7. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 240
8. ed. Bland, Interviews, 5/10/1956, p. 590
9. Overy, Why the Allies Won, pp. 44–5
10. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, p. 116; MHI Hull Interview 1974 section 5, p. 15
11. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, p. 164; Fenby, Alliance, p. 129
12. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 137
13. Hansard, 2/7/1942, col. 589
14. AVON 20/1/22
15. CAB 195/1 WM (42) 86th
16. BRGS 2/12, 6/7/1942
17. ALAB 6/2/6/7
18. CAB 65/31, p. 9
19. ed. Dilks, Cadogan, p. 461
20. KENN 4/2/4
21. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 518
22. CAB 65/31, p. 14
23. Danchev, ‘Very Special Relationship’, p. 6
24. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 220
25. ed. Harvey, War Diaries, p. 139
26. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 340
27. ed. Bland, Interviews, p. 593; MAR Microfilm 322
28. Stoler, Politics of the Second Front, p. 55
29. Mosley, Marshall, p. 205
30. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 529
31. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, pp. 340, 477 n. 1
32. CHAR 20/78/5–6
33. Ibid.
34. Robertson, Soldiers and Statesmen, i, 96
35. Ibid.
36. Ismay, Memoirs, p. 252
37. MHI Handy Interview 1974 section 4, p. 5
38. KENN 4/2/4, p. 181A
39. Pogue, Ordeal and Hope, p. 342; Stimson Diary, 12/7/1942
40. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 220
41. Ibid., p. 211
42. Parrish, Roosevelt and Marshall, p. 292
43. Reynolds, In Command, pp. 318, 588 n. 13; CHUR 4/277A/7; Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 396–7
44. Reynolds, In Command, passim
45. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, p. 167
46. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 149
47. Sherwood, White House Papers, ii, pp. 604–7
48. Butcher, Three Years, p. 20
49. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, pp. 281–2
50. CAB 79/56 COS Cmtee No. 75 (Operations), 18/7/1942
51. LH 15/15/1
52. CAB 65/31, p. 33
53. Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 44
54. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 284
55. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vii, p. 151
56. KENN 4/2/4, p. 186
57. CAB 65/31, p. 27
58. Ibid., p. 28
59. Ibid., p. 30
60. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 284
61. Butcher, Three Years, p. 24
62. Fenby, Alliance, p. 134
63. KENN 4/2/4, p. 186
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., p. 187
67. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 284
68. Ibid.
69. ed. Bland, Interviews, p. 581
70. LH 15/15/1
71. KENN 4/2/4, p. 194
72. Butler, Grand Strategy, iii Part ii, Appendix v, pp. 635, 684–5
73. Howard, Grand Strategy, iv, pp. 191–2
74. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 285
75. Howard, Grand Strategy, iv, p. xxi
76. AVON 20/1/22
77. Haffner, Churchill, p. 128
78. MHI Handy Interview 1974 section 4, p. 9
79. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 235
80. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 406
CHAPTER 10: THE MOST PERILOUS MOMENT OF THE WAR: JULY–NOVEMBER 1942
1. ALAB 11/9
2. Howard, Mediterranean Strategy, p. 33
3. MHI Hull Interview 1973 section 4, p. 42
4. CHAR 20/78/124
5. Howard, Mediterranean Strategy, pp. 32–3
6. CHAR 20/78/79–81, 102
7. Ibid., pp. 100–101; ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 551
8. FDR Hopkins Papers Container 190
9. KENN 4/2/4, p. 193
10. AVON 20/1/22
11. Tedder, With Prejudice, p. 321
12. KENN 4/2/4, p. 215
13. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 290
14. Ibid., pp. 292–3
15. Ibid., p. 293
16. KE
NN 4/2/5, 20/11/1943
17. Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 413
18. JACB 1/17/10
19. BRGS 1/3 and 2/13; CAB 65/31, p. 80
20. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 221
21. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, pp. 510, 562
22. JACB 1/17/Minutes; JACB 1/17/45
23. KENN 4/2/4, p. 302
24. JACB 1/17/10
25. ed. Kemper, Resolution, p. 92
26. Van Der Vat, D-Day, p. 21
27. Mosley, Backs to the Wall, p. 288
28. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 317
29. KENN 4/2/4, pp. 206–7
30. Ibid.
31. Dupuy, Genius for War, p. 254
32. KENN 4/2/4, p. 215, 24/8/1942
33. CAB 195/1 WM (42) 118th
34. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 578
35. KENN 4/2/4, p. 224
36. ed. Ferrell, Eisenhower Diaries, p. 78
37. Payne, Franco and Hitler, p. 91
38. Clark, Calculated Risk, p. 57
39. Eisenhower, At Ease, p. 365
40. Clark, Calculated Risk, p. 58
41. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 71/20
42. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, pp. 581–2
43. CAB 195/1 WM (42) 119th
44. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 592
45. ed. Ferrell, Eisenhower Diaries, p. 78
46. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 592
47. CAB 65/31, p. 126
48. Ibid., p. 128
49. Ibid., p. 135
50. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, passim; Stoler, Politics of the Second Front, pp. 75, 114, 167
51. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, pp. 603–5
52. KENN 4/2/4, p. 239
53. Overy, Why the Allies Won, p. 44
54. ed. Kimball, Correspondence, i, p. 611
55. Ibid., p. 612
56. Moran, Struggle for Survival, p. 71
57. AVON 20/1/22
58. ed. Harvey, War Diaries, p. 165
59. KENN 4/2/4, 9/10/1942
60. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/36
61. Ibid.
62. BRGS 2/13, 26/10/1942
63. Ibid.
64. KENN 4/2/4, p. 255
65. ed. Bland, Interviews, p. 589
66. Stimson and Bundy, Active Service, p. 222
67. MAR Pentagon Papers Box 80/37; FDR Hopkins Papers Container 180
68. FDR Hopkins Papers Container 180
69. CAB 195/1 WM (42) 151st
70. BRGS 2/13, 9/11/1942
71. eds Danchev and Todman, Diaries, p. 340
CHAPTER 11: THE MEDITERRANEAN GARDEN PATH: NOVEMBER 1942–JANUARY 1943
1. KENN 4/2/4, p. 280
2. Ibid.
3. ed. Kemper, Resolution, p. 87
4. ed. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 75
5. ed. Blum, The Price of Vision, p. 132
6. Interview with Lt-Gen. Sir Ian Jacob, 28/10/1988