THE COWBOY PRESIDENT
Page 33
5. Today, all that remains of Elkhorn Ranch is the stone foundation.
6. Spearfish is a town located in what is now South Dakota.
7. Edward P. Kohn, ed. A Most Glorious Ride: The Diaries of Theodore Roosevelt, 1877– 1886. Albany, NY: Excelsior Editions, 2015, p. 242.
8. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, p. 98.
9. Ibid., pp. 226–27.
10. Ibid., pp. 106–07, 232.
11. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 239.
12. Ibid., p. 249.
13. Ibid., p. 254.
14. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886, pp. 513–14.
15. Minutes of a meeting of the Little Missouri River Stockmen’s Association, December 19, 1884. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. MS Am 1541 (309). Houghton Library, Harvard University.
ROUNDUP
1. This saddle is in the collection of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyoming.
2. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, pp. 251–52.
3. Theodore Roosevelt, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman. Birmingham, AL: Palladium Press (reprint), 1999, p. 11.
4. Theodore Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books (reprint), 1981, p. 68.
5. Theodore’s reference to the Meadowbrook hunt was to a fox hunt he participated in prior to returning to Medora. Elting E. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 90.
6. Lincoln A. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt. Philadelphia, PA: J. D. Lippincott, 1926, pp. 176–77.
7. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 15.
8. Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 50.
9. Ibid., p. 56.
10. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, p. 527.
11. Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, pp. 50, 58.
12. Ibid., p. 62.
13. While some cattle outfits still use hot irons for branding, most ranches now use more-advanced techniques to mark cattle or horses. A numbered tag is attached to the ear of cattle. Freeze-branding is done with a coolant (dry ice or liquid nitrogen). It does not burn a scar into the skin, but the freezing causes the animal’s hair to grow white where the brand has been applied. Tattooing the inner lip or ear, or using a microchip, are also new ways of branding.
14. Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, pp. 52–53.
15. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, pp. 283–84.
16. Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography. Norwalk, CT: The Easton Press, 1996, pp. 116–17.
17. Ibid., p. 117.
18. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886, p. 529.
19. Ibid.
DEEDS, NOT WORDS
1. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, p. 519.
2. Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2009, p. 184.
3. Ibid., p. 186.
4. This marked the third time the Marquis had charges brought against him in regard to Luffsey’s death.
5. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, pp. 339–40.
6. Donald Dresden, The Marquis de Morès: Emperor of the Bad Lands. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970, pp. 163–65.
7. Ibid., p. 115.
8. Ibid.
9. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886, pp. 539–40.
10. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House, 1979, p. 307.
11. Rolf Sletten, Medora: Boom, Bust, and Resurrection. Medora, ND: Theodore Roosevelt Medora Foundation, 2013, pp. 74–75.
12. Curt Eriksmoen, “Marquis de Morès Worked Hard, But Efforts Failed,” Bismarck Tribune, December 15, 2013.
13. Dresden, The Marquis de Morès: Emperor of the Bad Lands, p. 139.
14. Dow had accompanied Theodore back east in June, traveling to Maine, where he married Lizzie.
15. Andrew Vietze, Becoming Teddy Roosevelt: How a Maine Guide Inspired America’s 26th President. Lanham, MD: Down East, 2010, p. 102.
16. Lincoln A. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt. Philadelphia, PA: J. D. Lippincott, 1926, p. 209.
17. Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography. Norwalk, CT: The Easton Press, 1996, pp. 120–21.
18. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, p. 202.
19. Theodore Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books (reprint), 1981, p. 102.
20. Ibid., p. 103.
21. Ibid., p. 104.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 105.
24. Ibid., pp. 107–08.
25. Theodore Roosevelt, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman. Birmingham, AL: Palladium Press (reprint), 1999, p. 19.
26. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
27. Ibid., p. 20.
CHANCE MEETING
1. Corinne Roosevelt was born on September 27, 1861.
2. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt. New York: Modern Library, 2001, p. 16.
3. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House, 1979, pp. 26–27.
4. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, p. 27.
5. Ibid., p. 70.
6. Ibid., p. 56.
7. Ibid., p. 59.
8. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 115.
9. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, p. 69.
10. Diary of Theodore Roosevelt from January 1 to July 3, 1886. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. MS Am 1454.55 (12). Theodore Roosevelt Collection. MS Am 1541.9 (104). Houghton Library, Harvard University.
11. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 310–11.
12. Diary of Theodore Roosevelt from January 1 to July 3, 1886, Houghton Library.
13. Ibid.
14. Thomas Hart Benton (1782–1858), a US senator from Missouri, was a staunch advocate of westward expansion of the United States.
15. Elting E. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868– 1898. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951, pp. 93–94.
16. Ibid., pp. 94–95.
17. Theodore’s speech at Princeton was given on January 27, 1886, while the one at Morton Hall was delivered on February 12, 1886. Diary of Theodore Roosevelt from January 1 to July 3, 1886.
18. New York Daily Tribune, October 18, 1885.
19. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, p. 549.
20. Bismarck Daily Tribune, December 1, 1885.
A MATTER OF JUSTICE
1. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, pp. 363–64.
2. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt. March 20, 1886. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. MS Am 1834 (206). Houghton Library, Harvard University.
3. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, p. 562.
4. Rolf Sletten, Medora: Boom, Bust, and Resurrection. Medora, ND: Theodore Roosevelt Medora Foundation, 2013, p. 94.
5. Theodore Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books (reprint), 1981, p. 115.
6. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, pp. 371–72.
7. Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 117.
8. Ibid., p. 120.
9. Andrew Vietze, Becoming Teddy Roosevelt: How a Maine Guide Inspired America’s 26th President. Lanham, MD: Down East, 2010, p. 106.
10. Roosevelt, Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 120.
11. Vietze, Becoming Teddy Roosevelt, p. 107.
12. Roosevelt,
Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 123.
13. Ibid., p. 126.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 128.
16. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886, p. 568.
17. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, p. 383.
18. Quote is from a speech given to Friends of Honest Government in New York City on October 25, 1895. H. Paul Jeffers, The Bully Pulpit: A Teddy Roosevelt Book of Quotations. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2002, p. 83.
19. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886, p. 569.
20. Ibid., p. 569.
21. Sletten, Medora: Boom, Bust, and Resurrection, pp. 96–97.
22. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, p. 457.
ENTERING THE ARENA
1. Letter dated April 12, 1886. Elting E. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951, pp. 95–97.
2. Ibid.
3. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, p. 393.
4. Theodore was elected to the executive committee, the position previously held by the Marquis.
5. Howard Lamar, ed., The New Encyclopedia of the American West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998, p. 106.
6. Lincoln A. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt. Philadelphia, PA: J. D. Lippincott, 1926, p. 220.
7. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, p. 395.
8. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898, p. 99.
9. During this period, men and women in Eastern society dressed for dinner. It was considered rude form for a gentleman to show up at the dinner table in just shirtsleeves. Ibid., p. 100.
10. John Terry Morse Jr. was the editor of the American Statesman series published by Houghton Mifflin. Ibid., p. 101.
11. Letter dated June 7, 1886. Ibid., p. 102.
12. Diary of Theodore Roosevelt from January 1 to July 3, 1886. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. MS Am 1454.55 (12). Theodore Roosevelt Collection. MS Am 1541.9 (104). Houghton Library, Harvard University.
13. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, p. 573.
14. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt. New York: Modern Library, 2001, pp. 84–86, 88.
15. James F. Vivian, The Romance of My Life: Theodore Roosevelt’s Speeches in Dakota. Fargo, ND: Prairie House / Theodore Roosevelt Medora Foundation, 1989, p. 5 (photographs).
16. Ibid., p. 5.
17. Ibid., p. 7.
18. Ibid., pp. 7–10.
19. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886, p. 581.
20. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House, 1979, p.
334.
DARK CLOUDS
1. Lincoln A. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt. Philadelphia, PA: J. D. Lippincott, 1926, p. 224.
2. Letter dated July 5, 1886. Elting E. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 107.
3. Letter dated August 20, 1886. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House, 1979, p. 335.
4. This is the first time the term “Rough Riders” was used in connection with Theodore. Cooler heads prevailed and there was no war with Mexico. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898, p. 108.
5. Jack Willis with Horace Smith, Roosevelt in the Rough. New York: Ives Washburn, 1931, p. 8.
6. Ibid., pp. 6–7, 9.
7. Ibid., p. 9.
8. Ibid., p. 11.
9. Ibid., p. 16.
10. Ibid., pp. 17–18.
11. Ibid., pp. 25–26.
12. Ibid., pp. 40–41.
13. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt. September, 1886. Theodore Roosevelt Collection. MS Am 1834 (206). Houghton Library, Harvard University.
14. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, p. 588.
15. Andrew Vietze, Becoming Teddy Roosevelt: How a Maine Guide Inspired America’s 26th President. Lanham, MD: Down East, 2010, p. 111.
16. Ibid.
17. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898, p. 111.
18. The final vote tally was Hewitt: 90,552; George: 68,110, and Theodore: 60,435.
19. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 357–58.
20. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898, pp. 117–18.
21. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, p. 431.
22. Sun dogs are halos caused by light that interacts with ice crystals in the atmosphere. They appear to the human eye as a pair of bright spots on either side of the sun. Moon dogs are similar to sun dogs, but are much rarer, since the moon must be bright (full or nearly full) to be viewed by the human eye. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, p. 242.
WISHING FOR A CHINOOK
1. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, pp. 432–33.
2. Doug Ellison, interview with author, Medora, North Dakota, September 16, 2014.
3. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House, 1979, p. 365.
4. Doug Ellison, interview with author.
5. Bismarck Daily Tribune, November 27, 1886.
6. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, p. 436.
7. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 366.
8. Doug Ellison, interview with author.
9. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 373–74.
10. Andrew Vietze, Becoming Teddy Roosevelt: How a Maine Guide Inspired America’s 26th President, Lanham, MD: Down East, 2010, pp.137–38.
11. Lincoln A. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt. Philadelphia, PA: J. D. Lippincott, 1926, pp. 252–54.
12. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, 1858–1886. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958, p. 595.
13. Elting E. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868– 1898. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951, pp.126–27.
14. Ibid., p. 725.
15. Donald Dresden, The Marquis de Morès: Emperor of the Bad Lands. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970, p. 138.
16. New York Tribune, October 11, 1886.
NEW HORIZONS
1. Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2009, p. 203.
2. Ibid., p. 206.
3. Ibid., p. 270.
4. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House, 1979, pp. 397, 417.
5. Ibid., p. 837, n. 114.
6. Ibid., p. 409.
7. Ibid., p. 428.
8. Letter dated May 19, 1895. Elting E. Morison, ed. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Preparation, 1868–1898. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 458.
9. Letter dated June 23, 1895. Ibid., p. 463.
10. New York Evening Telegraph, June 11, 1895.
11. TR: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt, David Grubin Prods. / Public Broadcasting System, 1996.
12. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 528, 532.
13. Teddy Roosevelt: An American Lion, Greystone Communications, Inc. / History Channel, 2002.
14. In February 1898, a board of inquiry was held to determine the cause of the explosion. The findings stated it was an external explosion, possibly by a mine. Another hearing, in 1910, upheld the same theory. However, a private investigation in 1976 by Adm. Hyman Rickover claimed the battleship was sunk by an internal explosion, such as a fire in the coal bunker. In 1998, the National Geographic Society launched an investigation, which concluded that it was an external explosion, supporting
the mine theory.
15. Dale L. Walker, The Boys of ’98: Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders. New York: Forge Books, 1998, p. 58.
16. Ibid., p. 87.
17. Ibid., p. 108.
18. Ibid., p. 124.
19. Only Cuba went with the Rough Riders on the ship, but the trio was reunited with the surviving Rough Riders on Long Island.
20. Walker, The Boys of ’98, p. 161.
21. Newspaper reporters called Las Guasimas an ambush in their articles.
22. Kettle Hill was given this moniker because of a large iron kettle that was placed next to the small building on the hill. The building and kettle were used for refining sugarcane.
23. Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders. New York: Fall River Press, 2014, p. 141.
24. Angus Konstam, San Juan Hill 1898: America’s Emergence as a World Power. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, 1998, p. 66.
25. There was a second, wider photo taken on the hill where Theodore is not wearing his campaign hat.
26. Of the 1,060 Rough Riders, 100 died, including 5 officers. Only 20 deaths were caused by malaria, dysentery, and typhoid.
27. The book proved to be an immediate success, going into a third printing by the end of May 1899. Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 229.
28. Roosevelt, The Rough Riders, p. 231.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., p. 232.
31. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 718.
32. Letter dated November 25, 1898. H. W. Brands, The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001, p. 212.
33. Letter dated May 6, 1899. H. W. Brands, T. R.: The Last Romantic. New York: Basic Books, 1997, p. 379.
34. TR: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt.
35. The three vice presidents who won the presidential office in a direct election were John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Martin Van Buren. John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Chester A. Arthur took over the office due to the death of the sitting president.
36. Letter dated December 11, 1899. Brands, The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 233–34.