anxiety in, for safety of B.E.F., 248, 250, 254
determined to “go it alone”, 262, 301
and fall of France, 308
decides on action to eliminate French Navy, 315
Beaverbrook in, 346
Bevin in, 347
effective power of, 359
meetings of, during Blitz, 361
desires not to know details of plans, 384
decides to help Greece, 408–9
resident Minister of, in Middle East, 446
and United Nations Pact, 507
loyalty of, to Churchill, 515, 518, 527, 743, 870
and changes in Middle East Command, 592–593, 595
Churchill reports to, on Moscow conferences, 608
and “unconditional surrender”, 646–8
acquiesces in Churchill’s visit to Turkey, 652
Hopkins on, 742
on Russian treatment of Warsaw, 820–1
War Cabinet Secretariat, Military Wing of, 234
War Transport, Ministry of, 405
Warburton-Lee, Captain, 209–10
Wardlaw-Milne, Sir John, 569–70, 575–6
Warhawk aircraft, 661
Warsaw, Battle of (1920), 10, 156, 246
resistance of (1939), 169
German bombing of, 206
Battle of (1944), 815–20
Russians approach, 816, 819, 821
attempts to fly supplies to insurgents in, 817–19
Russian officers in, 818–19
surrender of, 822
Russians enter, 822
meeting of Polish Underground leaders with Russians in, 910
behind Iron Curtain, 955
Warsaw Government. See Lublin Provisional Government
Warspite, H.M.S., injured off Crete, 431, 435
escorts Italian Navy to Malta, 704
disabled at Salerno, 705
at Walcheren, 848
Wash, the, 332
Washington, Churchill visits, 497, 503–6, 507–8, 511–12, 561–7, 663–6
Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee in, 508–9
Washington Conference (1921), 9
(1941), 507–12
(1943), 663–6
Washington Naval Agreement, 9, 68
Wasp, H.M.S., 544
Wavell, Field-Marshal Sir A. P. (Earl), Staff discussions with (1940), 377
plans attack on Italian Army, 384
Eden and Dill confer with, 394
and help for Greece, 394, 483
and evacuation from Greece, 417–18
fails to consolidate success in Cyrenaica, 421–2
tells of shortage of tanks, 423
and tanks for Crete, 425, 444
overloaded organisation of, 427
and defence of Crete, 428, 432–3, 444
reluctant to fight in Iraq and Syria, 438–41, 444
too great a strain on, 441–2, 444
and “Battleaxe”, 442–4, 482
Commander-in-Chief in India, 445
on defence of Singapore, 519–22, 525–6
in Cairo for talk on Middle East, 589
flies to Moscow, 597–8, 605
poem of, 598
in Moscow, 601, 605, 609–10
at Washington Conference, 663
Webb, Leading Seaman A., 316 n.
Wehrmacht, 69
Weimar Republic, 7
Hindenburg President of, 15
Hitler’s Putsch against, 26
elections to Reichstag in, 27
Hitler works within, 28
Weizsacker, Herr, 451–2
Welles, Sumner, 107, 109, 475–6
Werth, General, 412
Wesel, 894, 896–7
Wesson, Major-General Charles M. (U.S.), 283
West Fiord, 206, 209–10
West Indies, French Fleet offered demilitarisation in, 317–18
U.S. patrols operating from, 402
West Virginia, U.S.S., 494
“West Wall”. See Siegfried Line.
Western Approaches, immediate U-boat attacks in, 170
U-boat losses in, 401
air and sea patrols of, on D Day, 781
Western Desert, Italian defeat in, 377, 385–387, 393
Rommel’s successes in, 422–3, 442–3, 516–17, 568
Wavell’s attack on Rommel in, 442–4
maintaining supplies for, 462
standstill in, 484
tank warfare in, 485
Auchinleck’s offensive in, 485–90, 516
Rommel attacks in, 559
British Army defeated in, 568
successful use of artillery in, 625, 629–30
Rommel in retreat across, 643
Western Desert Air Force, at Tobruk, 424
at “Battleaxe”, 443
at “Crusader”, 487–488
covers retreat and counter-attacks of Eighth Army, 578–9
critical of Army, 591
at Alamein, 625, 627–8
harries retreating Germans, 643
Western Front, German weakness on (1938), 124, 137, 144
during “Twilight War”, 159, 170, 186–92, 239
Blitzkrieg on, 217–18, 238–43
Western Hemisphere, American protection of, 402–4
Western Union, 960
Westkapelle, 848
Weygand, General, and Battle of Warsaw (1920), 156
Commander-in-Chief, 246, 250
visits Northern Armies, 249
plan of, 250–2, 254–5, 258, 263
at meetings of Supreme War Council, 269, 287–90 302
asks for more R.A.F. squadrons, 287, 289
on invasion of Britain, 288
orders defence of Brittany peninsula, 306
convinced that Britain is lost, 309–310
in Petain’s Government, 310–11
on British terms to French Navy, 318
in command in N. Africa, 63 5
Weymouth, 337
Whitchurch Experimental Station, 294
White House, Churchill in, 503–4, 507–8, 511, 564–5, 567, 664–5, 701
White Russia, German claims on, 103, 112
Germans in, 466
Whitehall, air raid damage in, 355
Wiessee, Bavaria, 49
Wight, Isle of, in German invasion plans, 336
“Overlord” convoys assemble off, 781
submarine pipe-line from, 790 n.
Wigram, Ralph, 39, 88–90
“Wilfred”, Operation, 202
Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, 218
Wilkie, Wendell, stands for Presidency, 367
William II, German Emperor, 4, 31
Willoughby de Broke, Lord, 350–1
Wilson, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Maitland, plans offensive in Desert, 384
in Greece, 413, 417
in Syria, 441
and Auchinleck, 484
in charge of Cairo defences, 617–18
appointed Persia-Iraq Command, 617
in Turkey, 653
troops under command of, 681
plans capture of Rhodes, 708–9
in Supreme Command, Mediterranean, 752
at Carthage Conference, 755
on Anzio, 772
wants to abandon “Anvil”, 798
prepares for “Anvil” (“Dragoon”), 799–800
Churchill visits in Italy, 801–2
succeeded by Alexander, 915
Wilson, President Woodrow, 3, 8–9
Winant, John G., 491, 892, 921, 956
Wingate, Major-General O.C., 691–2, 825
Wingate, Mrs., 692
“Winter-stellung”, 712
Winterton, Earl of, 59 n., 571, 573
Wissembourg, 860
Wolverine, H.M.S., 401
Wolff, General Karl, 903–5, 917
Wood, Sir Kingsley, Churchill’s letter to, on atomic energy, 154
Secretary of State for Air in War Cabinet, 167
at Allied Supreme Council
Meeting (1939), 190
and need for National Government, 216–17
and compensation for air-raid damage, 357
and dollar payments, 369
Work Battalions, German, 69–70
World government, “Four-Power Plan” for, 622
discussed at Teheran Conference, 734–5
Churchill’s ideas on, 735, 881
hope of future in, 745
discussed at Dumbarton Oaks, 851
discussed at Yalta, 880–1
Worms, 897
Worthing, 337
Wu-Sung, Bay of, 42
Yalta Conference, 878–81, 882–91
Chiefs of Staff meetings at, 509
Churchill’s dwelling during, 878–9
Security Council voting discussed at, 880–1
Polish question discussed at, 882–91, 943
Commons debate on, 892
breaches by Russia of agreement reached at, 901–2, 908–9 922, 931, 934
acceptance of Allied zones of occupation at, 922
Yalu River, 970
Yamamoto, Admiral, plans attack on Pearl Harbour, 494
plans attack on Midway, 544–5
retires after defeat of carriers, 547–8
Yannina, 415
Ybarnegaray, Jean, 310
Ypres, 249, 262, 325
Yorktown, U.S.S., 540–2, 544–7
Yser, River, 249, 263
Yugoslavia, uneasy at German rearmament, 41
assassination of King of, in France, 53
step to neutralisation of, 146
British attempt to unite in action with Greece and Turkey, 395, 407, 409–10
revolution in, on issue of submission to Germany, 410–11, 414
German revenge on, 411–12, 415, 759
Hungarian pact of friendship with, 412
British line in Greece dependent on, 414, 416
effective action open to, 414
effect of revolution in, on attack on Russia, 448–51
Russia expels Minister of, 452
attempts to get supplies to, 728, 760
Bulgarian troops in, 728
holding German forces in, 735, 760–1
guerilla warfare in, 759–761
civil strife in, 760–2
Partisan Army gains power in, 761–2
position of exiled King and Government of, 761–3, 854
Italians join Partisans of, 761, 768
Provisional Government of, 762
Russia and, 810, 852, 912–13
Churchill attempts to stabilise conditions in, 801–2, 813, 856–7
Russians on frontier of, 815, 857, 876
Churchill-Stalin agreement on, 852–7
elections in, 854, 889
breaks free from Russian yoke, 935
under Tito, 953
Zagreb, 415
Zervas, Colonel Napoleon, 763–4
Zhdanov, M., 281
Zhukov, Marshal, 924, 927
Zinoviev, M., 126
Zuikaku, the, 541–2
Zürich, 904
Churchill’s speech in, 957
Zuyder Zee, causeway across, 218
* Siegfried Sassoon.
* Theodore Lessing (murdered by the Nazis, September 1933).
* The German Foreign Minister.
* Four years later Sir Thomas Inskip, Minister for Co-ordination of Defence, who was well versed in the Bible, used the expressive phrase about this dismal period, of which he was the heir: “The years that the locust hath eaten” (Joel, ii, 25).
* Now Major Sir Desmond Morton, K.C.B., M.C.
* The amendment stood in the names of Mr. Churchill, Sir Robert Home, Mr. Amery, Captain F. E. Guest, Lord Winterton, and Mr. Boothby.
* Pierre-Étienne Flandin, Politique Française, 1919–40, pp. 207–8.
* It was actually smitten.
* My subsequent italics.—W. S. C.
* Schuschnigg, Ein Requiem in Rot-Weiss-Rot, p. 37 ff.
* Nuremberg Documents (H.M. Stationery Office), Pt. I. p. 249.
* Schuschnigg, op. cit., pp. 51–52, 66, 72.
* Schuschnigg, op. cit., pp. 102–3, and Nuremberg Documents, I, pp. 258–9.
* Feiling, op. cit., pp. 347–8.
* Lord Chatfield, It Might Happen Again, Chapter XVIII.
* Feiling, op. cit., p. 350.
* There is however some evidence that Beneš’s information had previously been imparted to the Czech police by the Ogpu, who wished it to reach Stalin from a friendly foreign source. This did not detract from Beneš’s service to Stalin, and is therefore irrelevant.
* Nuremberg Documents, Pt. II, No. 10.
* Printed in Georges Bonnet, De Washington au Quai d’Orsay, pp. 360–1.
* See Feiling, op. cit., pp. 376, 381.
* 1937–8, £234 millions. 1938–9, £304 millions. 1939–40, £367 millions.
* Ciano’s Diary, 1939–43 (ed. Malcolm Muggeridge), pp. 9, 10.
* Quoted in Reynaud, op. cit., I, p. 587.
* Nuremberg Documents, Pt. X, pp. 210 ff.
* Ciano’s Diary, p. 136.
† Nuremberg Documents, Pt. II, p. 172.
* Feiling, op. cit., p. 424.
* Known as Plan D.
* Temporary Surgeon-Lieutenant H. J. Stammers, R.N.V.R.
* Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 1.
* The terms British and United States Forces include Allied Forces under their operational control. Where fractional losses are shown the “kill” was shared. There were many cases of shared “kills”, but in the German totals the fractions add up to whole numbers.
* The Defence Committee met 40 times in 1940, 76 in 1941, 20 in 1942, 14 in 1943, and 10 in 1944.
* This figure includes the so-called light motorised divisions, which possessed tanks.
* See p. 189.
* I am obliged to General Ismay for his recollection of these words.
* Their Finest Hour, Chapter XI.
* Commander D. V. Sprague, R.N., Lieutenant P. M. K. Griffiths, R.N., and Leading Seaman A. Webb, R.N.
* The Rôle of General Weygand, by Jacques Weygand.
† Written in 1950.
* Ciano, Diplomatic Papers, p. 378.
* Ciano’s Diaries pp. 277–8.
* Stettinius, Lend-Lease, p. 62.
* Stettinius, Lend-Leasc, p. 60.
* E-boat, the German equivalent of British “light coastal craft”.
* My subsequent italics.—W.S.C.
* Ullein-Reviczy, Guerre Allemande: Paix Russe, p. 89.
* Papagos has since claimed that his first agreement to the holding of the Aliakhmon line was contingent on a clarification of the situation with the Government of Yugoslavia, which never was reached.
* That Rommel’s early attack, with its fruitful consequences, was as great a surprise to his own superiors as to us is explained by Desmond Young in his book Rommel.
* Quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary.
* Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941 (published in 1948 by the State Department in Washington), p. 332.
* This was the last act of Count Schulenburg’s diplomatic career. Late in 1943 his name appears in the secret circles of conspiracy against Hitler in Germany as possible Foreign Minister of a Government to succeed the Nazi régime, in view of his special qualifications to negotiate a separate peace with Stalin. He was arrested by the Nazis after the attempted assassination of Hitler in July 1944, and imprisoned in the Gestapo cells. On November 10 he was executed.
* Nuremburg Documents, Part VI, pp. 310 ff.
† Ibid., Part XI, p. 16.
* A novel by C. S. Forester.
* My subsequent italics.—W.S.C.
* The three papers here referred to may be studied in Chapter XXXIV of The Grand Alliance.
* History of the War Production Board, 1940–1945.
* Written in 1951.
† The Hinge of Fate: Chapter VI.
* My italics.—AUTHOR.
† This
is inaccurate. The majority of the guns could fire landwards also.
* See Coral Sea, Midway, and Submarine Actions, by Captain S. E. Morison, U.S. Navy.
† See map of Pacific Theatre on next page.
* See map of Coral Sea.
* My italics—W.S.C.
* Admiral Harwood had succeeded Admiral Cunningham in the Mediterranean Command on May 31.
* Admiral Harwood made this decision because Alexandria could now be attacked by dive-bombers with fighter cover.
* This of course showed complete ignorance of Rommel’s long and distinguished professional career in both wars.
* Quoted in Cavallero, Commando Supremo, p. 277.
* Rommel, by Desmond Young, p, 269.
* The following shortly explain the code-names occurring in this chapter:
GYMNAST: The landing in North-West Africa, later called “Torch”.
JUPITER: Operations in Northern Norway.
ROUND-UP: The invasion of German-dominated Europe, afterwards called “Overlord”.
SLEDGEHAMMER: The attack on Brest or Cherbourg in 1942.
* Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 603–5.
* My italics.—W.S.C.
* My italics.—W.S.C.
* See p. 556.
* In a telegram dated November 9, sent to me after the battle.
* Desmond Young, Rommel, p. 258.
* Desmond Young, Rommel, p. 279.
* See p. 187.
* Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 696.
* A full account of this issue may be found in The Hinge of Fate, Chapter XXXVIII.
* See p. 596.
* A name for British sailors in vogue in the United States Navy, arising from the use of lime-juice on British ships in bygone days to prevent scurvy.
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